scholarly journals Academic performance in adolescents born to mothers with gestational diabetes – a national Danish cohort study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerda Ferja Heldarskard ◽  
Anne Lærke Spangmose ◽  
Anna-Karina Aaris Henningsen ◽  
Rikke Wiingreen ◽  
Erik Lykke Mortensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Grade Point ◽  
Background Population ◽  
Multivariate Linear Models

Abstract Context The prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is increasing, and intrauterine hyperglycemia is suspected to affect offspring cognitive function. Objective We assessed academic performance by grade point average (GPA) in children aged 15–16 years at compulsory school graduation, comparing offspring exposed to GDM (O-GDM) with offspring from the background population (O-BP). Design Cohort study. Setting Register-based. Participants All singletons born in Denmark between 1994 and 2001 (O-GDM: n=4,286; O-BP: n=501,045). Standardized and internationally comparable GPAs were compared in univariate- and multivariate linear models. Main outcome measures Adjusted mean difference in GPA. We additionally analyzed the probability of having a high GPA, a GPA below passing, and no GPA registered. Results O-GDM had a GPA of 6.29 (SD 2.52), while O-BP had a GPA of 6.78 (SD 2.50). The adjusted mean difference was -0.36 [95% confidence interval (CI) -0.44; -0.29], corresponding to a Cohens D of 0.14. O-GDM had a lower probability of obtaining a high GPA (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.68 [95 CI 0.59; 0.79]), while their risk of obtaining a GPA below passing was similar to O-BP (aOR 1.20 [95 CI 0.96; 1.50]). O-GDM had a higher risk of not having a GPA registered (aOR of 1.38 [95% CI 1.24; 1.53]). Conclusion Academic performance in O-GDM was marginally lower than in O-BP. However, this difference is unlikely to be of clinical importance.

The evolution of self-esteem before, during and after orthodontic treatment in adolescents with dental malocclusion, a prospective cohort study

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Avontroodt ◽  
Jurgen Lemiere ◽  
Maria Cadenas de Llano-Pérula ◽  
Anna Verdonck ◽  
Annoushka Laenen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Prospective Cohort Study ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
University Hospitals ◽  
Treatment Need ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Multivariate Linear Models

Summary Objectives This study aimed (1) to investigate the evolution of self-esteem through orthodontic treatment, and (2) to study how key demographic factors would affect these evolutions and to assess relationships between self-esteem and orthodontic treatment need. Methods This longitudinal prospective cohort study comprised of 326 adolescents (172 girls and 154 boys) aged 11–16 years; data were obtained from 325 adolescents at T0 and 123 at T2. Three hundred twenty-one adolescents filled in questionnaires at T0, whereas 118 at T2. They were selected in the University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium, where they all received orthodontic treatment. Self-esteem was assessed with the Dutch adaptation of the Harter’s test and treatment need was defined by the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). Data were analysed with multivariate linear models and Spearman correlations. Results There was no evidence of a change in global self-esteem during orthodontic treatment. A significant gender by time interaction for scholastic competence (P < 0.05), a decrease in self-esteem for females, and an increase for males between T0 and T1 was observed. A significant age (at T0) by time interaction for physical appearance and global self-worth (P < 0.05) and a negative correlation between self-esteem and self-assessed IOTN aesthetic component for the subdomain of close friendship (P < 0.05) were found. Conclusions Global self-esteem acts as a stable construct during orthodontic treatment. The subdomains of self-esteem could be influenced by age and gender. Self-esteem and the subjective need for orthodontic treatment were found to be negatively correlated.

A Cohort study to compare Admission criteria and Academic performance among preclinical students at The Copperbelt University School of Medicine: complete enumeration (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Mwila
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Average Score ◽  
First Year ◽  
Admission Criteria ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Dental Surgery ◽  
School Of Medicine ◽  
Better Than

BACKGROUND The Copperbelt University is the second public University in Zambia. The School of Medicine has four major programs namely; Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery, Bachelor of Dental Surgery, Bachelor of Clinical Medicine and Bachelor of Biomedical sciences. The Copperbelt University School of Medicine runs a five-year training program for both the BDS and the MBCHB programs. Students are admitted into the Medical school after successfully completing their first year at the Main campus in the School of Natural Sciences with an average of 4 B grades or higher (B grade is a mark of 65 to 74%). OBJECTIVE The study was done to determine the association between admission criteria and academic performance among preclinical students. Hence, the study compares the academic performance among preclinical students admitted into the Bachelor of Dental Surgery and Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery at the Copperbelt University School of Medicine. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study conducted at Michael Chilufya Sata School of medicine Campus. A pilot study was conducted with 30 BDS and 30 MBCHB students and the obtained information helped determine the sample size. SPSS was used to analyze the data. The study period lasted approximately 7 weeks at a cost of K1621. RESULTS In 2014, there was an improvement in average performance between 2nd and 3rd year for each program. An average score of 15.4 (SD 4.2) was obtained in 3rd year compared to 12.8 (SD 4.9) in 2nd year (p<0.001). Meanwhile, 3rd MB ChB mean score was 12.6 (SD 3.7) compared to 10.7 (SD 3.6) in 2nd years (p<0.05). However, in 2016, both programs, 3rd year mean scores were lower than 2nd year (MB ChB 2nd year mean score was 12.0 (SD 4.3) compared to 3rd year with a mean score of 9.5 (SD 4.5), p<0.001; BDS 2nd year mean score was 10.6 (SD 4.0) compared to 3rd year mean score of 8.2 (SD 3.4), p<0.01. On average MB ChB students performed better than BDS students in all the years (p<0.05), except in 2016 when the results were comparable. CONCLUSIONS Results from the study shows that entry criteria has a correlation to academic performance as students admitted with higher grades perform much better than those with lower grades.

scholarly journals Safe threshold of capillary blood glucose for predicting early future neonatal hypoglycaemia in babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus, an observational, retrospective cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther H. G. Park ◽  
Frances O’Brien ◽  
Fiona Seabrook ◽  
Jane Elizabeth Hirst
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Capillary Blood Glucose ◽  
Neonatal Hypoglycaemia

Abstract Background There is increasing pressure to get women and babies home rapidly after birth. Babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) currently get 24-h inpatient monitoring. We investigated whether a low-risk group of babies born to mothers with GDM could be defined for shorter inpatient hypoglycaemia monitoring. Methods Observational, retrospective cohort study conducted in a tertiary maternity hospital in 2018. Singleton, term babies born to women with GDM and no other risk factors for hypoglycaemia, were included. Capillary blood glucose (BG) testing and clinical observations for signs of hypoglycaemia during the first 24-h after birth. BG was checked in all babies before the second feed. Subsequent testing occurred if the first result was < 2.0 mmol/L, or clinical suspicion developed for hypoglycaemia. Neonatal hypoglycaemia, defined as either capillary or venous glucose ≤ 2.0 mmol/L and/or clinical signs of neonatal hypoglycaemia requiring oral or intravenous dextrose (lethargy, abnormal feeding behaviour or seizures). Results Fifteen of 106 babies developed hypoglycaemia within the first 24-h. Maternal and neonatal characteristics were not predictive. All babies with hypoglycaemia had an initial capillary BG ≤ 2.6 mmol/L (Area under the ROC curve (AUC) 0.96, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.91–1.0). This result was validated on a further 65 babies, of whom 10 developed hypoglycaemia, in the first 24-h of life. Conclusion Using the 2.6 mmol/L threshold, extended monitoring as an inpatient could have been avoided for 60% of babies in this study. Whilst prospective validation is needed, this approach could help tailor postnatal care plans for babies born to mothers with GDM.

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