The novel signal peptides, pedibin and Hym-346, lower positional value thereby enhancing foot formation in hydra

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Grens ◽  
H. Shimizu ◽  
S.A. Hoffmeister ◽  
H.R. Bode ◽  
T. Fujisawa
Keyword(s):  
Extended Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Signal Peptides ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Direct Measure ◽  
Hydra Vulgaris ◽  
Hydra Magnipapillata ◽  
Body Column ◽  
Positional Value ◽  
Tissue Form

Signaling molecules affecting patterning processes are usually proteins and rarely peptides. Two novel peptides, pedibin and Hym-346, that are closely related to one another have been isolated from Hydra vulgaris and Hydra magnipapillata. Several experiments indicate that both cause a reduction in the positional value gradient, the principle patterning process governing the maintenance of form in the adult hydra. The peptides cause an increase in the rate of foot regeneration following bisection of the body column. Treatment of animals with either peptide for an extended period of time resulted in an apical extension of the range of expression of CnNk-2 along the body column. Such an extension is correlated with a decrease in positional value. Transplantation of tissue treated with Hym-346 results in an increase in the fraction forming feet, and aggregates derived from Hym-346 tissue form more feet and fewer heads. The latter two experiments provide a direct measure of the lowering of positional value in the treated tissue. These results suggest that peptides play signaling roles in patterning processes in cnidaria and, plausibly, in more complex metazoans as well.

scholarly journals Differential expression of BMP antagonists, gremlin and noggin in hydra: antagonism between Wnt and BMP pathways

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishnapati Lakshmi Surekha ◽  
Samiksha Khade ◽  
Diptee Trimbake ◽  
Rohan Patwardhan ◽  
Siva Kumar Nadimpalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wnt Signaling ◽  
The Body ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Hydra Vulgaris ◽  
Basal Disc ◽  
Bmp Pathway ◽  
Summary Statement ◽  
Bmp Antagonists ◽  
Body Column

AbstractMechanisms regulating BMP and Wnt signaling pathways have been widely studied in many organisms. One of the mechanisms by which these pathways are regulated is by binding of extracellular ligands. In the present study, we report studies with two BMP antagonists, gremlin and noggin from Hydra vulgaris Ind-Pune and demonstrate antagonistic relationship between BMP and Wnt pathways. Gremlin was ubiquitously expressed from the body column to head region except in the basal disc and hypostome. During budding, gremlin was expressed predominantly in the budding region suggesting a possible role in budding; this was confirmed in polyps with different stages of buds. Noggin, on the other hand, was predominantly expressed in the endoderm of hypostome, base of the tentacles, lower body column and at the basal disc in whole polyps. During budding, noggin was expressed at the sites of emergence of tentacles suggesting a role in tentacle formation. This was confirmed in alsterpaullone-treated polyps, which showed noggin expression as distinct spots where ectopic organizers and ectopic tentacles eventually formed. Using RT-PCR, we found that up-regulation of Wnt is accompanied with down-regulation of BMP5-8b demonstrating antagonism between the two pathways. Down-regulation of noggin and gremlin, however, occurred only after 24 h recovery. The data suggest that inhibition of BMP pathway by Wnt signaling in hydra does not directly involve noggin and gremlin. Our findings indicate that the BMP/Noggin antagonism evolved early for setting up and/or maintaining the head organizer while involvement of these BMP antagonists during vertebrate axial patterning are recent evolutionary acquisitions.Summary statementWe show that setting up of the Organizer by BMP/Noggin antagonism and role of BMP inhibitors in tissue patterning are evolutionarily ancient, probably arising for the first time in hydra

Expression of Cnox-2, a HOM/HOX homeobox gene in hydra, is correlated with axial pattern formation

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 657-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Shenk ◽  
H.R. Bode ◽  
R.E. Steele
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Formation ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Homeobox Gene ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
Hydra Vulgaris ◽  
Coordinate Reduction ◽  
High Level ◽  
Body Column

Cnox-2 is a HOM/HOX homeobox gene that we have identified in the simple metazoan Hydra vulgaris (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Cnox-2 is most closely related to anterior members of the Antennapedia gene complex from Drosophila, with the greatest similarity to Deformed. The Cnox-2 protein is expressed in the epithelial cells of adult hydra polyps in a region-specific pattern along the body axis, at a low level in the head and at a high level in the body column and the foot. The expression pattern of Cnox-2 is consistent with a role in axial pattern formation. Alteration of hydra axial patterning by treatment with diacylglycerol (DAG) results in an increase of head activation down the body column and in a coordinate reduction of Cnox-2 expression in epithelial cells in ‘head-like’ regions. These results suggest that Cnox-2 expression is negatively regulated by a signaling pathway acting through protein kinase C (PKC), and that the varying levels of expression of Cnox-2 along the body axis have the potential to result in differential gene expression which is important for hydra pattern formation.

Diaghilev and British Writing

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-92
Author(s):  
Susan Jones
Keyword(s):  
Visual Arts ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Literary Responses ◽  
Literary Aesthetics ◽  
Ballets Russes ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Opening Up

This article explores the diversity of British literary responses to Diaghilev's project, emphasising the way in which the subject matter and methodologies of Diaghilev's modernism were sometimes unexpectedly echoed in expressions of contemporary British writing. These discussions emerge both in writing about Diaghilev's work, and, more discretely, when references to the Russian Ballet find their way into the creative writing of the period, serving to anchor the texts in a particular cultural milieu or to suggest contemporary aesthetic problems in the domain of literary aesthetics developing in the period. Figures from disparate fields, including literature, music and the visual arts, brought to their criticism of the Ballets Russes their individual perspectives on its aesthetics, helping to consolidate the sense of its importance in contributing to the inter-disciplinary flavour of modernism across the arts. In the field of literature, not only did British writers evaluate the Ballets Russes in terms of their own poetics, their relationship to experimentation in the novel and in drama, they developed an increasing sense of the company's place in dance history, its choreographic innovations offering material for wider discussions, opening up the potential for literary modernism's interest in impersonality and in the ‘unsayable’, discussions of the body, primitivism and gender.

Novel Nanolipoidal Systems for the Management of Skin Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-125
Author(s):  
Apoorva Singh ◽  
Nimisha
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Abnormal Cells ◽  
The Stability

: Skin cancer, among the various kinds of cancers, is a type that emerges from skin due to the growth of abnormal cells. These cells are capable of spreading and invading the other parts of the body. The occurrence of non-melanoma and melanoma, which are the major types of skin cancers, has increased over the past decades. Exposure to ultraviolet radiations (UV) is the main associative cause of skin cancer. UV exposure can inactivate tumor suppressor genes while activating various oncogenes. The conventional techniques like surgical removal, chemotherapy and radiation therapy lack the potential for targeting cancer cells and harm the normal cells. However, the novel therapeutics show promising improvements in the effectiveness of treatment, survival rates and better quality of life for patients. Different methodologies are involved in the skin cancer therapeutics for delivering the active ingredients to the target sites. Nano carriers are very efficient as they have the ability to improve the stability of drugs and further enhance their penetration into the tumor cells. The recent developments and research in nanotechnology have entitled several targeting and therapeutic agents to be incorporated into nanoparticles for an enhancive treatment of skin cancer. To protect the research works in the field of nanolipoidal systems various patents have been introduced. Some of the patents acknowledge responsive liposomes for specific targeting, nanocarriers for the delivery or co-delivery of chemotherapeutics, nucleic acids as well as photosensitizers. Further recent patents on the novel delivery systems have also been included here.

scholarly journals Disease Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in C9orf72 ALS-FTD

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 601
Author(s):  
Keith Mayl ◽  
Christopher E. Shaw ◽  
Youn-Bok Lee
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Gain Of Function ◽  
Pathogenic Mechanisms ◽  
Hexanucleotide Repeat ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Hexanucleotide Repeat Expansion ◽  
Expansion Mutation ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

A hexanucleotide repeat expansion mutation in the first intron of C9orf72 is the most common known genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Since the discovery in 2011, numerous pathogenic mechanisms, including both loss and gain of function, have been proposed. The body of work overall suggests that toxic gain of function arising from bidirectionally transcribed repeat RNA is likely to be the primary driver of disease. In this review, we outline the key pathogenic mechanisms that have been proposed to date and discuss some of the novel therapeutic approaches currently in development.

scholarly journals The Embodiment of Insult: A Theory of Biobehavioral Response to Workplace Incivility

2021 ◽  
pp. 014920632198979
Author(s):  
Lilia M. Cortina ◽  
M. Sandy Hershcovis ◽  
Kathryn B. H. Clancy
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Workplace Incivility ◽  
The Body ◽  
Social Connections ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Target Response ◽  
Organizational Life ◽  
New Science ◽  
Broad Theory

This article builds a broad theory to explain how people respond, both biologically and behaviorally, when targeted with incivility in organizations. Central to our theorizing is a multifaceted framework that yields four quadrants of target response: reciprocation, retreat, relationship repair, and recruitment of support. We advance the novel argument that these behaviors not only stem from biological change within the body but also stimulate such change. Behavioral responses that revolve around affiliation and produce positive social connections are most likely to bring biological benefits. However, social and cultural features of an organization can stand in the way of affiliation, especially for employees holding marginalized identities. When incivility persists over time and employees lack access to the resources needed to recover, we theorize, downstream consequences can include harms to their physical health. Like other aspects of organizational life, this biobehavioral theory of incivility response is anything but simple. But it may help explain how seemingly “small” insults can sometimes have large effects, ultimately undermining workforce well-being. It may also suggest novel sites for incivility intervention, focusing on the relational and inclusive side of work. The overarching goal of this article is to motivate new science on workplace incivility, new knowledge, and ultimately, new solutions.

Three digestive movements in Hydra regulated by the diffuse nerve net in the body column

2004 ◽  
Vol 190 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Shimizu ◽  
Osamu Koizumi ◽  
Toshitaka Fujisawa
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Nerve Net ◽  
Body Column

Considerations Regarding the Influence of Layering Thickness on the Esthetics of a Metal Ceramic Restoration

2016 ◽  
Vol 695 ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Radu Rîcă ◽  
Ana Maria Rîcă ◽  
Horia Octavian Manolea ◽  
Mirela Opri ◽  
Mihai Dodocioiu
Keyword(s):  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dental Technician ◽  
Oral Environment ◽  
Metal Ceramic

A fixed restoration has many important properties. Not only it has to resist in the harsh oral environment but it also has to resist bite forces and to remain intact for an extended period of time and porcelain has all these qualities and it also gives excellent esthetic results. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of each layer of porcelain fused to the metal coping on the final aspect of a metal ceramic restoration using the Ivoclar dSign system. Therefore we have chosen three methods to apply the porcelain by varying the thickness of the dentin and enamel layers fused on the metal substructure. The layer thickness of the opaque porcelain, the body porcelain (dentin), and the incisal porcelain greatly influence the final aspect of the metal ceramic restoration and this variation must be taken into consideration in order for the dental technician to obtain the desired shade

scholarly journals A NewIn VivoModel System to Assess the Toxicity of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Tino ◽  
Alfredo Ambrosone ◽  
Lucia Mattera ◽  
Valentina Marchesano ◽  
Andrei Susha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Semiconductor Nanocrystals ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Hydra Vulgaris ◽  
Population Growth Rates ◽  
Single Structure

In the emerging area of nanotechnology, a key issue is related to the potential impacts of the novel nanomaterials on the environment and human health, so that this technology can be used with minimal risk. Specifically designed to combine on a single structure multipurpose tags and properties, smart nanomaterials need a comprehensive characterization of both chemicophysical properties and adequate toxicological evaluation, which is a challenging endeavour; thein vitrotoxicity assays that are often employed for nanotoxicity assessments do not accurately predictin vivoresponse. To overcome these limitations and to evaluate toxicity characteristics of cadmium telluride quantum dots in relation to surface coatings, we have employed the freshwater polypHydra vulgarisas a model system. We assessedin vivoacute and sublethal toxicity by scoring for alteration of morphological traits, population growth rates, and influence on the regenerative capabilities providing new investigation clues for nanotoxicology purposes.

French Women, Italian Art, and Other “Advocates of the Body” in Harriet Beecher Stowe's The Minister's Wooing

2010 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy Z. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Female Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Religious Paintings ◽  
Italian Art

Displays of sanctified eroticism in The Minister's Wooing reveal Harriet Beecher Stowe's conviction that the body is inherently holy. The author's experience of religious paintings and her observation of French women in Europe deepened her belief that the female body is an instrument of spirituality, as can be traced in the novel.

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