Induced Root Differentiation in Sycamore Callus

1972 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-337
Author(s):  
K. WRIGHT ◽  
D. H. NORTHCOTE
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Growth Medium ◽  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Root Differentiation ◽  
The Common

A sycamore callus (S 4) has been isolated and grown on a medium containing salts, vitamins, a casein digest, 2% sucrose and 1 mg/l. NAA. The callus, which would not grow in the absence of the added auxin, was much firmer in texture than a sycamore callus (S 2) isolated in this laboratory in 1958 which has not been induced to differentiate. When kinetin over the range 0.05-0.5 mg/l. was included in the growth medium of S 4 nodules of xylem and phloem were induced within the tissue and roots frequently grew from the surface of the callus. Some roots developed geotropic sensitivity although the majority grew radially outwards from the callus surface. The roots also varied with respect to the number of root hairs they carried. No roots were produced at sucrose concentrations less than 2%, although histological examination revealed extensive xylem and phloem differentiation relative to the amount of growth which had taken place. When sugars other than sucrose were supplied in the medium at a concentration of 3% (w/v) roots were also induced in those calluses where the carbon source had supported good growth. Sucrose, glucose and fructose were identified in the ethanol-soluble extracts of all these calluses. Radioactivity was incorporated into sucrose when S 4 was incubated on a medium containing D-[U-14C]glucose for 24 h. Any sugar which supported growth and differentiation was therefore one which was capable of entering the common metabolic pathway used by the plant for glucose and sucrose. The cells could undergo differentiation so long as the sugar they were supplied with supported active growth and division. The possibility of a physiological role for sucrose is discussed.

scholarly journals Homeostatic Functions of Tecrem, a CD46-Like Regulatory Protein of Complement Activation, on Epithelial Cells in Carp Fish

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 687
Author(s):  
Harsha Prakash ◽  
Shiori Motobe ◽  
Takahiro Nagasawa ◽  
Tomonori Somamoto ◽  
Miki Nakao
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Microbial Invasion ◽  
Epithelial Cell Lines ◽  
Expression Behavior ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ginbuna Crucian Carp ◽  
Junction Proteins

Fish mucosal surface is a significant interface for pathogens to infect from an aqueous environment. In addition to mucosal innate and adaptive immune factors, epithelial cells are considered as a significant physical barrier against microbial invasion. Previously, we identified a mammalian CD46-like complement regulatory protein (Tecrem) in teleost and detected its expression on epithelial cells derived from fin, suggesting its physiological role on the fish surface. This study examines the homeostatic roles of Tecrem in maintaining the fish epithelium, by analyzing the expression behavior of Tecrem on the fin-derived epithelial cell lines (KF-1 from the common carp and CFS from ginbuna crucian carp) using monoclonal and polyclonal anti-Tecrem antibodies. Expression of KF-1 protein was associated with the adhesion of KF-1, and the adhesion was enhanced by anti-Tecrem treatments of the cells. Stimulation of the epithelial cells with anti-Tecrem enhanced wound healing, protein expression of tight-junction proteins, and cell density of the KF-1 and CFS monolayer culture. These results suggest that Tecrem on epithelial cells play a homeostatic role in maintaining intactness of the surface epithelial barrier, implying that modification of Tecrem expression may develop a novel tool to improve the first-line defense against pathogens in aquaculture.

Transformation of Alachlor by Microbial Communities

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 416-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hone L. Sun ◽  
Thomas J. Sheets ◽  
Frederick T. Corbin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Growth Medium ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Ring Cleavage ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Microbial Culture ◽  
Mixed Microbial Culture ◽  
Alternative Carbon Source ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatographic Analysis

A mixed microbial culture able to transform alachlor at a concentration of 50 μg ml-1was obtained from alachlor-treated soil after an enrichment period of 84 days. The microbial community was composed of seven strains of bacteria. No single isolate was able to utilize alachlor as a sole source of carbon. There was no alachlor left in the enriched culture after a 14-day incubation, but only 12% of the14C-ring-labeled alachlor was converted to14CO2through ring cleavage during 14 days in the basal medium amended with alachlor as a sole carbon source. The presence of sucrose as an alternative carbon source decreased the mineralization potential of the enriched culture, but sucrose increased the mineralizing ability of a three-member mixed culture. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis showed that there were four unidentified metabolites of alachlor produced by the enriched culture. Sucrose decreased the amount of two of the four metabolites. The absence of a noticeable decline in radioactivity beyond the initial 12% suggested that the side chain of alachlor was utilized as carbon source by the enriched culture. Little difference in radioactivity between growth medium and cell-free supernatant of the growth medium suggested that the carbon in the ring was not incorporated into the cells of the degrading microorganisms.

scholarly journals Kinetic analysis of N-acylphosphatidylserine accumulation and implications for membrane assembly in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides

1982 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 607-615
Author(s):  
B D Cain ◽  
T J Donohue ◽  
S Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Analysis ◽  
Growth Medium ◽  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Phospholipid Content ◽  
Membrane Biogenesis ◽  
Rhodopseudomonas Sphaeroides ◽  
Intracytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Phospholipid Transfer ◽  
Cellular Phospholipid

The accumulation of N-acylphosphatidylserine (NAPS) in response to the inclusion of Tris in the growth medium of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain M29-5 has been examined. In the accompanying paper (Donohue et al., J. Bacteriol. 152:000--000, 1982), we show that in response to Tris, NAPS accumulated to as much as 40% of the total cellular phospholipid content. NAPS accumulation began immediately upon addition of Tris and was reflected as an abrupt 12-fold increase in the apparent rate of NAPS accumulation. We suggest that Tris altered the flow of metabolites through a preexisting and previously unknown metabolic pathway. NAPS accumulation ceased immediately upon the removal of Tris; however, accumulated NAPS remained largely metabolically stable. Importantly, under conditions in which NAPS was not accumulated, the intracytoplasmic membrane was shown to be virtually devoid of newly synthesized NAPS. The significance of this observation is discussed in terms of its physiological implications on phospholipid transfer and membrane biogenesis in R. sphaeroides.

Enhancement of pheomelanogenesis by L-dopa in the mouse melanocyte cell line, TM10, in vitro

1987 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-512
Author(s):  
C. Sato ◽  
S. Ito ◽  
T. Takeuchi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Line ◽  
Growth Medium ◽  
Yellow Pigment ◽  
Black Pigment ◽  
Established Cell Line ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Common Precursor ◽  
Established Cell ◽  
The Common

Cells of TM10, an established cell line, are melanocytes that contain equal amounts of eumelanin (black pigment) and pheomelanin (yellow pigment). The content of pheomelanin drastically increased when the cells were cultured in growth medium containing 0.2mM-L-dopa (L-dihydroxyphenylalanine), which is the common precursor for both eumelanogenesis and pheomelanogenesis. After this treatment, the amount of pheomelanin was 3.7-fold greater than that of control in TM10, whereas the amount of eumelanin changed very little. In contrast, 5-S-cysteinyl-dopa, which is the specific precursor for pheomelanogenesis downstream of L-dopa, did not cause preferential increase in pheomelanogenesis. Ultrastructural observations also confirmed these results; in 0.2mM-L-dopa, an increase in the number of pheomelanosomes was observed in the cytoplasm of TM10 cells. Our results also suggest that the L-dopa treatment results in a decrease in tyrosinase activity per melanosome.

Angiotensin converting enzyme in brush-border membranes of avian small intestine

1988 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
B. R. Stevens ◽  
A. Fernandez ◽  
C. del Rio Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Brush Border ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Brush Border Membranes ◽  
Fluid Uptake ◽  
The Common ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Angiotensin converting enzyme activity was identified in brush-border membranes purified from the small intestinal epithelium of the common grackle, Quiscalus quiscula. Angiotensin converting enzyme was enriched 20-fold in the membrane preparation, compared with intestinal epithelial cell scrapes, and was coenriched with the brush-border markers, alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase N. The kinetics of hydrolysis of N-[3-(2-furyl)acryloyl]-L-phenylalanylglycylglycine (FAPGG) gave a Vmax of 907 +/− 41 units g-1 and a Km of 55 +/− 6 mumol l-1. The avian intestinal angiotensin converting enzyme was inhibited by the antihypertensive drug, Ramipril, with a median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1 nmol l-1. In the light of previous studies on angiotensin converting enzyme in mammalian epithelia, these results may implicate a physiological role for angiotensin converting enzyme in regulating electrolyte and fluid uptake in bird small intestines.

Circulatory mechanoreceptors in the pond turtle Pseudemys scripta

1982 ◽  
Vol 242 (3) ◽  
pp. R216-R219 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Faraci ◽  
H. W. Shirer ◽  
J. A. Orr ◽  
J. W. Trank
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Arterial Occlusion ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Vascular Occlusion ◽  
Saline Injection ◽  
Heart Cycle ◽  
The Common ◽  
Pseudemys Scripta

This study was undertaken to characterize cardiovascular receptors in the turtle, Pseudemys scripta, with particular attention being given to neural activity changes associated with alterations in blood pressure. Vagal afferent nerve traffic, synchronous with heart contractions, was recorded in anesthetized artificially ventilated turtles. Action potentials, from receptors that fired regularly during each heart cycle, occurred during ventricular systole. Mechanical probing and vascular occlusion indicated that these receptors were located in the proximal common pulmonary artery including the bulbus cordis region. Bolus injections of saline into the ventricle or the common pulmonary artery caused immediate but transient increases in cardiac synchronous traffic. Prolonged elevation of arterial and ventricular blood pressure, by either saline injection or arterial occlusion, caused increases in receptor discharge of the same duration as the pressure increases. Although these receptors could participate in the regulation of the systemic and the pulmonary circulation, the physiological role for them is presently unknown.

A defined growth medium for the production of chloroperoxidase by Caldariomyces fumago

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 1298-1305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Pickard
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Growth Medium ◽  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Caldariomyces Fumago ◽  
High Enzyme ◽  
Extract Medium ◽  
Malt Extract Medium

Ten strains of Caldariomyces fumago and related fungi were found to produce extracellular chloroperoxidase when grown on a glucose – malt extract medium. High enzyme levels and pigment production were observed for C. fumago ATCC 16373 and C. fumago CMI 89362. Removal of malt extract from the medium and the replacement of glucose by fructose as the carbon source provided a defined medium which, by comparison with the complex medium, produced the following results with both fungal strains. Chloroperoxidase was produced to similar levels, with maximum production after 6 days rather than 12 days of growth; pigmentation of the medium was reduced by 90% and the pH of the medium remained constant, thus stabilizing enzyme activity. Addition of urea or proline as a nitrogen supplement to nitrate enhanced enzyme production by strain CMI 89362. Comparison of the two strains indicated that CMI 89362 produced higher levels of chloroperoxidase than ATCC 16373.

scholarly journals Praline metabolism by germinating Lilium longiflorum pollen. I. Labelling of cytoplasmic, wall and culture medium molecules

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 51-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. V. Dashek ◽  
R. R. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Growth Medium ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Paper Electrophoresis ◽  
Void Volume ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
The Common ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
Salt Extract

Radioactivity occurs in trithloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble and precipitable, cytoplasm and salt-washed walls following germination of <em>Lilium longiflorum</em>, cv. 'Ace' pollen in medium containing [<sup>14</sup>C]-proline (Pro). Sephadex gel filtration on G-25 through G-100 was employed to determine whether radioactivity in cytoplasm, wall and growth medium from pollen fed [<sup>14</sup>C]-Pro or [<sup>3</sup>H]=Pro plus [<sup>14</sup>C]-arafbinose (Ara) was contained within molecules possessing molecular weights of 5,000 to 100,000 daltones or greater. G-25 elution profiles of a crude cytoplasmic fraction (15,000 X g supernatant) from [<sup>14</sup>C]-Pro labelled pollen yielded a radioctive void volume peak and a retarded peak. The void volume peak contained hydroxyproline (Hyp), and exhibited a coincidence of [<sup>3</sup>H]-Pro and [<sup>14</sup>C] -Ara labelling when pollen was double labelled with the two isotopes. This peak also contained radioactivity when pollen was germinated in 2-[<sup>3</sup>H]-myo-inositol. Germination in medium supplemented with 100 µM 2,2'-dipyridyl eliminated radioactivity from 2-[<sup>3</sup>H]-myo-inositol or [<sup>14</sup>C]-,Pro in the peak. Filtratian on G-25 of aTCA-soluble fraction of a salt-extract of walls from [<sup>14</sup>C]-Pro labelled pollen resulted in void volume and two retarded peaks. Void volume and two retarded peaks were also obtained upon G-25 filtration of a cellulase-digest of walls from [M]-Pro labeled pollen. The void volume peak contained Hyp, Lys, Gly, Ala, Ser, Glu and Asp acids, Val, Tyr, Leu or lieu and Pro. Sephadex G-90, 75, and 100 elution profiles of cellulasedigests of walls from [<sup>3</sup>H]-,Pro and [<sup>14</sup>C]-Ara labelled pollen yielded radioactive retarded and Hyp-containing void volume peaks with a coincidence of [<sup>3</sup>H] and [<sup>14</sup>C] labelling. Label in the void volume was obtained when either rhozyme P11- or pepsin-digests of walls from [<sup>14</sup>C]-Pro labelled pollen were gel filtered on G-50. Paper electrophoresis coupled with paper chromatography of acid hydrolyzates of salt-washed wall fractions demonstrated 15 of the common amino acids. Gel filtration on G-25 of growth medium in which pollen was germinated resulted in two peaks, one of which eluted in the void volume. contained Hyp and excluded during subsequent gel filtration on G-100.

scholarly journals Biodegradation and metabolic pathway of sulfamethoxazole by Sphingobacterium mizutaii

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinlong Song ◽  
Guijie Hao ◽  
Lu Liu ◽  
Hongyu Zhang ◽  
Dongxue Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Bacterial Strain ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Aquatic Animal ◽  
Animal Diseases

AbstractSulfamethoxazole (SMX) is the most commonly used antibiotic in worldwide for inhibiting aquatic animal diseases. However, the residues of SMX are difficult to eliminate and may enter the food chain, leading to considerable threats on human health. The bacterial strain Sphingobacterium mizutaii LLE5 was isolated from activated sludge. This strain could utilize SMX as its sole carbon source and degrade it efficiently. Under optimal degradation conditions (30.8 °C, pH 7.2, and inoculum amount of 3.5 × 107 cfu/mL), S. mizutaii LLE5 could degrade 93.87% of 50 mg/L SMX within 7 days. Four intermediate products from the degradation of SMX were identified and a possible degradation pathway based on these findings was proposed. Furthermore, S. mizutaii LLE5 could also degrade other sulfonamides. This study is the first report on (1) degradation of SMX and other sulfonamides by S. mizutaii, (2) optimization of biodegradation conditions via response surface methodology, and (3) identification of sulfanilamide, 4-aminothiophenol, 5-amino-3-methylisoxazole, and aniline as metabolites in the degradation pathway of SMX in a microorganism. This strain might be useful for the bioremediation of SMX-contaminated environment.

scholarly journals Integration of Proteomics and Metabonomics in Exploring the Protecting Mechanism of Gushukang Capsule in Osteoporosis Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruohui LIN ◽  
Bingying XIE ◽  
Lihua XIE ◽  
Jirong GE ◽  
Shengqiang Li
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Nucleotide Metabolism ◽  
Treatment Of Osteoporosis ◽  
Beta Alanine ◽  
Differential Proteins ◽  
Chinese Patent ◽  
The Common ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Pearson Correlation Matrix

Abstract Background Gushukang (GSK) capsule is a Chinese patent medicine for the treatment of osteoporosis (OP). It has been widely used in clinics. However, the specific mechanism and target of GSK in the treatment of osteoporosis is not clear, which needs further study. Methods Metabolomics (GC/MS) and proteomics (TMT-LC-MC/MC) together with bioinformatics (KEGG pathway enrichment), correlation analysis (pearson correlation matrix) and joint pathway analysis (Metabo Analyst) were employed to discover the underlying mechanisms of GSK. Results The regulations of differential proteins Cant1, Gstz1, Aldh3b1, Bid and Slc1a3 in the common metabolic pathway of differential proteins and metabolites between GSK/OP and OP/SHAM were corrected in GSK group. The regulations of 12 metabolites (Tyramine、Thymidine、Deoxycytidine、Cytosine、L-Aspartate and so on) were differential in the common enrichment metabolic pathway between GSK /OVX and OVX/SHAM. Differential proteins and metabolites jointly regulate 11 metabolic pathways, such as purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, histidine metabolism, beta-Alanine metabolism and so on. Conclusion GSK may protect bone metabolism in osteoporosis rats by affecting nucleotide metabolism, amino acid metabolism and immune system.

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