Normal and Induced Degeneration of Abdominal Muscles during Metamorphosis in the Lepidoptera

1956 ◽  
Vol s3-97 (38) ◽  
pp. 215-233
Author(s):  
L. H. FINLAYSON
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Corpora Allata ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Central Innervation ◽  
Denervated Muscles ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles

Certain segmental units of the three main longitudinal muscle-bands in the abdomen of the larva of Galleria, Platysamia, Telea, Antheraea, and Samia (Philosamia) do not degenerate during the histolytic phase in the prepupa and early pupa. In the 3rd abdominal segment the amount of muscle that persists is variable; in the 4th, 5th, and 6th segments, invariable. Apart from single pairs of transverse muscles in the 2nd and 3rd segments and those of the gut and heart there are no other muscles in the pupa. Vestiges of degenerated muscles are often found in the pupa. The longitudinal muscles which survive the transformation of the pupa into the adult degenerate during the first 2 days of adult life. Experiments were made on larvae, prepupae, pupae, and adults in attempts to influence muscle-degeneration and muscle-persistence. Extirpation of ganglia or severance of nerves in larvae and prepupae of Galleria caused the normally persistent muscles to degenerate during pupation. Controls in which larvae were dissected before pupation revealed no degeneration of denervated muscles. In saturniids denervation also resulted in degeneration or atrophy but only after a much longer period, a matter of several weeks instead of several days. Muscles may be affected by extirpation of ganglia or severance of nerves in segments preceding their own segment. Previous workers have shown that the growth of the new adult muscles is dependent on the influence of the central nervous system. This is not so in the case of sheets of fine muscle-fibres lying under the epidermis of the adult. They develop in the absence of central innervation. Operations which had no effect on muscle-degeneration in the adult included extirpation of ganglia in pupa and adult, beheading and bleeding, extirpation of corpora allata plus corpora cardiaca, ligations, extirpation of pupal gonads, and isolation of adult abdomens. Substitution of blood from diapausing pupae or saline for the adult blood in isolated abdomens was effective in slowing the process of muscle-degeneration. This result shows that the blood composition is of importance in the process of histolysis in the adult. The previous work on the physiology of insect histolysis is briefly reviewed. The influence of the nervous system as described in this paper is discussed and related to similar findings in other arthropods and in vertebrates.

Maturation of muscle properties and its hormonal control in an adult insect

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (20) ◽  
pp. 3531-3545
Author(s):  
Uwe Rose ◽  
Michael Ferber ◽  
Reinhold Hustert
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Abdominal Segment ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Corpora Allata ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Properties ◽  
Cross Sectional

SUMMARY The oviposition of female locusts requires longitudinal muscles to tolerate remarkable lengthening. Whether this ability together with concomitant properties develops during maturation or is present throughout life was investigated. The properties of the locust abdominal muscles involved in oviposition behaviour were investigated with respect to their maturation, segment- and gender-specificity and regulation by juvenile hormone (JH). Muscles from the sixth abdominal segment (an oviposition segment) of mature females (>18 days old) were able to tolerate large extensions (>8 mm). At this length, muscles were still able to generate considerable neurally evoked twitch tension. In contrast, muscle fibres from females less than 5 days old did not tolerate extension of more than 4 mm. At this length, tension generation was negligible. The maximum tension generated at different stimulus frequencies was significantly higher in muscles of females more than 18 days old than in females less than 5 days old. Furthermore, the cross-sectional area of muscle fibres increased significantly during reproductive development. Current-clamp recordings from denervated muscle fibres of females more than 18 days old revealed their ability to generate overshooting action potentials. The potentials were tetrodotoxin (TTX)-insensitive (0.5 μmol l–1 TTX), but were blocked by Cd2+ (50 μmol l–1) or nifedipine (50 μmol l–1), which suggests the involvement of L-type Ca2+ channels. Action potentials recorded from females less than 5 days old differed considerably in amplitude and shape from those recorded from females more than 18 days old, suggesting their maturation during the first 2 weeks of adult life. Inactivation of the corpora allata (CA) by precocene inhibited the maturation of these muscle properties, whereas injection of JH into precocene-treated females reversed this effect. Homologous muscles from the third abdominal segment (a non-oviposition segment, M169) and muscles from males (M214) revealed no comparable changes, although some minor changes occurred during reproductive development. The results suggest a gender- and segment-specific maturation of muscle properties that is related to reproductive behaviour and controlled by JH.

scholarly journals VI. —Anaphylaxis and anaphylatoxins

1923 ◽  
Vol 211 (382-390) ◽  
pp. 273-315 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Anaphylactic Shock ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Fundamental Conception ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Stimulation Of

In the study of the phenomena of anaphylaxis there are certain points on which some measure of agreement seems to have been attained. In the case of anaphylaxis to soluble proteins, with which alone we are directly concerned in this paper, the majority of investigators probably accept the view that the condition is due to the formation of an antibody of the precipitin type. Concerning the method, however, by which the presence of this antibody causes the specific sensitiveness, the means by which its interaction with the antibody produces the anaphylactic shock, there is a wide divergence of conception. Two main currents of speculation can be discerned. One view, historically rather the earlier, and first put forward by Besredka (1) attributes the anaphylactic condition to the location of the antibody in the body cells. There is not complete unanimity among adherents of this view as to the nature of the antibody concerned, or as to the class of cells containing it which are primarily affected in the anaphylactic shock. Besredka (2) himself has apparently not accepted the identification of the anaphylactic antibody with a precipitin, but regards it as belonging to a special class (sensibilisine). He also regards the cells of the central nervous system as those primarily involved in the anaphylactic shock in the guinea-pig. Others, including one of us (3), have found no adequate reason for rejecting the strong evidence in favour of the precipitin nature of the anaphylactic antibody, produced by Doerr and Russ (4), Weil (5), and others, and have accepted and confirmed the description of the rapid anaphylactic death in the guinea-pig as due to a direct stimulation of the plain-muscle fibres surrounding the bronchioles, causing valve-like obstruction of the lumen, and leading to asphyxia, with the characteristic fixed distension of the lungs, as first described by Auer and Lewis (6), and almost simultaneously by Biedl and Kraus (7). But the fundamental conception of anaphylaxis as due to cellular location of an antibody, and of the reaction as due to the union of antigen and antibody taking place in the protoplasm, is common to a number of workers who thus differ on details.

Effects of the Non-protein Amino Acids L-Canavanine and L-Canaline on the Nervous System of the Moth Manduca Sexta (L.)

1978 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
ANN E. KAMMER ◽  
D. L. DAHLMAN ◽  
GERALD A. ROSENTHAL
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Hydrolytic Cleavage ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Protein Amino Acids

Injection of L-canavanine, a naturally occurring arginine analogue, and of its metabolic derivative, L-canaline, induced almost continuous motor activity in adult tobacco hornworms, Manduca sexta (L.). Initially the moths flew normally, but after a time interval that depended both on the amino acid and on the dose (1-l45/μmol/g fresh weight) the moths became disorientated and muscle activity was less patterned. Canaline produced its initial effects 12-30 min after injection, whereas activity in response to canavanine began after a delay of 1-2 h. Canaline (derived from canavanine by an arginase-mediated hydrolytic cleavage) is probably the biologically active factor. Canaline did not affect axonal conduction of action potentials nor the activity of mechanoreceptors on the forewing. Canaline (22μmol/g fresh weight) prolonged the postsynaptic potential of flight muscle fibres, but after 20-40 min. the electrical activity of muscle fibres was normal. The results show that canaline alters the activity of the central nervous system of adult M. sexta, but its mode of action is unknown.

scholarly journals IGF-1 Restores Visual Cortex Plasticity in Adult Life by Reducing Local GABA Levels

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Fernando Maya-Vetencourt ◽  
Laura Baroncelli ◽  
Alessandro Viegi ◽  
Ettore Tiraboschi ◽  
Eero Castren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Monocular Deprivation ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Environmental Stimulation ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The central nervous system architecture is markedly modified by sensory experience during early life, but a decline of plasticity occurs with age. Recent studies have challenged this dogma providing evidence that both pharmacological treatments and paradigms based on the manipulation of environmental stimulation levels can be successfully employed as strategies for enhancing plasticity in the adult nervous system. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a peptide implicated in prenatal and postnatal phases of brain development such as neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, synaptogenesis, and experience-dependent plasticity. Here, using the visual system as a paradigmatic model, we report that IGF-1 reactivates neural plasticity in the adult brain. Exogenous administration of IGF-1 in the adult visual cortex, indeed, restores the susceptibility of cortical neurons to monocular deprivation and promotes the recovery of normal visual functions in adult amblyopic animals. These effects were accompanied by a marked reduction of intracortical GABA levels. Moreover, we show that a transitory increase of IGF-1 expression is associated to the plasticity reinstatement induced by environmental enrichment (EE) and that blocking IGF-1 action by means of the IGF-1 receptor antagonist JB1 prevents EE effects on plasticity processes.

THE STOMODAEAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, THE NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEM, AND THE GLAND COMPLEX IN AEDES AEGYPTI (L.) (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Burgess ◽  
J. G. Rempel
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Corpora Allata ◽  
Prothoracic Gland ◽  
Neurosecretory System ◽  
Endocrine Gland ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The stomodaeal nervous system in Aedes aegypti (L.) possesses a frontal, a hypocerebral, and two ventricular ganglia. It innervates parts of the alimentary tract and some muscles of ingestion, and it has associated with it certain motor nerves from the central nervous system, and sensory nerves. In larvae these sensory nerves originate from tactile head hairs, and from sensilla on the epipharyngeal apparatus. The neurosecretory system is generally similar to that in other insects. The pars intercerebralis contains three paired groups of neurosecretory cells, with axons from one pair leading to the dorsal mass, a structure fused to the hypocerebral ganglion. Evidence suggests that the dorsal mass functionally corresponds to part of the corpus cardiacum of other insects. However, what seem to be cardiacum cells are located some distance away in two groups in the endocrine gland complex in the thorax. The corpora allata, also contained in this complex, can first be recognized as distinct organs early in the third instar. In the corpora allata of adult females, cell division and an increase in the amount of cytoplasm occur soon after emergence, rather than after a blood meal. When adult females are about 1 day old, vacuoles begin to develop in the corpora allata. Cells in the gland complex corresponding to the prothoracic gland cells begin to histolyze in the pupa, and most of them are completely broken down before adults are 1 day old.

Studies of Cardio-Regulation in the Cockroach, Periplaneta Americana

1971 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-350
Author(s):  
T. MILLER ◽  
P. N. R. USHERWOOD
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Heart Muscle ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Cardiac Ganglion ◽  
Cardiac Nerve ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cords

1. The heart of Periplaneta americana is segmentally innervated from the central nervous system by three types of neurone. Two of these types of neurones are neurosecretory; one type contains large granules, the other small granules. The segmental nerves are paired structures which join paired lateral cardiac nerve cords. Both types of neurosecretory neurone liberate their contents in the lateral cardiac nerve cords. The neurones with the small granules also synapse with the myocardium as well as with intrinsic cardiac neurones in the lateral cardiac nerve cords. The third type of neurone from the central nervous system is an ordinary efferent neurone and it synapses with the cardiac ganglion cells. 2. A heart chamber is associated with about six cardiac ganglion cells, three on either side. These send processes up and down the lateral cardiac nerve cord and make synaptic contact with the myocardium. 3. The myocardium is multiterminally and polyneuronally innervated, and electrical coupling between muscle fibres appears to be the rule. The fibres are spontaneously active and generate spike-like electrically excited responses. The timing of the electrically excited responses is influenced by the input from the cardiac ganglion cells which evoke a burst of synaptic potentials during diastole. 4. Control of the cockroach heart appears to be organized on three levels. The basic rhythm is myogenic. The timing of the contractions is influenced by inputs from the intrinsic cardiac ganglion cells possibly via a feedback mechanism involving the contractions of the heart muscle. Finally, the activities of the heart muscle and the cardiac ganglion cells are influenced by inputs from the central nervous system.

Memoirs: The Innervation of the Heart of Crustacea

1934 ◽  
Vol s2-76 (304) ◽  
pp. 511-548
Author(s):  
J. S. ALEXANDROWICZ
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Local System ◽  
Dorsal Side ◽  
The Other ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Cardiac Nerve ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Dorsal Nerves

1. The three systems of nerves, viz. the local system, the regulator nerves, and the nerves of the arterial valves, which were previously described by the writer as innervating the heart of the Decapod Crustacea, have also been found in Squilla mantis. 2. The local system consists of not less than fourteen neurons. Their cells are situated in a nerve-trunk running alongside the dorsal surface of the heart, and, with the exception of the three anterior elements, lie at regular intervals each behind a pair of the ostial orifices. The cells give off the following processes: (a) the axons which form the chief part of the fibres in the ganglionic trunk and which after sending off many branches end on the muscle-fibres of the myocardium; (b) the dendrites--short arborescent branches arising both from cell-bodies and axons, and ending in the neighbourhood of the trunk on themuscle-fibres too; (c) short collaterals ending in fine networks of fibrils in the ganglionic trunk. 3. The system of regulator nerves connecting the local system with the central nervous system, in the Decapoda consisting of one pair of nerves, is represented in the Stomatopoda by three paired nerves which in our description have been termed Nervi cardiaci dorsales. For the designation of each of them the letters α,β, and γ have been used. Their course indicates that they originate in the large thoracic ganglionic mass. After passing on the dorsal side of the extensor muscles these nerves approach the heart from its dorsal side, and enter its ganglionic trunk in the region of the fourth body-segment. The nerve a is made up of one thick fibre only, the nerves β and γ contain one thick and several thinner fibres each. In the ganglionic trunk two sets of fibres given off by the dorsal nerves can be distinguished: one of them, termed System I, is made up of thicker fibres whose branches give synapses with the cells, collaterals, and dendrites of the local neurons; the other, called System II, consists of thinner fibres accompanying the long branches of the axons which pass to the muscles. 4. The system of nerves supplying the arterial valves is made up of (a) the anterior cardiac nerve running to the valve of the anterior aorta; and (b) the segmental nerves of the heart passing in each metamere to the valves of the paired arteries. There are, in all, fifteen pairs of these nerves. The last pair supplies the valves of the fifteenth pair of arteries and the valve of the posterior aorta. Each segmental nerve sends off anastomotic branches to the contralateral nerve, but does not show any connexions with the nerves of the neighbouring segments. In this respect these nerves in Squilla differ from those in the Decapods since in the latter they are all interconnected by anastomosing fibres. On the other hand, in Squilla as well as in Decapods the anterior cardiac nerve has no connexion with the segmental nerves of the heart. 5. With regard to the function of the nerve-elements enumerated above, the local system is to be considered as an autonomic apparatus which rules the beat of the heart, whereas the dorsal nerves convey the inhibitory and accelerator impulses from the central nervous system. The first of the dorsal nerves, α, has been found carrying the inhibitory impulses. The stimulation of the two following nerves, β and γ, quickens the beat of the heart, but this effect of the physiological experiment does not exclude the possibility that the nerves β and γ contain both inhibitory and accelerator fibres. The two sets of fibres in the ganglionic trunk which have been termed Systems I and II are probably concerned the former with the inhibitory and the latter with the accelerator action. The function of the nerves of the arterial valves probably consists in the maintaining of a tonic contraction of the muscles of the valves.

scholarly journals Mutations in the Novel Membrane Protein Spinster Interfere with Programmed Cell Death and Cause Neural Degeneration inDrosophila melanogaster

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3775-3788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiro Nakano ◽  
Kazuko Fujitani ◽  
Joyce Kurihara ◽  
Janet Ragan ◽  
Kazue Usui-Aoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Adult Life Span ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Membrane Spanning

ABSTRACT Mutations in the spin gene are characterized by an extraordinarily strong rejection behavior of female flies in response to male courtship. They are also accompanied by decreases in the viability, adult life span, and oviposition rate of the flies. Inspin mutants, some oocytes and adult neural cells undergo degeneration, which is preceded by reductions in programmed cell death of nurse cells in ovaries and of neurons in the pupal nervous system, respectively. The central nervous system (CNS) of spinmutant flies accumulates autofluorescent lipopigments with characteristics similar to those of lipofuscin. The spinlocus generates at least five different transcripts, with only two of these being able to rescue the spin behavioral phenotype; each encodes a protein with multiple membrane-spanning domains that are expressed in both the surface glial cells in the CNS and the follicle cells in the ovaries. Orthologs of the spin gene have also been identified in a number of species from nematodes to humans. Analysis of the spin mutant will give us new insights into neurodegenerative diseases and aging.

scholarly journals Microglia-Induced Maladaptive Plasticity Can Be Modulated by NeuropeptidesIn Vivo

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Morara ◽  
Anna Maria Colangelo ◽  
Luciano Provini
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Maladaptive Plasticity ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Microglia-induced maladaptive plasticity is being recognized as a major cause of deleterious self-sustaining pathological processes that occur in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. Microglia, the primary homeostatic guardian of the central nervous system, exert critical functions both during development, in neural circuit reshaping, and during adult life, in the brain physiological and pathological surveillance. This delicate critical role can be disrupted by neural, but also peripheral, noxious stimuli that can prime microglia to become overreactive to a second noxious stimulus or worsen underlying pathological processes. Among regulators of microglia, neuropeptides can play a major role. Their receptors are widely expressed in microglial cells and neuropeptide challenge can potently influence microglial activityin vitro. More relevantly, this regulator activity has been assessed alsoin vivo, in experimental models of brain diseases. Neuropeptide action in the central nervous system has been associated with beneficial effects in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory pathological experimental models. This review describes some of the mechanisms of the microglia maladaptive plasticityin vivoand how neuropeptide activity can represent a useful therapeutical target in a variety of human brain pathologies.

scholarly journals Morphological examination of the domestic cat’s cervicothoracic ganglion in ontogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (09) ◽  
pp. 6569-2021
Author(s):  
ARKADIUSZ GRZECZKA ◽  
HIERONIM FRĄCKOWIAK
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Domestic Cat ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Species Specific

The cervicothoracic ganglion belongs to the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system. It is responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to the organs of the thorax. Its most important function is to transmit impulses modulating heart activity. We present the results of an anatomical study that was conduct on 33 domestic cats from three age groups. The results allow us to determine which changes occur in the morphology of the cervicothoracic ganglion during the development of the domestic cat and those that occur already in adult life . The variability of this structure manifests itself in the shape, location and size of the bilateral ganglia. There is also a difference in the course of the cardiac branches and of the bilateral ganglia. In adult cats, the predominant location of the ganglion was the first intercostal space. In contrast, in young cats and fetuses, the ganglia were more distributed between the first and second intercostal spaces. Additionally, the younger the cat, the more often the ganglia occurred under the second rib. The ganglia in domestic cats show some similarities with other species, but retain species-specific features such as the direction of propagation of the subclavian loop fibres.

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