Casualties and the Concept of Grandness

This chapter reflects on the Korean War, considering how casualties affect American perceptions of the cost of war. It was the first large-scale overseas US war that was not declared or authorized by Congress, and the war's greatest impact was on Korean civilians. Using the example of Korean War casualties, the chapter explores the tension between the idea of “grandness” in grand strategy and the importance of granular, concrete consequences. The “grandness” of grand strategy relates both to the scale of strategizing and to the ideas that inform it. For American policymakers, it proceeds from a broad theory of the United States’ role in the world. On the ground, however, a strategy can result in mass death. Therefore, an understanding of the concrete human experience of the use of force should be firmly incorporated into grand strategy—both the practice and the pedagogy.

The Embodiment of Insult: A Theory of Biobehavioral Response to Workplace Incivility

This article builds a broad theory to explain how people respond, both biologically and behaviorally, when targeted with incivility in organizations. Central to our theorizing is a multifaceted framework that yields four quadrants of target response: reciprocation, retreat, relationship repair, and recruitment of support. We advance the novel argument that these behaviors not only stem from biological change within the body but also stimulate such change. Behavioral responses that revolve around affiliation and produce positive social connections are most likely to bring biological benefits. However, social and cultural features of an organization can stand in the way of affiliation, especially for employees holding marginalized identities. When incivility persists over time and employees lack access to the resources needed to recover, we theorize, downstream consequences can include harms to their physical health. Like other aspects of organizational life, this biobehavioral theory of incivility response is anything but simple. But it may help explain how seemingly “small” insults can sometimes have large effects, ultimately undermining workforce well-being. It may also suggest novel sites for incivility intervention, focusing on the relational and inclusive side of work. The overarching goal of this article is to motivate new science on workplace incivility, new knowledge, and ultimately, new solutions.

Breaking into the Foam: Peter Sloterdijk's Philosophy of Dwelling and Richard Stark's Parker Novels

This article brings together the crime fiction novels of Richard Stark (a pseudonym of Donald Westlake) and the philosophical ideas of Peter Sloterdijk. Influential and yet critically neglected, Stark's ‘Parker novels’ feature an amoral and unchanging thief named Parker who infiltrates and exploits an array of settings for his criminal activities. Two of the main recurring situations in these novels involve Parker either breaking into and searching the home of a rival or using an empty home as a temporary hideaway. This article argues that Parker's approach to homes invokes elements in Sloterdijk's theorization of dwellings, including his broad theory that contemporary Western society is arranged in a manner reminiscent of bubbles in a ‘mountain of foam’, as well as his specific ideas about how contemporary dwellings function as spheres that aim for both individualistic privacy and access to mobile networks. The article draws upon these theories to explore how Stark's novel Flashfire represents Parker's attempts to establish a private sphere for his own use in Palm Beach, Florida, a process which ultimately exposes the limits of the ‘foam’ that composes his world of heists and brutal practicality.

Development Against Violence: Prime Minister’s Rural Development Fellowship (PMRDF) in India

This article advances the literature on development vis-à-vis Naxal violence in India by using the Prime Minister’s Rural Development Fellowship (PMRDF) as a site of developmental meaning making. In the process, it reappraises the idea of the development state, its relation with violence, and its ways of vernacularizing itself through PMRDF. Drawing from the experience of three PMRD Fellows from West Bengal and interrogating existing scholarship on the subject, we argue that development matters in people’s lives and is a bulwark against violence, something which legitimates the development state. We also propose that far from being an arm of the security state as some critiques promote, PMRDF was an interactive space that brought the state and people to conversation and offered development actors who discovered themselves among local people rather than within bureaucracy. What is attempted here is not a broad theory which guides local developmental practices but a grounded approach that can work as a contingent model to understand conflict and development and how they relate to people’s place within the state.

Foundations of a Philosophical Theory of Exceptions: A Historical Perspective

The article presents the largely neglected ‘alternative’ history of the philosophical notion of exception, from Ancient Rome till the late 19th century, illustrated by Cicero, Leibniz, Kant, Hegel, Kierkegaard and Nietzsche. While arguing against the common narrow view on exceptions as a political concept (following Carl Schmitt and others), the analysis lays out the much-needed historical foundation for a potential broad theory of exception, still notoriously absent in modern practical philosophy. The main goal is to demonstrate that in the history of philosophy the discussion concerning exceptions was not limited to philosophy of law, encompassing many other fields like epistemology, ethics, anthropology, social and political philosophy

The Temporal Structure of Patience

This paper presents Anthony Steinbock's broad theory of moral emotions and specifically the distinction he draws between the temporal orientation and the temporal meaning of emotions. The latter distinction is used in order to provide phenomenological descriptions of, and distinctions between, patience and impatience. The paper takes leading clues from Steinbock’s work in an effort to “do” phenomenology in a way that clarifies these specific natural attitude intentionalities.

Statistics for Multimodality: why, when, how – an invitation

Although the number of articles in visual and multimodal communication that include statistical validation of claimed results is increasing, we suggest in this article that this is by no means enough. Statistical methods should belong to every multimodality researcher's toolset precisely because the phenomena under study are subtle and complex. Without applying basic statistical techniques, it is difficult to know whether one 'has' a result or not. Moreover, even if statistical tests are not undertaken, bearing in mind that they should – in principle – be possible at some stage of research adds clarity to methodology and design. Improving awareness of this issue is particularly important at this time because multimodality now faces the challenge of moving on from a period of broad theory construction to studies that build on those foundations. Reliably locating significant patterns in data is a crucial precondition for such work and statistical methods provide established and well-understood techniques for just this task. The primary intended audience of this article are researchers, and particularly junior researchers, who have not so far embraced such methods. We seek to show that the application of statistical methods is nowadays relatively straightforward and that adding these techniques is of considerable value both for conducting effective research and for convincing others of that effectiveness. Conversely, within many contemporary research contexts, not applying such methods is simply unnecessarily disempowering.

PROSES DAN ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN

Nursing is based on a very broad theory. The nursing process is a method in which a concept is applied in nursing practice. This can be called an approach to problem solving (problem-solving) that requires knowledge, techniques, and interpersonal skills that aim to meet the needs of clients, families, and society. The nursing process consists of five sequential and interrelated stages, namely assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation (Iyer et al., 1996). The stages are integrated with the problem-solving intellectual function in defining a nursing care. The nursing process is five stages that are consistent in accordance with the development of the nursing profession. This stage was first described by Hall (1995).

Memory objects and boarding school trauma

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide language and meaning to open up silence around traumatic boarding school memories through the symbolic aura (Nora 1989) surrounding key memory objects. The secondary aim is to illustrate to historians the importance of paying attention to interviewees’ discussion of material objects as clues to uncovering deeper, unexplored memories. Design/methodology/approach The approach draws on Vamik Volkan’s (2006) understanding of “linking objects” – significant objects preserved or created by traumatised people. Traumatic emotions become linked with loss and grief associated with the object, turning it into a tightly packed symbol whose significance is “bound up in the conscious and unconscious nuances of the relationship that preceded the loss” (Volkan, 2006, p. 255). The experiences of the two authors are examined as exemplars in this process. Findings The exemplars illustrate how complicated and long term the process of remembering and understanding is for those who experience boarding school trauma and the power of “linking objects” to open up memory surrounding it. The case studies also alert educational historians to how emotionally fraught revealing what happened can be and how long it may take to confront the events. Originality/value Linking objects have not previously been used in relationship to surfacing boarding school trauma. The paper is also unique in offering deep analysis of boarding school trauma undertaken by skilled educational researchers who incorporate reflections from their own experience informed by broad theory and pertinent psychological research.

4. Principles for right action

Environmental ethics cannot escape from considering what ought or ought not to be done, and how this is to be decided or discovered. ‘Principles for right action’ reflects on how to understand moral principles. It considers different contract theories of ethics, concluding that they continue to fail to ensure equity between generations and between species. Virtue ethics may be a more promising approach, but well-chosen, justifiable moral rules are essential. Rules and duties, and beneficial practices, traits, and actions are also discussed. The approach that is the more consistent, most fruitful, and best serves the needs of future generations seems to be consequentialism, allied to a broad theory of value.