In vitro analysis of the hormonal basis for the sexual dimorphism in the embryonic development of the mouse mammary gland
Factors underlying the sexual dimorphism in the embryonic development of mouse mammary glands were analysed in vitro and the following results were obtained: 1. Mammary gland rudiments of 13-day male embryos, explanted immediately before the onset of their regression, were perfectly capable of developing into female-type glands in vitro. Even some of the glands of 14-day male embryos, where the regression process had already begun, recovered after explantation and underwent female-type morphogenesis. 2. Combined explantation of 13-day testes with mammary rudiments of female embryos of 12–14 days gestation resulted in male-type regression of the glands. 3. The addition of testosterone to the culture medium caused a similar regression of explanted (female) mammary-gland rudiments. The minimal effective concentration of the hormone was 10−9m, or 0·00029 μg/ml. 4. Cultured mammary rudiments of 15-day female embryos were no longer responsive to the presence of testis explants. They failed to undergo regression and continued their development in vitro. From these results the following conclusions were drawn: (a) The sexual dimorphism in the embryonic development of mouse mammary glands is caused by their suppression in males and not by their stimulation in female embryos. (b) The androgenic hormones in male foetuses are solely responsible for the regression of the mammary rudiments. They exert their effect directly on the gland without the need for involvement of other endocrine organs. (c) The genetic sex of the gland itself has no influence on its developmental capacities as: (i) glands of male embryos are able to develop in the absence of androgens, and (ii) glands of female embryos undergo typical male-type regression in vitro when exposed to the presence of foetal testes or of testosterone.