Antiviral Activity of Sulfated Polysaccharides of Marine Red Algae

Marine algae known as one producers of bioactive compounds. This study aims to analyze the cytotoxicity and antiviral activity in Sargassum polycystum and Sargassum ilicifolium tested with Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV). The polysaccharides extract of algae was used in this study, as sulfated polysaccharides have been reported has bioactivity. Cytotoxicity either antiviral could be correlated with the sulfate content as well as nature and chemical composition of the polysaccharides. Cytotoxicity and antiviral analysis based upon cell viability. Using the Vero cell / HSV-1 model, cytotoxicity was evaluated by incubating cellular suspensions (3.5×105 cells.mL-1) with various dilutions (concentration from 1 to 500 µg.mL-1, four wells per concentration) of fractions in 96-well plates (72h, 37°C, 5% CO2) in Eagle's MEM containing 8% FCS. The cells were examined daily under a phase-contrast microscope to determine the minimum concentration of hydrolysate dry matter that induced alterations in cell morphology, including swelling, shrinkage, granularity and detachment. Algae S. illicifolium was found to have the highest cytotoxic content in each solution compared to S. polycystum. Algae S. illicifolium in KOH 4M (cellulose) reached 2,707 µg.ml-1, then HCl pH 2 (fucoidan) was 2,477 µg.ml-1, then CaCl2 2% (fucoidan) was 2,362 µg.ml-1, and in Na2CO3 3% (alginates) was 2,134 µg.ml-1. For antiviral, S. polycystum contained the highest antiviral compounds compared to S. illicifolium with KOH 4M (cellulose) solution was reached 67.02 µg.ml-1. Then in Na2CO3 3% (alginates) which was 33.25 µg.ml-1, then CaCl2 2% (fucoidan) which was 31.62 µg.ml-1,and HCl pH 2 (fucoidan) was 30.08 µg.ml-1. After all, the highest bioactivity compounds was found with KOH 4M (cellulose) for cytotoxicity in S. ilicifolium and antiviral activity in S. polycystum.

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Structure Analysis of Sulfated Polysaccharides Extracted from Scinaia interrupta: A Experimental and Density Functional Theory Studies

Asian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.14233/ajchem.2020.22609 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (7) ◽

pp. 1589-1596

Author(s):

Nivedita Acharjee ◽

Tuhin Ghosh

Keyword(s):

1H Nmr ◽

Red Algae ◽

Density Functional ◽

Chemical Shifts ◽

Present Report ◽

Monomer Unit ◽

Absolute Error ◽

Sulfated Polysaccharides ◽

Nmr Studies ◽

Nmr Chemical Shifts

In present report, a combined experimental and theoretical study has been performed to address the isolation procedure and spectroscopic structure elucidation of polysaccharides such as xylomannan isolated from marine red algal source Scinaia interrupta. The structure of the polysaccharides obtained from the red algae of Scinaia interrupta has been studied from NMR, IR and GC-MS spectroscopy. The investigation revealed that red algae contained a backbone of α-(1→4)-linked D-mannopyranosyl residues substituted at 6-position with a single stub of β-D-xylopyranosyl residues. The major polysaccharide, which had 0.6 sulfate groups per monomer unit and an apparent molecular mass of 120 KDa. The backbone structure was optimized at DFT/B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory and GIAO-NMR studies were performed at B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,p) level of theory followed by mean absolute error calculations of the computed chemical shifts for two possible conformers resulting from the flipping of xylopyranosyl residue. The NMR calculations were in agreement with the experimental findings. The experimental 1H NMR chemical shifts were then correlated with the NBO, Merz Kollman (MK), ChelpG and Mulliken charges of the predicted conformer. A reasonable correlation with the experimental 1H NMR chemical shifts and the computed NBO charges with correlation coefficient of 0.906.

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Antiviral activity against dengue virus of diverse classes of algal sulfated polysaccharides

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules ◽

10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.05.028 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 51 (4) ◽

pp. 412-416 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Carlos A. Pujol ◽

Sayani Ray ◽

Bimalendu Ray ◽

Elsa B. Damonte

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Activity ◽

Dengue Virus ◽

Sulfated Polysaccharides

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Antiviral activity of sulfated polysaccharides against African swine fever virus

Antiviral Research ◽

10.1016/0166-3542(91)90031-l ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 139-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Dolores García-Villalón ◽

Carmen Gil-Fernández

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Activity ◽

African Swine Fever Virus ◽

African Swine Fever ◽

Fever Virus ◽

Sulfated Polysaccharides

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Seaweed Sulfated Polysaccharides against Respiratory Viral Infections

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13050733 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 733

Author(s):

Mehwish Jabeen ◽

Mélody Dutot ◽

Roxane Fagon ◽

Bernard Verrier ◽

Claire Monge

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Antiviral Activity ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Specific Treatment ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Sulfated Polysaccharides ◽

Safe Alternative ◽

Synthetic Drugs ◽

Different Types ◽

Respiratory Viral Infections

Respiratory viral infections have been a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite massive advancements in the virology field, no specific treatment exists for most respiratory viral infections. Approved therapies against respiratory viruses rely almost exclusively on synthetic drugs that have potential side effects, restricting their use. This review aims to present natural marine sulfated polysaccharides possessing promising antiviral activity against respiratory viruses that could be a safe alternative to synthetic broad-spectrum antiviral drugs. The antiviral properties of marine sulfated polysaccharides are presented according to their mechanism of action on different types and strains of respiratory viruses, and the potential limits of their use are discussed.

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Marine Sulfated Polysaccharides as Promising Antiviral Agents: A Comprehensive Report and Modeling Study Focusing on SARS CoV-2

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md19080406 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (8) ◽

pp. 406

Author(s):

Abdalla E. M. Salih ◽

Bathini Thissera ◽

Mohammed Yaseen ◽

Ahmed S. I. Hassane ◽

Hesham R. El-Seedi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Activity ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Antiviral Agents ◽

Protein S ◽

Sulfated Polysaccharides ◽

Protective Agent ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽

Chondroitin Sulfate E ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Potential Interactions

SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) is a novel coronavirus strain that emerged at the end of 2019, causing millions of deaths so far. Despite enormous efforts being made through various drug discovery campaigns, there is still a desperate need for treatments with high efficacy and selectivity. Recently, marine sulfated polysaccharides (MSPs) have earned significant attention and are widely examined against many viral infections. This article attempted to produce a comprehensive report about MSPs from different marine sources alongside their antiviral effects against various viral species covering the last 25 years of research articles. Additionally, these reported MSPs were subjected to molecular docking and dynamic simulation experiments to ascertain potential interactions with both the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS CoV-2′s spike protein (S-protein) and human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). The possible binding sites on both S-protein’s RBD and ACE2 were determined based on how they bind to heparin, which has been reported to exhibit significant antiviral activity against SARS CoV-2 through binding to RBD, preventing the virus from affecting ACE2. Moreover, our modeling results illustrate that heparin can also bind to and block ACE2, acting as a competitor and protective agent against SARS CoV-2 infection. Nine of the investigated MSPs candidates exhibited promising results, taking into consideration the newly emerged SARS CoV-2 variants, of which five were not previously reported to exert antiviral activity against SARS CoV-2, including sulfated galactofucan (1), sulfated polymannuroguluronate (SPMG) (2), sulfated mannan (3), sulfated heterorhamnan (8), and chondroitin sulfate E (CS-E) (9). These results shed light on the importance of sulfated polysaccharides as potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors.

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Antiviral activity of sulfated polysaccharides from Sargassum ilicifolium against fish Betanodavirus infection

Aquaculture International ◽

10.1007/s10499-021-00675-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jyotsna ◽

Parameswaran Vijayakumar ◽

Tharmathass Stalin Dhas ◽

Ravi Mani ◽

Vasantharaja Raguraman

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Activity ◽

Sulfated Polysaccharides

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An overview on red algae bioactive compounds and their pharmaceutical applications

Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine ◽

10.1515/jcim-2019-0203 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ejaz Aziz ◽

Riffat Batool ◽

Muhammad Usman Khan ◽

Abdur Rauf ◽

Wasim Akhtar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Cells ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Red Algae ◽

Plasma Lipids ◽

Lipid Synthesis ◽

Telomerase Activity ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Sulfated Polysaccharides ◽

Contraceptive Agents ◽

Pharmaceutical Applications

AbstractObjectivesTo review red algae bioactive compounds and their pharmaceutical applications.ContentSeaweed sources are becoming attractive to be used in health and therapeutics. Among these red algae is the largest group containing bioactive compounds utilized in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food industry, manure and various supplements in food formula. Various significant bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides (aginate, agar, and carrageenan), lipids and polyphenols, steroids, glycosides, flavanoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, triterpenoids, antheraquinones and cardiac glycosides have been reported in red algae. The red algae have rich nutritional components Different polysaccharides of red algae possess the antiviral potential namely agarans, carrageenan, alginate, fucan, laminaran and naviculan. Sulfated polysaccharides and carraginans of red algae are rich source of soluble fibers which can account for antitumor activities depending upon chemistry of various secondary metabolites and metabolism of cell line. Flavons-3-ols containing catechins from many red algae block the telomerase activity in colon cancer cells. Contraceptive agents were tested from red algae as a source for post-coital. Lectin of red algae showed pro-healing properties and anti-ulcerogenic activities. Carragenates from red algae also conferred a positive influence on diabetes. Red algae depicted a reducing effect on plasma lipids and obesity. Porphyran from red alga can act as anti-hyperlipidemic agent also reduces the apolipoprotein B100 via suppression of lipid synthesis in human liver.SummaryThe polyphenolic extracts of Laurencia undulate, Melanothamnus afaqhusainii and Solieria robusta extract show anti-inflammatory effects against multiple genera of devastating fungi. Antioxidants such as phlorotannins, ascorbic acids, tocopherols, carotenoids from red algae showed toxicity on some cancer cells without side effects. Red algae Laurencia nipponica was found insecticidal against mosquito larvae. Red algae fibers are very important in laxative and purgative activities. Gracilaria tenuistipitat resisted in agricultural lands polluted with cadmium and copper.OutlookIn the recent decades biotechnological applications of red algae has been increased. Polysaccharides derived from red algae are important tool for formulation of drugs delivery system via nanotechnology.

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