Serum Testosterone Level in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Aim: To determine the serum testosterone levels in the type 2 diabetes mellitus and its correlation with biochemical parameters of glycemic and lipid metabolism. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted at Department of Biochemistry and Department of Medicine, A cross sectional study was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry, Diabetic outpatient department and Department of Medicine, Liaquat University Hospital. Male type 2 diabetics (n=100) and age matched male (n=100) were included as cases and control for study purpose. Diagnosed cases of type 2 DM, male gender and 40 – 60 years of age were included in the study protocol. Physical examination of male type 2 diabetics was performed by a consultant physician. Sera were separated from blood and stored in refrigerators at – 200C. Blood glucose, A1C, and blood lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides, LDLc and HDLc) were detected by standard laboratory methods. Serum testosterone was measured by ELISA (competitive immuno- assay) assay commercial kit. Data was entered in Statistical software SPSS 21.0 version (IBM, Incorp, USA) for statistical analysis (P≤0.05). Results: Mean±SD age of male type 2 diabetics was 53.2 ± 11.1 years compared to 54.5±10.4 years in control (P=0.056). Serum Testosterone in cases was 10.85±4.7 mmol/L compared to 13.39±3.8mmol/L in control (P=0.0001). Low testosterone level was noted in 46% male.Serum Testosterone shows inverse correlation with RBG (r= -0.31, P=0.003), A1C (r= -0.23, P=0.014), Cholesterol (r= -0.24, P=0.014), TAGs (r= --0.78, P=0.0001) and HDLc(r= -0.70, P=0.0001). Serum testosterone proved positively correlated with LDLc(r= 0.670, P=0.0001). Conclusion: The present study finds low serum testosterone in male type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Striae gravidarum and the Seynsche constitution (Zentr. F. Gyn., 1926, no. 27)

Having traced in 250 women the relationship between the tendency to form pregnancy scars and the woman's constitution, Seynsche (Zentr. F. Gyn., 1926, no. 27) found that there is a certain relationship between them, namely, in women with a clearly expressed female type, this tendency expressed much more sharply than in male-type women. The number of pregnancies in women does not have a significant effect on scar formation; a secondary role in this process is played by the age when a woman has her first birth.

Testosterone Correlation with Low and High Density Lipoprotein in Male Type 2 Diabetics

Aim: To determine correlation of serum testosterone with low and high density lipoprotein in male type 2 Diabetics presenting at a tertiary care hospital of Sindh. Methodology: A cross sectional study, Department of Biochemistry and Department of Medicine, Liaquat University Hospital from January 2018 to February 2019. One hundred male type 2 diabetics (cases) and one hundred age matched male (control) were selected through non – probability purposive sampling. Male diagnosed cases of DM belonging to 4th to 6th decade of life was included. Blood samples were collected by venesection and sera were squeezed by centrifugation and stored at – 20 0C in refrigerators. Testosterone was estimated by the ELISA (competitive immuno- assay) assay method and blood lipids - cholesterol, triglycerides (TAGs), LDLc and HDLc by colorimetric method. Pearson`s correlation was generated on Statistical software SPSS 21.0 version (IBM, Incorp, USA) for correlation of serum testosterone with lipids fractions (P≤0.05). Results: Age shows majority of male type 2 diabetics were in their 5th decade. We found low serum testosterone level (10.85±4.7 mmol/L) in cases compared to normal testosterone level (13.39±3.8 mmol/L) in control (P=0.0001). Pearson`s correlation shows inverse association with HDLc (r= -0.70) (P=0.0001) and positive association with LDLc (r= 0.670) (P=0.0001). Conclusion: We found low serum testosterone in male type 2 diabetics that showed negative correlation with high density lipoprotein (HDLc) and positive correlation with low density lipoprotein (LDLc).

THE FEATURES OF THE «I-CONCEPT» OF RUSSIAN FEMALE POLICE OFFICERS

The article presents data from an empirical study of the features of the “I-concept” of Russian female police officers. An increasing number of women realise themselves in professions traditionally seen as those suitable principally for men, including working in the police. The authors consider the socio-psychological issue of transformation of gender-role behavior and related stereotypes, which contributes to a blurring of the boundaries between male and female in the structure of the psyche of the person, and naturally causes a transformation of the «I-concept» of female police officers. Differences in the cognitive component of the “I-concept” of female police officers and civil women were revealed: women working outside military forces are more likely to think of themselves in an aesthetic and family context, while female police officers imagine themselves in a social and professional context, which is more typical for the “I-concept” of male type. The proportion of female police officers using male-type behavior and strategies to identify themselves “I am a police officer” is significantly larger than the proportion of civilian women who prefer masculine patterns of behavior when identifying with their organization. The cognitive component of the “I-concept” of female police officers is characterized by the pronounced ambivalence in the family and socio-professional spheres. Given the priority of the family sphere in the “I-concept”, professional activity and its effectiveness become a secondary and tertiary concern, or the priority of the police service in the “I-concept” of female police officers assigns only the second and third role to the family sphere. Statistically significant differences were revealed in the structure of self-esteem, self-sympathy and self-acceptance of women of two groups, namely: female police officers are more self-confident, their self-respect is based on faith in themselves and their strength, independence, their reliance on their abilities, skills and capacities manifested against a backdrop of unstable auto-sympathy and a high need for social approval, prevailing focusing on social norms and success criteria. In contrast, civilian women have higher self-esteem, an active life position concerning themselves and society, trust and a positive attitude towards themselves, and awareness of their creative potential for a productive life and activity.

Male-Type and Prototypal Depression Trajectories for Men Experiencing Mental Health Problems

Growing interest in gender-sensitive assessment of depression in men has seen the development of male-specific screening tools. These measures are yet to be subject to longitudinal latent modelling, which limits evidence about the ability of these tools to detect change, especially relative to established screening scales. In this study, three waves of data were collected from 234 men (38.35 years, SD = 14.09) including 3- and 6-month follow-up. Analyses focused on baseline differences and symptom trajectories for the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ; prototypic symptoms) and the Male Depression Risk Scale (MDRS; male-type symptoms). At baseline, men not accessing treatment reported higher MDRS scores relative to treatment-engaged men. There was no group difference for the PHQ. Internal consistency (α, ω) coefficients indicated comparable reliability for both measures across the three waves. Multidomain latent growth modelling, including current treatment engagement as a covariate, reported good model fit (CFI = 0.964, TLI = 0.986, RMSEA = 0.081, SRMR = 0.033) with differential findings for the PHQ and MDRS. Consistent with the baseline between-group analysis, current treatment effects were observed for the MDRS, but not the PHQ. Trajectory modelling for the MDRS indicated that greater severity resulted in slower improvement by 6 months. In contrast, there was no difference in the PHQ rate of change between baseline and 6 months. Findings support the psychometric utility of the MDRS as a male-specific symptom domain measure sensitive to both longitudinal change and potential treatment effects for symptomatic men, in ways not discernible by the PHQ. The MDRS may be a useful adjunctive screening tool for assessing men’s depression.

Genital Ambiguity and Assignment of Sex - a Case Report

A 15 year patient having 46XX karyotype, along with well developed male type of external genitalia and developing breast reported to us. It was assessed on all technical and judicious points and the male sex was assigned. Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 18, No. 2, July 2015 p.98-99