Retinoic acid modifies the pattern of cell differentiation in the central nervous system of neurula stage Xenopus embryos

Neural cell markers have been used to examine the effect of retinoic acid (RA) on the development of the central nervous system (CNS) of Xenopus embryos. RA treatment of neurula stage embryos resulted in a concentration-dependent perturbation of anterior CNS development leading to a reduction in the size of the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. In addition the overt segmental organization of the hindbrain was abolished by high concentrations of RA. The regional expression of two cell-specific markers, the homeobox protein Xhox3 and the neurotransmitter serotonin was also examined in embryos exposed to RA. Treatment with RA caused a concentration-dependent change in the pattern of expression of Xhox3 and serotonin and resulted in the ectopic appearance of immunoreactive neurons in anterior regions of the CNS, including the forebrain. Collectively, our results extend previous studies by showing that RA treatment of embryos at the neurula stage inhibits the development of anterior regions of the CNS while promoting the differentiation of more posterior cell types. The relevance of these findings to the possible role of endogenous retinoids in the determination of neural cell fate and axial patterning is discussed.

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Induction of a RAR beta 2-lacZ transgene by retinoic acid reflects the neuromeric organization of the central nervous system

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.116.4.977 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 116 (4) ◽

pp. 977-983 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Zimmer ◽

A. Zimmer

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Retinoic Acid ◽

Retinoic Acid Receptor ◽

Induction Pattern ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Beta 2 ◽

Transgenic Embryos ◽

Craniofacial Defects ◽

Pair Rule

The hormone retinoic acid (RA) has been implicated in the organization of the anteroposterior (AP) body axis. In this paper, we describe the effects of RA on the activity of the RA-inducible retinoic acid receptor-beta 2 (RAR beta 2) promoter. When transgenic embryos carrying a RAR beta 2-lacZ reporter gene were exposed to a single dose of RA between gestational days 8.5 to 10.5, lacZ expression was induced in the anterior central nervous system (CNS). Strikingly, the transgene was expressed in a segmented pattern reminiscent of that of Drosophila ‘pair-rule’ genes. RA treatment of midgastrulation embryos at day 7.5 disturbed the segmentation and produced severe craniofacial defects. We discuss the possibility that the entire anterior CNS is segmented and that this segmentation is reflected by the RAR beta 2-lacZ induction pattern.

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Role of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 in Oxidative and Inflammatory Signaling Pathways in Different Cell Types in the Central Nervous System

Molecular Neurobiology ◽

10.1007/s12035-014-8662-4 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 6-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Grace Y. Sun ◽

Dennis Y. Chuang ◽

Yijia Zong ◽

Jinghua Jiang ◽

James C. M. Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Phospholipase A2 ◽

Signaling Pathways ◽

Cell Types ◽

Inflammatory Signaling ◽

Cytosolic Phospholipase ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Different Cell Types

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Elucidating the Neuropathologic Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Frontiers in Neurology ◽

10.3389/fneur.2021.660087 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Mar Pacheco-Herrero ◽

Luis O. Soto-Rojas ◽

Charles R. Harrington ◽

Yazmin M. Flores-Martinez ◽

Marcos M. Villegas-Rojas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Cell Types ◽

Public Health Emergency ◽

Converting Enzyme ◽

Neurological Manifestations ◽

Brain Areas ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽

The Central Nervous System

The current pandemic caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a public health emergency. To date, March 1, 2021, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused about 114 million accumulated cases and 2.53 million deaths worldwide. Previous pieces of evidence suggest that SARS-CoV-2 may affect the central nervous system (CNS) and cause neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients. It is also known that angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), the primary receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection, is expressed in different brain areas and cell types. Thus, it is hypothesized that infection by this virus could generate or exacerbate neuropathological alterations. However, the molecular mechanisms that link COVID-19 disease and nerve damage are unclear. In this review, we describe the routes of SARS-CoV-2 invasion into the central nervous system. We also analyze the neuropathologic mechanisms underlying this viral infection, and their potential relationship with the neurological manifestations described in patients with COVID-19, and the appearance or exacerbation of some neurodegenerative diseases.

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Ectopic expression of either the Drosophila gooseberry-distal or proximal gene causes alterations of cell fate in the epidermis and central nervous system

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.120.5.1151 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 120 (5) ◽

pp. 1151-1161 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Y. Zhang ◽

A. Ungar ◽

C. Fresquez ◽

R. Holmgren

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Cell Fate ◽

Ectopic Expression ◽

Cell Fate Specification ◽

Single Function ◽

Independent Functions ◽

Segment Polarity ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

The Common

Previous studies have shown that the segment polarity locus gooseberry, which contains two closely related transcripts gooseberry-proximal and gooseberry-distal, is required for proper development in both the epidermis and the central nervous system of Drosophila. In this study, the roles of the gooseberry proteins in the process of cell fate specification have been examined by generating two fly lines in which either gooseberry-distal or gooseberry-proximal expression is under the control of an hsp70 promoter. We have found that ectopic expression of either gooseberry protein causes cell fate transformations that are reciprocal to those of a gooseberry deletion mutant. Our results suggest that the gooseberry-distal protein is required for the specification of naked cuticle in the epidermis and specific neuroblasts in the central nervous system. These roles may reflect independent functions in neuroblasts and epidermal cells or a single function in the common ectodermal precursor cells. The gooseberry-proximal protein is also found in the same neuroblasts as gooseberry-distal and in the descendants of these cells.

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Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology

Oxford Handbook of Medical Sciences ◽

10.1093/med/9780198789895.003.0011 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 725-852

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Cervical Vertebrae ◽

Lymphatic Vessels ◽

Cell Types ◽

Cellular Level ◽

Inhibitory Synapses ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Emotion Memory ◽

Different Cell Types

‘Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology’ covers the anatomy and organization of the central nervous system, including the skull and cervical vertebrae, the meninges, the blood and lymphatic vessels, muscles and nerves of the head and neck, and the structures of the eye, ear, and central nervous system. At a cellular level, the different cell types and the mechanism of transmission across synapses are considered, including excitatory and inhibitory synapses. This is followed by a review of the major control and sensory systems (including movement, information processing, locomotion, reflexes, and the main five senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell). The integration of these processes into higher functions (such as sleep, consciousness and coma, emotion, memory, and ageing) is discussed, along with the causes and treatments of disorders of diseases such as depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, addiction, and degenerative diseases.

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Olfactory Bulb

Handbook of Brain Microcircuits ◽

10.1093/med/9780190636111.003.0025 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 309-322

Author(s):

Gordon M. Shepherd ◽

Michele Migliore ◽

Francesco Cavarretta

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Visual Cortex ◽

Olfactory Bulb ◽

Primary Visual Cortex ◽

Antennal Lobe ◽

Cell Types ◽

Synaptic Interactions ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Olfactory Input

The olfactory bulb is the site of the first synaptic processing of the olfactory input from the nose. It is present in all vertebrates (except cetaceans) and a the analogous antennal lobe in most invertebrates. With its sharply demarcated cell types and histological layers, and some well-studied synaptic interactions, it is one of the first and clearest examples of the microcircuit concept in the central nervous system. The olfactory bulb microcircuit receives the information in the sensory domain and transforms it into information in the neural domain. Traditionally, it has been considered analogous to the retina in processing its sensory input, but that has been replaced by the view that it is more similar to the thalamus or primary visual cortex in processing its multidimensional input. This chapter describes the main synaptic connections and functional operations and how they provide the output to the olfactory cortex

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Mucopolysaccharidosis in Adults

10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0054 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Christian J. Hendriksz ◽

Francois Karstens

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Autosomal Recessive ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Cell Types ◽

Type Ii ◽

System P ◽

Different Types ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Different Cell Types

There are 8 different types of diseases of the mucopolysaccharides, each caused by a deficiency in one of 10 different enzymes involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Partially degraded GAGs accumulate within the lysosomes of many different cell types and lead to clinical symptoms and excretion of large amounts of GAGs in the urine. Heritability is autosomal recessive except for MPS type II, which is X-linked. The disorders are chronic and progressive and, although the specific types all have their individual features, they share an abundance of clinical similarities. All involve the musculoskeletal, the cardiovascular, the pulmonary and the central nervous system.

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Effect of Nicotine on the Synapse of the Central Nervous System

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1958.192.3.447 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 192 (3) ◽

pp. 447-452 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sadayuki F. Takagi ◽

Yutaka Oomura

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Synaptic Transmission ◽

Reflex Activity ◽

Synaptic Delay ◽

Synaptic Potential ◽

Before And After ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

High Concentrations

The effect of nicotine on synaptic transmission in the frog and cat spinal cord was studied. Both a regular wick electrode and a microelectrode of the Ling-Gerard type were used. The reflex activity of the bullfrog spinal cord is facilitated by 0.01% nicotine solution, but is depressed and abolished by 0.1% solution. In the cat, intravenous administration of 150 mg/kg fails to block reflex activity, but topical application does block. The intracellular potential, of both frog and cat motoneurones, shows no change in the synaptic potential after application of the drug, but the spike appears after a shorter synaptic delay and one or more additional spikes appear. When the synaptic delay becomes sufficiently short, however, all spikes suddenly disappear, leaving the still unchanged synaptic potential. Occasionally the synaptic delay is again increased just before the spike potentials disappear. The excitability of a frog motoneurone was measured, by a recording microelectrode, before and after nicotine application. The drug first increased and then decreases excitability. Epinephrine can restore a reflex discharge depressed or abolished by nicotine. It is concluded that high concentrations of nicotine block synaptic transmission in the central nervous system, acting on the cell body but not on the synaptic potential.

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