Posterior-Lateral Foraminotomy as an Exclusive Operative Technique for Cervical Radiculopathy: A Review of 846 Consecutively Operated Cases

Neurosurgery ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 504-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles M. Henderson ◽  
Robert G. Hennessy ◽  
Henry M. Shuey ◽  
E. Grant Shackelford
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Disc ◽  
Operative Procedure ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Air Embolism ◽  
Cervical Radiculopathy ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Motor Deficit ◽  
Arm Pain ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Between 1963 and 1980, one or more posterior-lateral foraminotomies were performed for simple cervical radiculopathy as the sole operative procedure for 736 patients. One hundred three patients (14%) required a second posterior procedure, but only 24 (3%) cases represented true recurrent radiculopathy. There were 13 minor complications (1.5%) and no deaths or detectable incidence of air embolism. All operations were done with the patient in the sitting position. Central venous pressure monitoring was used only infrequently. There was a 96% incidence of relief of significant arm pain and/or paresthesia and a 98% incidence of resolution of preoperatively present motor deficit. Eight hundred twenty-eight procedures (98%) were preceded by Pantopaque cervical myelography. There was a 71.5% incidence of correlation between preoperative clinical findings (both sensory and motor) and operative findings. In 13% of the cases, two spaces were thought by the operating surgeon to be equally involved by the spondylotic process. Most (91.5%) of the patients describe themselves as either “good or excellent” postoperatively. There was no significant difference postoperatively regarding results or recurrence between patients with suspected soft or hard disc protrusions and those with strictly spondylotic radiculopathy. Nor was there any statistical difference in results among the three patient population groups (“private” vs. compensation vs. liability). The mean length of time to return to work or other “normal” activities was 9.4 weeks. The mean length of follow-up time was 146 weeks (2.8 years). There was an associated incidence of significant lumbar disc and/or foraminal disease requiring operation of 33.4%.

scholarly journals Prevalence of cholelithiasis in patients with chagasic megaesophagus

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Crema ◽  
Ellen Caroline Rosa Resende Silva ◽  
Priscila Melo Franciscon ◽  
Virmondes Rodrigues Júnior ◽  
Aiodair Martins Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Biliary Tract ◽  
Surgical Procedure ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Parasympathetic Nerve ◽  
Subtotal Esophagectomy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Chagasic Megaesophagus

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of cholelithiasis in the general population ranges from 9 to 18%. This prevalence is known to be higher in the presence of parasympathetic nerve damage of the biliary tract either due to surgery (vagotomy) or neuronal destruction (Chagas disease). The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of cholelithiasis and chagasic or idiopathic megaesophagus. METHODS: The ultrasound scans of 152 patients with megaesophagus submitted to cardiomyotomy and subtotal esophagectomy surgery were evaluated. The presence of cholelithiasis was compared between chagasic and idiopathic esophagopathy and ultrasound and clinical findings were correlated with age, sex and race. RESULTS: A total of 152 cases of megaesophagus, including 137 with chagasic megaesophagus and 15 with idiopathic megaesophagus, were analyzed. The mean age was 56.7 years (45-67) in the 137 patients with chagasic megaesophagus and 35.6 years (27-44) in the 15 cases of idiopathic megaesophagus, with a significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.0001). The group with chagasic megaesophagus consisted of 59 (43%) women and 78 (56.9%) men, while the group with idiopathic megaesophagus consisted of 8 (53.3%) women and 7 (46.6%) men, showing no significant difference between the groups. Of the 137 patients with confirmed chagasic megaesophagus, 39 (28.4%) presented cholelithiasis versus one case (6.6%) in the 15 patients with idiopathic megaesophagus. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of cholelithiasis is high in patients with chagasic megaesophagus and preoperative ultrasound should be performed routinely in these patients in order to treat both conditions during the same surgical procedure.

scholarly journals Effect Of Cupping Massage and Modified Spinal Decompression Therapy With Exercise Therapy in Neck Radiculopathy Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 340-348
Author(s):  
Al-Jazzazi, Saleem. Abdulmageed, Et. al.
Keyword(s):  
Disc Herniation ◽  
Lumbar Disc ◽  
Cervical Radiculopathy ◽  
New Method ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Cervical Disc ◽  
Spinal Decompression ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cervical Traction ◽  
Lumbar Traction

Cervical radiculopathy Syndrome (CRS) is a common neuro-musculo-skeletal disorder causing pain and disability. Manual therapy interventions including cervical traction with other treatment modalities have been advocated to decrease pain and disability caused by cervical radiculopathy (CR). Al-Qudah & AL-Jazzazi (2021) conducted a new method of Spinal Decompression Therapy (SDT) in patients with Chronic Lumbar Disc Herniation (CLDH) which includes Combination of Lumbar Traction With Cervical Traction (CLTCT) as one intervention. Despite of that this new method clinically reduces pain and disability more effectively than the conventional types of Traction, CLTCT method was not previously used in CR patients nor with Cervical Disc Herniation (CDH). The clinical effectiveness of this new method with other treatment modalities in patients with CRS was not approved yet.  OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the presented work is to identify the effectiveness of rehabilitative program on patients with Cervical Radiculopathy, by (15) sessions for (4) Weeks. The suggested Rehabilitative program consisted of: 1.Supine Soft Full Back, Shoulders and Neck Cupping Massage (CM) for (10) minutes, 2.CLTCT: Combined Lumbar Traction with Cervical Traction as one intervention for (20) minutes, 3.Gradual Therapeutic Exercise Package of Neck Stretching and Strengthening Exercise for approximately (15) minutes. METHODS: In this study, Five outdoor male patients had accepted to participate  and were randomly chosen from Al-Karak Governmental Hospital, All subjects applied the proposed rehabilitative program. The results were analyzed using the SPSS system. RESULTS: indicates that there was statistically significant difference between the pre and post measurements in favor of the post measurements in terms of Pain, Disability. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that the use of proposed rehabilitative program has a positive effect on patients with Cervical Radiculopathy.

Clinical Significance of Cryofibrinogenemia: Possible Pathophysiological Link with Raynaud’s Phenomenon

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD S. SOYFOO ◽  
AHMED GOUBELLA ◽  
ELIE COGAN ◽  
JEAN-CLAUDE WAUTRECHT ◽  
ANNICK OCMANT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raynaud’S Phenomenon ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Raynaud's Phenomenon ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Primary Raynaud’S Phenomenon ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Objective.To describe the clinical findings and prevalence of patients with cryofibrinogenemia (CF) and to determine whether CF is associated with primary Raynaud’s phenomenon.Methods.Between June 2006 and December 2009, 227 patients were tested for CF in a single university hospital. Forty-five patients with primary Raynaud’s phenomenon were tested for CF.Results.A total of 117 patients with CF without cryoglobulinemia were included. The main clinical manifestations included skin manifestations (50%) and arthralgia (35%). There were 67 patients with primary CF and 50 patients with secondary CF. There was no significant difference in the mean concentration of the cryoprecipitate in primary CF as compared to the secondary form (172 ± 18.6 vs 192 ± 20.9 mg/dl, respectively; p = 0.41). Highest concentrations of cryoprecipitate were observed in those containing fibrinogen only as compared to cryoprecipitates containing fibrinogen and fibronectin (301 ± 43.5 vs 125 ± 10.6 mg/dl; p < 0.001). Patients having skin necrosis (n = 3) had significantly higher values of cryofibrinogen compared to those without necrosis (638 ± 105 vs 160 ± 10.2 mg/dl; p = 0.0046). Among the 45 patients with primary Raynaud’s phenomenon, 36 had associated CF. There was no significant difference in the mean concentration of the cryoprecipitate in these patients compared to those with primary CF.Conclusion.There seems to be a significant correlation between cryofibrinogen concentration and the severity of the clinical signs, particularly when cryoprecipitate is composed of fibrinogen alone. CF might have a possible pathophysiological role in primary Raynaud’s phenomenon.

scholarly journals Transcaruncular Medial Wall Orbital Decompression: An Effective Approach for Patients with Unilateral Graves Ophthalmopathy

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Hill ◽  
Craig N. Czyz ◽  
Thomas A. Bersani
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Medial Wall ◽  
Orbital Decompression ◽  
Postoperative Results ◽  
Graves Ophthalmopathy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Graves Orbitopathy ◽  
The Mean

Purpose. To evaluate the reduction in proptosis, incidence of postoperative diplopia, and postoperative globe symmetry after transcaruncular medial wall decompression in patients with unilateral Graves ophthalmopathy.Methods. Retrospective review of 16 consecutive patients who underwent unilateral transcaruncular medial wall orbital decompression from 1995 to 2007. The diagnosis of Graves ophthalmopathy was based on history and clinical findings including proptosis, lagophthalmos, lid retraction, motility restriction, and systemic thyroid dysfunction.Results. The mean reduction in proptosis was 2.3 mm. The mean difference in exophthalmometry preoperatively between the two eyes in each patient was 3.1 mm whereas postoperatively the mean difference was 1.1 mm (P=0.0002). Eleven of 16 patients (69%) had 1 mm or less of asymmetry postoperatively. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of diplopia pre- and postoperatively (P=1.0).Conclusions. Medial wall orbital decompression is a safe and practical surgical approach for patients with unilateral Graves orbitopathy. The procedure carries a low risk of morbidity and yields anatomic retrusion of the globe that is comparable to other more invasive methods and may yield more symmetric postoperative results.

Arthroplasty for cervical spondylotic myelopathy: similar results to patients with only radiculopathy at 3 years' follow-up

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Yu Fay ◽  
Wen-Cheng Huang ◽  
Jau-Ching Wu ◽  
Hsuan-Kan Chang ◽  
Tzu-Yun Tsai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Heterotopic Ossification ◽  
Cervical Myelopathy ◽  
Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Cervical Arthroplasty ◽  
Arm Pain ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Object Cervical arthroplasty has been accepted as a viable option for surgical management of cervical spondylosis or degenerative disc disease (DDD). The best candidates for cervical arthroplasty are young patients who have radiculopathy caused by herniated disc with competent facet joints. However, it remains uncertain whether arthroplasty is equally effective for patients who have cervical myelopathy caused by DDD. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of arthroplasty for patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) and patients with radiculopathy without CSM. Methods A total of 151 consecutive cases involving patients with CSM or radiculopathy caused by DDD and who underwent one- or two-level cervical arthroplasty were included in this study. Clinical outcome evaluations and radiographic studies were reviewed. Clinical outcome measurements included the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) of neck and arm pain, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores, and the Neck Disability Index (NDI) in every patient. For patients with CSM, Nurick scores were recorded for evaluation of cervical myelopathy. Radiographic studies included lateral dynamic radiographs and CT for detection of the formation of heterotopic ossification . Results Of the 151 consecutive patients with cervical DDD, 125 (82.8%; 72 patients in the myelopathy group and 53 in the radiculopathy group) had at least 24 months of clinical and radiographic follow-up. The mean duration of follow-up in these patients was 36.4 months (range 24–56 months). There was no difference in sex distribution between the 2 groups. However, the mean age of the patients in the myelopathy group was approximately 6 years greater than that of the radiculopathy group (53.1 vs 47.2 years, p < 0.001). The mean operation time, mean estimated blood loss, and the percentage of patients prescribed perioperative analgesic agents were similar in both groups (p = 0.754, 0.652, and 0.113, respectively). There were significant improvements in VAS neck and arm pain, JOA scores, and NDI in both groups. Nurick scores in the myelopathy group also improved significantly after surgery. In radiographic evaluations, 92.5% of patients in the radiculopathy group and 95.8% of those in the radiculopathy group retained spinal motion (no significant difference). Evaluation of CT scans showed heterotopic ossification in 34 patients (47.2%) in the myelopathy group and 25 patients (47.1%) in the radiculopathy group (p = 0.995). At a mean of over 3 years postoperatively, no secondary surgery was reported in either group. Conclusions The severity of myelopathy improves after cervical arthroplasty in patients with CSM caused by DDD. At 3-year follow-up, the clinical and radiographic outcomes of cervical arthroplasty in DDD patients with CSM are similar to those patients who have only cervical radiculopathy. Therefore, cervical arthroplasty is a viable option for patients with CSM caused by DDD who require anterior surgery. However, comparison with the standard surgical treatment of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion is necessary to corroborate the outcomes of arthroplasty for CSM.

scholarly journals Results of halter cervical traction for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy: retrospective review of 81 patients

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Olivero ◽  
Scott C. Dulebohn
Keyword(s):  
Conservative Treatment ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Cervical Radiculopathy ◽  
Cervical Collar ◽  
Foraminal Stenosis ◽  
Duration Of Symptoms ◽  
Arm Pain ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Cervical Traction ◽  
The Mean

Object The percentage of patients responding to conservative treatment for cervical radiculopathy secondary to nerve root compression is not well quantified. To clarify this question, the authors retrospectively reviewed the records obtained over a 4-year period in patients with cervical radiculopathy to determine their response to conservative measures (cervical collar therapy and halter cervical traction). Methods Cervical radiculopathy was diagnosed in patients if they suffered from radiating arm pain made worse by neck movement and at least one of the following: reflex loss, dermatomal numbness, and/or myotomal weakness. Patients with neck pain alone or arm pain without neurological deficit were excluded from analysis. Those patients without excruciating pain, severe weakness, or evidence of myelopathy were offered a course of halter traction before surgery was to be considered. Ninety-six patients met the inclusion criteria; there were 61 males and 35 females, and the mean age was 47 years. Fifty-five patients presented with C-7, 37 with C-6, two with C-5, and two with C-8 radiculopathy. Eighty-one patients underwent a trial of traction that consisted of wearing a cervical collar and home-based halter cervical traction: 8 to 12 pounds, applied for 15 minutes, three times a day for 3 to 6 weeks The mean duration of symptoms prior to neurosurgical evaluation was 43 days ± 8.3 days (standard deviation). Sixty-three (78%) of 81 patients responded to therapeutic traction, experiencing significant or total pain relief, three could not tolerate the traction, and traction failed in 15 patients. Of the 81 patients in whom traction was undertaken, 78 underwent magnetic resonance imaging prior to being seen, which revealed herniated discs at the corresponding levels in 71 and foraminal stenosis in seven. Three of the 63 patients in whom an initial response to traction was noted suffered recurrence of symptoms and required surgery. It would appear that in patients in whom symptoms of cervical radiculopathy were present for approximately 6 weeks that 75% will respond to further conservative treatment (halter traction and cervical collar) over the next 6 weeks.

scholarly journals Outcomes of Discectomy by Using Full-Endoscopic Visualization Technique via the Transcorporeal and Transdiscal Approaches in the Treatment of Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation: A Comparative Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youliang Ren ◽  
Junsong Yang ◽  
Chien-Min Chen ◽  
Kaixuan Liu ◽  
Xiang-Fu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Vertebral Body ◽  
Intervertebral Disc Herniation ◽  
Arm Pain ◽  
Radiographic Outcomes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Objective. To compare the difference in clinical and radiographic outcomes between anterior transcorporeal and transdiscal percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy (ATc-PECD/ATd-PECD) approaches for treating patients with cervical intervertebral disc herniation (CIVDH). Method. We selected 77 patients with single-segment CIVDH and received ATc-PECD or ATd-PECD in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between March 1, 2010, and July 1, 2015. 35 patients suffered from ATc-PECD, and there were 42 patients in the ATd-PECD group. Obtaining the data of 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively, the VAS for neck and arm pain and the modified MacNab criteria were used to evaluate the clinical outcomes, comparing radiographic outcomes and complications of these two groups. Results. We found that the mean operative time was significantly longer in the ATc-PECD group (P<0.05). At the 2-year follow-up, the mean VAS score for neck and arm pain was significantly decreased in both two groups. There was no significant difference in the VAS score for arm pain and neck pain between the two groups at the 2-year follow-up (P=0.783 and P=0.785, respectively). For the ATc-PECD group, the difference in the height of IVS or vertebral body was significant between the preoperative and postoperative groups (P<0.05, respectively). For the ATd-PECD group, there was only a significant decrease in the height of the IVS (P<0.05); the decrease in the surgical vertebral body was not significant between the preoperative and postoperative groups (P>0.05). Conclusion. In the 2-year follow-up, there is no significant difference in the clinical outcomes between the 2 approaches. While the longer time was consumed in the ATc-PECD group, the lower rate of disc collapse and recurrence is notable. Additionally, when the center diameter of tunnel was limited to 6 mm, the bony defect can be healed without the occurrence of the collapse of the superior endplate, and ATc-PECD may be preferable in the endoscopic treatment of CIVDH.

scholarly journals Serum Leptin Concentrations in Turkish Parkinson’s Disease Population

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betul Ozdilek ◽  
Gulay Kenangil
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Clinical Prognosis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Yahr Scale ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Gender

Objectives. To investigate leptin levels and their relationship to body composition and demographic and clinical characteristics of Turkish patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD).Patients and Methods. Forty eligible PD patients and 25 healthy controls were included in the study. Body composition measurements (height, weight, waist circumference (WC), and body mass index (BMI)) of the whole sample and clinical findings of PD patients were evaluated in the on-state. A single 5 mL fasting blood sample was obtained from each participant in the morning. Severity of PD was evaluated using the Hoehn and Yahr scale and the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.Results. The mean age of the patients and controls was60.8±9.4and61.8±5.8years, while the mean BMI was30.17±5.10and28.03±3.23and the mean leptin levels were6.8±6.9and3.9±3.8 ng/mL, respectively. Only age and gender were correlated with leptin levels. There was a significant difference (P<0.001) in leptin levels between male (3.6±3.1 ng/mL) and female (14.3±7.7 ng/mL) PD patients. Among the male PD patients, older age and higher BMI and WC values were associated with higher mean leptin levels. There was not any significant relationship between leptin levels and clinical findings in PD patients.Conclusion. These results may suggest that leptin levels have no determinative role in the follow-up of PD patients with regard to the severity and clinical prognosis of PD.

scholarly journals Study to determine serum vitamin D levels in patients with congestive heart failure

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 4762
Author(s):  
Nishant Wadhera ◽  
Geetika Kalra ◽  
Abhishek Gupta ◽  
Saurabh Singhal ◽  
S. K. Jha
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Congestive Heart Failure ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Serum Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Background: It was to evaluate the association of serum levels of vitamin D in patients with congestive heart failure.Methods: The present study was conducted in the department of Medicine at Chattrapati Shivaji Subharti Hospital among 100 patients, aged 18 years and above diagnosed as congestive heart failure on the basis of clinical and echocardiographic evidence. Clinical manifestations looked for CHF were: Dyspnea, orthopnea, acute pulmonary edema, cerebral symptoms, cheyne-stokes respiration, cyanosis, sinus tachycardia, raised jugular venous pressure, congestive hepatomegaly and pedal edema. In the present study deficiency/ insufficiency of vitamin D was considered when the presence of levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D was <30 ng/ml. Laboratory tests performed to diagnose congestive heart failure and serum vitamin D levels were complete blood count, KFT (urea, serum creatinine), serum electrolytes, ECG, chest X ray and echocardiogram. Data were tabulated and examined using the statistical package for Social Sciences Version 22.0.Results: When data was assessed for comparison in relation to NHYA grades and vitamin D levels, it was found to be statistically significant. The Mean±SD scores of serum urea (mg/dL) was found to be 44.7±56.4, 47.3±63.8 and 36.4± 18.3 in whole study sample, vitamin D levels <30 and vitamin D levels >30 respectively with statistically significant difference. The Mean±SD scores of CPK MB (IU/L) was found to be 33.1±20.8 and 18.6±13.3 among the subjects having vitamin D levels <30 and vitamin D levels >30 respectively with statistically significant difference.Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that low levels of vitamin D may adversely affect the cardiovascular system.

scholarly journals Postoperative Wound Pain and Hospital Stay in Patients of Open Lumbar Discectomy (OLD) Versus Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy (ELD) in Lumbar Disc Herniation (LDH)

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
SYED SHAHZAD HUSSAIN ◽  
USMAN AHMED KAMBOOH ◽  
ASIF RAZA ◽  
ADIL AMIN ◽  
SAMAN SHAHID ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Lumbar Disc ◽  
Invasive Procedure ◽  
Lumbar Discectomy ◽  
Postoperative Wound ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wound Pain ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B ◽  
Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy

Background: Endoscopic lumbar discectomy is also beneficial regarding relieving wound pain, less hospital stay and smaller incisions. We compared visual analog scores (VAS) and hospital stay in patients treated with either endoscopic lumbar discectomy or open lumbar discectomy postoperatively.Material and Methods: Half patients underwent open lumbar discectomy – OLD (group A) and half operated with endoscopic lumbar discectomy – ELD (group B). The pain was quantified through visual analog score (VAS) observation in all patients. A preoperative medical management included prescribing a combination of an analgesic and a muscle relaxant along with physiotherapy with an avoidance of lifting heavy loads. Mann- Whitney (U) tests were applied for the comparison of postoperative VAS and hospital stay between groups.Results: 85% patients were having left sided prolapsed paracentral disc, and 15% were having right sided prolapsed paracentral disc. The mean postoperative VAS was 4 in patients treated with ELD and it was 1.32 in patients treated with OLD. The mean hospital stay was 1.5 days in ELD treatment, whereas, it was 2.5 days in OLD treatment. A significant difference (p=0.037) was found in the comparison of mean post-operative VAS between two vertebral levels (i.e., L4-L5 & L5-S1). The post-operative VAS and hospital stay (days) in ELD group were statistically significantly higher than the OLD group (p values 0.000).Conclusion: ELD procedure was effective as compared to open lumbar discectomy in terms of postoperative wound site pain and hospital stay. Endoscopic Lumbar discectomy is a minimally invasive procedure for discectomy.

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