scholarly journals Studies on Campodea (Diplura): the Anatomy of the Glands and Sense-Organs of the Head

1963 ◽  
Vol s3-104 (65) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
MARTIN GEORGE
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
And Function

Recent studies of the cephalic glands of Campodea have shown previous descriptions to be misleading in several respects. The campodeid salivary glands lie in the posterolateral parts of the head capsule and each is composed of a much-coiled ‘labyrinth’ and a distal end-sac. The histology of the two regions differs greatly, and although a little secretory activity has been observed in the end-sac, the labyrinth appears to be responsible for secreting most of the definitive saliva. The latter is passed to the outside down a median duct which opens between the ‘setigerous plates’ of the labium. Although the salivary glands of Campodea have homologues in other apterygote insects and the myriapods, the homology of the second pair of cephalic organs, the lobulate glands, is obscure. These glands, which are situated in the head and the anterior part of the prothorax, are composed of cells arranged around a system of ducts opening into the cephalic haemocoel. The ducts contain acidophil material which is secreted by the gland cells and numerous small cells which are perhaps haemocytes. The size of the lobulate glands relative to the size of the body increases as the animal matures, and it is possible that they are responsible for secreting some form of growth hormone. The cheek glands are situated beneath the epidermis of the lateral part of the head capsule and are composed of two different types of cells; their homology and function are unknown. The paired lateral sense-organs also lie beneath the cephalic epidermis, but each is a bowl-shaped structure composed of numerous bifid sensory cells. The latter are innervated and each contains a bifid sensory rod. The distal prolongations of the sensory cells are interpolated between accessory cells whose cytoplasm contains granules. The latter may be either proximally or distally situated in the cell but are not composed of pigment. The definitive structure of these senseorgans is only attained in the sexually mature insect and they are only represented by disorganized groups of cells in the nymphs. Preliminary experiments are described which indicate that the lateral sense-organs are not concerned with the perception of optical stimuli and their function and similarities to other insect sense-organs are discussed.

scholarly journals THE INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTIVITY OF MINERAL WATER "FATEEVSKAYA" IN PATIENTS WHO USE REMOVABLE DENTAL CONSTRUCTIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
Ольга Садыкова ◽  
Ol'ga Sadykova ◽  
Сергей Жолудев ◽  
Sergey Zholudev ◽  
Антон Еликов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Mineral Water ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Before And After

Subject. Removable dentures have a negative impact on supporting tissues, biochemical parameters and composition of the microflora of the oral cavity, secretory activity of the salivary glands and other processes of the maxillofacial region and the body as a whole. One of the methods that can be used in the treatment and prevention of prosthetic stomatitis is balneotherapy. In the article, using the clinical, biochemical, microbiological and histological methods, the effectiveness of the use of mineral water "Fateevskaya" in patients using removable orthopedic structures was studied. Objectives of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of procedures for small balneotherapy with the use of mineral water "Fateevskaya" in patients with removable dentures. Methods.We examined 158 elderly and senile age patients with removable dentures. Correction of removable dentures was carried out to all patients at the initial stage. All examined patients are divided into two groups. The group received the treatment with the low balneotherapy with “Fateevskaya” mineral water (78 patients, and the clinical control group (80 patients). The clinical condition of oral cavity was assessed before and after the course of low balneotherapy. Were researched: changes of mucous membrane of prosthetic bed, salivation rates, disturbance of salivary secretion, oral microbiocenosis. Results.Of the research showed that in both groups were increase of pH value, appears lower values of total protein and glucose, decrease in activity of some enzymes. This explanation is due to a decrease in the stress response to using the removable dentures, normalization of salivary glands functioning, decrease in the intensity of the phlogiston process. The results of a histological research also confirm this. The results of microbiological crops before and after the low balneotherapy indicate the oral biocenosis normalization. The positive changes in the researched parameters had significantly larger statistically valid values in the group received the treatment with the low balneotherapy with “Fateevskaya” mineral water. The results of the complex research allow us to recommend the “Fateevskaya” mineral water to low balneotherapy in dental practice.

The Formation of the Ootheca by Periplaneta americana II. The Structure and Function of the Left Colleterial Gland

1952 ◽  
Vol s3-93 (21) ◽  
pp. 47-69
Author(s):  
P.C. J. BRUNET
Keyword(s):  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Function ◽  
Immature Cells ◽  
Protein Secreting ◽  
Colleterial Gland

The anatomy of the left colleterial gland of the cockroach is described. It is convenient to subdivide the gland into four regions. At the posterior end, abutting on to the outlet of the gland, there is no secretory activity and the cells of this region are not unlike normal epidermal cells. Anterior to this region are the three secretory regions of the gland; of these, the anterior and posterior secrete the structural protein and the constituent cells are equipped with a complex end-apparatus, a thick-walled depression in the apex of the cell in which the final stages of the elaboration of the secretion occur. The body of the end-apparatus contains canalicules which lead to the lumen of the gland. Alkaline phosphatase is abundantly present in this organ. Protein is secreted continuously, and there is no cycle related to oviposition. The third region, between the protein-secreting regions, secretes an oxidase, whose function may well be to oxidize the phenolic tannin-precursor produced in the right colleterial gland when the products of the two glands come together at oviposition. The gland becomes fully functional some 14 days after the final moult, the immature cells of the nymph developing directly into mature cells characteristic of the region in which they occur. Within each of the main regions the cells show some differences which suggest that there is a wave of change passing along the gland. It appears that the cells of the anterior end of the gland become defunct and the hitherto inactive cells of the posterior end take on a secretory function. The structural protein has a high phenolic content, and contains no combined carbohydrate. The presence of lipoid in the secretory cells appears to be directly bound up with the secretory processes.

Effect of secretory activity of the salivary glands on morphology and function of the pancreatic islets

1976 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 1748-1751
Author(s):  
I. V. Sukhodolo ◽  
N. M. Tikhonova ◽  
V. D. Sukhodolo
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Islets ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
And Function

February 9 — Dentist Day in Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 78-81
Author(s):  
Oksana Rybachok
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Spiritual Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mechanical Processing ◽  
Normal Functioning ◽  
Digestion Process ◽  
Quality Of Food

«Man is what he eats,» these words belong to the great Pythagoras. He meant by these words the connection of the origin of consumed food with the spiritual development of man. In fact, a lot depends on the nature of nutrition, the quality of food and, of course, on the degree of its perception by the body. Digestion process begins not in the stomach, but directly in the oral cavity as a result of mechanical processing of products with teeth and under the influence of the secretion of the salivary glands. That is why healthy teeth are the key to the normal functioning of the whole organism — people should start taking care of their teeth from the early childhood and dentists, who are far from being beloved by everybody and are often carelessly evaded, are called upon to help keep the teeth healthy.

Influence of Ascorbic Acid on the Structure and Function of Alpha-2- macroglobulin: Investigations using Spectroscopic and Thermodynamic Techniques

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-209
Author(s):  
Syed Saqib Ali ◽  
Mohammad Khalid Zia ◽  
Tooba Siddiqui ◽  
Haseeb Ahsan ◽  
Fahim Halim Khan
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Titration Calorimetry ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Plasma Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Dietary Antioxidant ◽  
And Function

Background: Ascorbic acid is a classic dietary antioxidant which plays an important role in the body of human beings. It is commonly found in various foods as well as taken as dietary supplement. Objective: The plasma ascorbic acid concentration may range from low, as in chronic or acute oxidative stress to high if delivered intravenously during cancer treatment. Sheep alpha-2- macroglobulin (α2M), a human α2M homologue is a large tetrameric glycoprotein of 630 kDa with antiproteinase activity, found in sheep’s blood. Methods: In the present study, the interaction of ascorbic acid with alpha-2-macroglobulin was explored in the presence of visible light by utilizing various spectroscopic techniques and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Results: UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy suggests the formation of a complex between ascorbic acid and α2M apparent by increased absorbance and decreased fluorescence. Secondary structural changes in the α2M were investigated by CD and FT-IR spectroscopy. Our findings suggest the induction of subtle conformational changes in α2M induced by ascorbic acid. Thermodynamics signatures of ascorbic acid and α2M interaction indicate that the binding is an enthalpy-driven process. Conclusion: It is possible that ascorbic acid binds and compromises antiproteinase activity of α2M by inducing changes in the secondary structure of the protein.

A Guide to Old Spanish

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven N. Dworkin
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Function Words ◽  
Sound System ◽  
Old Spanish ◽  
And Function ◽  
Linguistic Structures ◽  
Verb Tense ◽  
Modern Standard

This book describes the linguistic structures that constitute Medieval or Old Spanish as preserved in texts written prior to the beginning of the sixteenth century. It emphasizes those structures that contrast with the modern standard language. Chapter 1 presents methodological issues raised by the study of a language preserved only in written sources. Chapter 2 examines questions involved in reconstructing the sound system of Old Spanish before discussing relevant phonetic and phonological details. The chapter ends with an overview of Old Spanish spelling practices. Chapter 3 presents in some detail the nominal, verbal, and pronominal morphology of the language, with attention to regional variants. Chapter 4 describes selected syntactic structures, with emphasis on the noun phrase, verb phrase, object pronoun placement, subject-verb-object word order, verb tense, aspect, and mood. Chapter 5 begins with an extensive list of Old Spanish nouns, adjectives, verbs, and function words that have not survived into the modern standard language. It then presents examples of coexisting variants (doublets) and changes of meaning, and finishes with an overview of the creation of neologisms in the medieval language through derivational morphology (prefixation, suffixation, compounding). The book concludes with an anthology composed of three extracts from Spanish prose texts, one each from the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. The extracts contain footnotes that highlight relevant morphological, syntactic, and lexical features, with cross references to the relevant sections in the body of the book.

scholarly journals Does Motor Training of the Nonparetic Side Influences Balance and Function in Chronic Stroke? A Pilot RCT

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanta Pandian ◽  
Kamal Narayan Arya ◽  
Dharmendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Functional Performance ◽  
Berg Balance Scale ◽  
Chronic Stroke ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Therapy Program ◽  
Functional Reach Test ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
And Function ◽  
Experimental Group

Background. Balance and functional abilities are controlled by both sides of the body. The role of nonparetic side has never been explored for such skills.Objective. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of a motor therapy program primarily involving the nonparetic side on balance and function in chronic stroke.Method. A randomized controlled, double blinded trial was conducted on 39 poststroke hemiparetic subjects (21, men; mean age, 42 years; mean poststroke duration, 13 months). They were randomly divided into the experimental group(n=20)and control group(n=19). The participants received either motor therapy focusing on the nonparetic side along with the conventional program or conventional program alone for 8 weeks (3 session/week, 60 minutes each). The balance ability was assessed using Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Functional Reach Test (FRT) while the functional performance was measured by Barthel Index (BI).Result. After intervention, the experimental group exhibited significant(P<0.05)change on BBS (5.65 versus 2.52) and BI (12.75 versus 2.16) scores in comparison to the control group.Conclusion. The motor therapy program incorporating the nonparetic side along with the affected side was found to be effective in enhancing balance and function in stroke.

Mechanobiology and Adaptive Plasticity (MAP) Theory as a Potential Confounding Factor in Predicting Musculoskeletal Foot Function

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Physical Nature ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Kinetic Information ◽  
Foot Function ◽  
Clinical Variation ◽  
And Function

There are many theoretical models that attempt to accurately and consistently link kinematic and kinetic information to musculoskeletal pain and deformity of the foot. Biomechanical theory of the foot lacks a consensual model: clinicians are enticed to draw from numerous paradigms, each having different levels of supportive evidence and contrasting methods of evaluation, in order to engage in clinical deduction and treatment planning. Contriving to find a link between form and function lies at the heart of most of these competing theories and the physical nature of the discipline has prompted an engineering approach. Physics is of great importance in biology and helps us to model the forces that the foot has to deal with in order for it to work effectively. However, the tissues of the body have complex processes that are in place to protect them and they are variable between individuals. Research is uncovering why these differences exist and how these processes are governed. The emerging explanations for adaptability of foot structure and musculoskeletal homeostasis offer new insights on how clinical variation in outcomes and treatment effects might arise. These biological processes underlie how variation in the performance and utilisation of common traits, even within apparently similar sub-groups, make anatomical distinction less meaningful and are likely to undermine the justification of a 'foot type'. Furthermore, mechanobiology introduces a probabilistic element to morphology based on genetic and epigenetic factors.

Mediolateral somitic origin of ribs and dermis determined by quail-chick chimeras

Development ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 127 (21) ◽  
pp. 4611-4617 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Olivera-Martinez ◽  
M. Coltey ◽  
D. Dhouailly ◽  
O. Pourquie
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Lateral Compartment ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
Respective Contribution ◽  
Epaxial Muscles

Somites are transient mesodermal structures giving rise to all skeletal muscles of the body, the axial skeleton and the dermis of the back. Somites arise from successive segmentation of the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). They appear first as epithelial spheres that rapidly differentiate into a ventral mesenchyme, the sclerotome, and a dorsal epithelial dermomyotome. The sclerotome gives rise to vertebrae and ribs while the dermomyotome is the source of all skeletal muscles and the dorsal dermis. Quail-chick fate mapping and diI-labeling experiments have demonstrated that the epithelial somite can be further subdivided into a medial and a lateral moiety. These two subdomains are derived from different regions of the primitive streak and give rise to different sets of muscles. The lateral somitic cells migrate to form the musculature of the limbs and body wall, known as the hypaxial muscles, while the medial somite gives rise to the vertebrae and the associated epaxial muscles. The respective contribution of the medial and lateral somitic compartments to the other somitic derivatives, namely the dermis and the ribs has not been addressed and therefore remains unknown. We have created quail-chick chimeras of either the medial or lateral part of the PSM to examine the origin of the dorsal dermis and the ribs. We demonstrate that the whole dorsal dermis and the proximal ribs exclusively originates from the medial somitic compartment, whereas the distal ribs derive from the lateral compartment.

Ascending pathways in the spinal cord involved in the activation of subnucleus reticularis dorsalis neurons in the medulla of the rat

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Bing ◽  
L. Villanueva ◽  
D. Le Bars
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cervical Cord ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
C Fiber ◽  
Dorsal Columns ◽  
Dorsolateral Funiculus ◽  
The Right

1. Recordings were made from neurons in the left medullary subnucleus reticularis dorsalis (SRD) of anesthetized rats. Two populations of neurons were recorded: neurons with total nociceptive convergence (TNC), which gave responses to A delta- and C-fiber activation from the entire body after percutaneous electrical stimulation, and neurons with partial nociceptive convergence (PNC), which responded to identical stimuli with an A delta-peak regardless of which part of the body was stimulated and with a C-fiber peak of activation from some, mainly contralateral, parts of the body. 2. The effects of various, acute, transverse sections of the cervical (C4-C5) spinal cord on the A delta- and C-fiber-evoked responses were investigated by building poststimulus histograms (PSHs) after 50 trials of supramaximal percutaneous electrical stimulation of the extremity of either hindpaw (2-ms duration; 3 times threshold for C-fiber responses), before and 30-40 min after making the spinal lesion. 3. In the case of TNC neurons, hemisections of the left cervical cord blocked the responses elicited from the right hindpaw and slightly, but not significantly, diminished those evoked from the left hindpaw. Conversely, hemisections of the right cervical cord abolished TNC responses elicited from the left hindpaw without significantly affecting the responses elicited from the right hindpaw. 4. Lesioning the dorsal columns or the left dorsolateral funiculus was found not to affect the TNC neuronal responses elicited from either hindpaw. By contrast, lesioning the left lateral funiculus or the most lateral part of the ventrolateral funiculus, respectively, reduced and blocked the responses elicited from the right hindpaw without affecting those evoked from the left hindpaw. 5. After lesions that included the most lateral parts of the left ventral funiculus, PNC neuronal responses elicited from the right hindpaw were also abolished, whereas those elicited from the left hindpaw remained unchanged. 6. We conclude that the signals responsible for the activation of SRD neurons travel principally in the lateral parts of the ventrolateral quadrant, a region that classically has been implicated in the transmission of noxious information. Both a crossed and a double-crossed pathway are involved in this process. The postsynaptic fibers of the dorsal columns and the spinocervical and spinomesencephalic tracts do not appear to convey signals that activate SRD neurons. 7. The findings also suggest that lamina I nociceptive specific neurons, the axons of which travel within the dorsolateral funiculus, do not contribute very much to the activation of SRD neurons.

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