TIME COURSE OF CHANGES IN BRAIN SEROTONERGIC ACTIVITY AND BRAIN TRYPTOPHAN LEVELS IN DOMINANT AND SUBORDINATE JUVENILE ARCTIC CHARR

1993 ◽  
Vol 179 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-195
Author(s):  
S. Winberg ◽  
G. E. Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Arctic Charr ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Temporary Increase ◽  
Serotonergic Activity ◽  
Dominant Fish ◽  
The Brain

Concentrations of serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and tryptophan (TRP, the amino acid precursor of 5-HT) were measured, and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios calculated, in the telencephalon, hypothalamus and brain stem of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) with 1–21 days experience of a dominant or subordinate position in a pair. Brain 5-HIAA levels and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios (an index of serotonergic activity) increased rapidly in all three areas of the brain in subordinate fish and remained high for up to 21 days. The brain stem 5-HIAA concentration in dominant fish showed a temporary increase after 1 day of social interaction, but returned to the control level 2 days later. The social interactions did not affect 5-HT concentrations in any of the brain regions. An initial, but temporary, increase in brain TRP concentration was seen in both subordinate and dominant fish. After 1–3 days of social interaction, brain TRP levels declined. This decline was most pronounced in subordinate individuals which, after 7 and 21 days, had hypothalamic TRP concentrations significantly lower than those of controls. Moreover, TRP levels in the telencephalon after 21 days, and in the hypothalamus after 7 days, were significantly lower in subordinate individuals than in dominant fish. These results show that subordinate experience rapidly causes a sustained increase in brain 5-HT metabolism which does not correlate with changes in brain TRP levels. Thus, the increases in brain 5-HIAA concentration and in brain 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios probably reflect an increase in functional 5-HT release, a phenomenon that appears to have a wide distribution in the brain.

The Effect of Stress and Starvation on Bratn Serotonin Utilization in Arctic Charr (Salvelinus Alpinus)

1992 ◽  
Vol 165 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
SVANTE WINBERG ◽  
GÖRAN E. NILSSON ◽  
K. HÅKAN OLSÉN
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Salvelinus Alpinus ◽  
Arctic Charr ◽  
Serotonergic Activity ◽  
Brain Levels ◽  
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid ◽  
Experimental Protocols ◽  
Effects Of Stress ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Starvation Experiment

The effects of stress and starvation on brain levels of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were studied in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Three experimental protocols were used to elucidate (1) the effect of stress in fish given food, (2) the effect of starvation, and (3) the effect of stress in fish deprived of food. In the stress experiments, fish were stressed three times a day over a four-week period, and in the starvation experiment the fish were starved for a four-week period. Stressed fish, whether given food or not, showed significantly higher concentrations of 5-HIAA, the main 5-HT metabolite, in both the telencephalon and the brain stem. The 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio (an index of serotonergic activity) was also significantly increased in the brain of stressed fish. In the telencephalon of starved fish, the 5-HT concentration was significantly decreased. However, starvation had no effect on 5-HIAA concentrations or 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios in either the telencephalon or the brain stem. These results suggest that stress increases brain serotonergic activity in Arctic charr, while starvation has no effect on the utilization of this transmitter system. It is suggested that stress could be a mediator of the increased 5-HTAA levels and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios recently observed in low-ranking Arctic charr in a dominance hierarch.

scholarly journals Ceramide and Related-Sphingolipid Levels Are Not Altered in Disease-Associated Brain Regions of APPSLand APPSL/PS1M146LMouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease: Relationship with the Lack of Neurodegeneration?

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Barrier ◽  
Bernard Fauconneau ◽  
Anastasia Noël ◽  
Sabrina Ingrand
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Neuronal Death ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
App Processing ◽  
Ceramide Accumulation ◽  
The Brain

There is evidence linking sphingolipid abnormalities, APP processing, and neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously reported a strong elevation of ceramide levels in the brain of the APPSL/PS1Ki mouse model of AD, preceding the neuronal death. To extend these findings, we analyzed ceramide and related-sphingolipid contents in brain from two other mouse models (i.e., APPSLand APPSL/PS1M146L) in which the time-course of pathology is closer to that seen in most currently available models. Conversely to our previous work, ceramides did not accumulate in disease-associated brain regions (cortex and hippocampus) from both models. However, the APPSL/PS1Ki model is unique for its drastic neuronal loss coinciding with strong accumulation of neurotoxic Aβisoforms, not observed in other animal models of AD. Since there are neither neuronal loss nor toxic Aβspecies accumulation in APPSLmice, we hypothesized that it might explain the lack of ceramide accumulation, at least in this model.

Symptoms, Related Brain Regions, and Diagnosis

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eric Ahlskog
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

As a prelude to the treatment chapters that follow, we need to define and describe the types of problems and symptoms encountered in DLB and PDD. The clinical picture can be quite varied: problems encountered by one person may be quite different from those encountered by another person, and symptoms that are problematic in one individual may be minimal in another. In these disorders, the Lewy neurodegenerative process potentially affects certain nervous system regions but spares others. Affected areas include thinking and memory circuits, as well as movement (motor) function and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates primary functions such as bladder, bowel, and blood pressure control. Many other brain regions, by contrast, are spared or minimally involved, such as vision and sensation. The brain and spinal cord constitute the central nervous system. The interface between the brain and spinal cord is by way of the brain stem, as shown in Figure 4.1. Thought, memory, and reasoning are primarily organized in the thick layers of cortex overlying lower brain levels. Volitional movements, such as writing, throwing, or kicking, also emanate from the cortex and integrate with circuits just below, including those in the basal ganglia, shown in Figure 4.2. The basal ganglia includes the striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra, as illustrated in Figure 4.2. Movement information is integrated and modulated in these basal ganglia nuclei and then transmitted down the brain stem to the spinal cord. At spinal cord levels the correct sequence of muscle activation that has been programmed is accomplished. Activated nerves from appropriate regions of the spinal cord relay the signals to the proper muscles. Sensory information from the periphery (limbs) travels in the opposite direction. How are these signals transmitted? Brain cells called neurons have long, wire-like extensions that interface with other neurons, effectively making up circuits that are slightly similar to computer circuits; this is illustrated in Figure 4.3. At the end of these wire-like extensions are tiny enlargements (terminals) that contain specific biological chemicals called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are released when the electrical signal travels down that neuron to the end of that wire-like process.

Differential recovery of acetylcholinesterase in guinea pig muscle and brain regions after soman treatment

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxine C Lintern ◽  
Janet R Wetherell ◽  
Margaret E Smith
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Pig Muscle ◽  
Rate Of Recovery ◽  
The Brain

1 In brain areas of untreated guinea-pigs the highest activity of acetylcholinesterase was seen in the striatum and cerebellum, followed by the midbrain, medulla-pons and cortex, and the lowest in the hippocampus. The activity in diaphragm was sevenfold lower than in the hippocampus. 2 At 1 h after soman (27 mg/kg) administration the activity of the enzyme was dramatically reduced in all tissues studied. In muscle the three major molecular forms (A12, G4 and G1) showed a similar degree of inhibition and a similar rate of recovery and the activity had returned to normal by 7 days. 3 In the brain soman inhibited the G4 form more than the G1 form. The hippocampus, cortex and midbrain showed the greatest reductions in enzyme activity. At 7 days the activity in the cortex, medulla pons and striatum had recovered but in the hippocampus, midbrain and cerebellum it was still inhibited. 4 Thus the effects of soman administration varied in severity and time course in the different tissues studied. However the enzyme activity was still reduced in all tissues at 24 h when the overt signs of poisoning had disappeared.

scholarly journals Chronic L-Name-Treatment Produces Hypertension by Different Mechanisms in Peripheral Tissues and Brain: Role of Central eNOS

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
Olga Pechanova ◽  
Stanislava Vrankova ◽  
Martina Cebova
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Enos Expression ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Nos Isoforms ◽  
The Brain

The goal of our study was to analyze the time course of the effect of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms and nuclear factor–κB (NF-κB) protein expression, total NOS activity, and blood pressure (BP) in rats. Adult 12-week-old male Wistar rats were subjected to treatment with L-NAME (40 mg/kg/day) for four and seven weeks. BP was increased after 4- and 7-week L-NAME treatments. NOS activity decreased after 4-week-L-NAME treatment; however, the 7-week treatment increased NOS activity in the aorta, heart, and kidney, while it markedly decreased NOS activity in the brainstem, cerebellum, and brain cortex. The 4-week-L-NAME treatment increased eNOS expression in the aorta, heart, and kidney and this increase was amplified after 7 weeks of treatment. In the brain regions, eNOS expression remained unchanged after 4-week L-NAME treatment and prolonged treatment led to a significant decrease of eNOS expression in these tissues. NF-κB expression increased in both peripheral and brain tissues after 4 weeks of treatment and prolongation of treatment decreased the expression in the aorta, heart, and kidney. In conclusion, decreased expression of eNOS in the brain regions after 7-week L-NAME treatment may be responsible for a remarkable decrease of NOS activity in these regions. Since the BP increase persisted after 7 weeks of L-NAME treatment, we hypothesize that central regulation of BP may contribute significantly to L-NAME-induced hypertension.

scholarly journals Spreading Depression Can Be Elicited in Brain Stem of Immature But Not Adult Rats

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 2163-2170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Richter ◽  
Sven Rupprecht ◽  
Alfred Lehmenkühler ◽  
Hans-Georg Schaible
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Spreading Depression ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Extracellular Potassium ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Extracellular Potassium Concentration ◽  
Nmda Receptor Blocker ◽  
The Brain

Spreading depression (SD), a neuronal mechanism involved in brain pathophysiology, occurs in brain areas with high neuronal density such as the cerebral cortex. By contrast, the brain stem is thought to be resistant to SD. Here we show that DC shifts resembling cortical SD can be elicited in rat brain stem by topical application of KCl but not by pricking the brain stem. However, this was only possible until postnatal day 13, and, in addition, susceptibility for SD had to be enhanced. The latter was achieved by superfusion of the brain stem for 45 min with a solution containing acetate instead of chloride ions. Transient asphyxia or hypoxia by 2 min breathing 6% O2 in N2 had a similar effect. Negative brain stem DC deflections were paralleled by an increase of extracellular potassium concentration ≤40 mM and were spreading, but unlike cortical SD they were not inducible by glutamate and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA). Time course and slope of brain stem SD either resembled cortical SD or were long-lasting and sustained. The latter stopped normal breathing. Different from cortical SD, negative brain stem DC deflections were changed in their slope (mostly converted into sustained shape, peak time was significantly prolonged, decline-time and duration were prolonged), but not abolished by the NMDA receptor blocker MK-801. Thus we demonstrate that the immature brain stem has the capacity to generate negative DC shifts, which could be relevant as a risk factor in newborn brain stem function.

Early Defects of GABAergic Synapses in the Brain Stem of a MeCP2 Mouse Model of Rett Syndrome

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Medrihan ◽  
E. Tantalaki ◽  
G. Aramuni ◽  
V. Sargsyan ◽  
I. Dudanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Rett Syndrome ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Ventrolateral Medulla ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
The Brain

Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the transcriptional repressor methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) and represents the leading genetic cause for mental retardation in girls. MeCP2-mutant mice have been generated to study the molecular mechanisms of the disease. It was suggested that an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission is responsible for the behavioral abnormalities, although it remained largely unclear which synaptic components are affected and how cellular impairments relate to the time course of the disease. Here, we report that MeCP2 KO mice present an imbalance between inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission in the ventrolateral medulla already at postnatal day 7. Focusing on the inhibitory synaptic transmission we show that GABAergic, but not glycinergic, synaptic transmission is strongly depressed in MeCP2 KO mice. These alterations are presumably due to both decreased presynaptic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release with reduced levels of the vesicular inhibitory transmitter transporter and reduced levels of postsynaptic GABAA-receptor subunits α2 and α4. Our data indicate that in the MeCP2 −/y mice specific synaptic molecules and signaling pathways are impaired in the brain stem during early postnatal development. These observations mandate the search for more refined diagnostic tools and may provide a rationale for the timing of future therapeutic interventions in Rett patients.

scholarly journals Neural Correlates of Group Bias During Natural Viewing

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 3380-3389
Author(s):  
Timothy J Andrews ◽  
Ryan K Smith ◽  
Richard L Hoggart ◽  
Philip I N Ulrich ◽  
Andre D Gouws
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Individuals from different social groups interpret the world in different ways. This study explores the neural basis of these group differences using a paradigm that simulates natural viewing conditions. Our aim was to determine if group differences could be found in sensory regions involved in the perception of the world or were evident in higher-level regions that are important for the interpretation of sensory information. We measured brain responses from 2 groups of football supporters, while they watched a video of matches between their teams. The time-course of response was then compared between individuals supporting the same (within-group) or the different (between-group) team. We found high intersubject correlations in low-level and high-level regions of the visual brain. However, these regions of the brain did not show any group differences. Regions that showed higher correlations for individuals from the same group were found in a network of frontal and subcortical brain regions. The interplay between these regions suggests a range of cognitive processes from motor control to social cognition and reward are important in the establishment of social groups. These results suggest that group differences are primarily reflected in regions involved in the evaluation and interpretation of the sensory input.

scholarly journals Neuromediator systems in some brain regions of rats subjected to morphine intoxication

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 562-569
Author(s):  
S.V. Lelevich ◽  
A.A. Novokshonov
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Serotonin Level ◽  
Chronic Morphine ◽  
Chronic Morphine Intoxication ◽  
System Functioning ◽  
Gaba Content ◽  
The Brain

The content of neuromediators and its metabolites in the cortex of cerebral hemispheres, in thalamus and brain stem was studied under chronic morphine intoxication (7-21 days). The morphine intake during 7-14 days was accompanied by changes of catecholamine system functioning, which was the most pronounced in the thalamus and the brain stem. These changes included increased secretion of dophamine and noradrenaline, their decrease in the brain tissue, and the increased content of their metabolites. The changes of serotonin and GABA content were less pronounced and included a decrease of serotonin level and the increase of the GABA content in different periods of narcotization.

Individual and Society

Mind Shift ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 46-60
Author(s):  
John Parrington
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Trigger Activity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

This chapter investigates the relationship between the individual and society, which has been hotly disputed among philosophers and politicians through the ages. Recent studies have questioned the idea that human beings are naturally solitary individuals. Instead, they suggest that socialising with others is so central to our species that rejection is registered in the same brain regions that respond to physical pain. Other studies have undermined the idea that human beings are inherently selfish, indicating instead that altruistic acts trigger activity in the ‘reward’ region of the brain that is stimulated when a person experiences pleasure. Studies like these raise the question of how the human brain became so attuned to social cues in this way. Here there are two issues to consider. One is evidence that primates in general have evolved to be highly sensitive to social interactions with other members of their species, and this has been accompanied by enhanced brain growth in order to handle these more sophisticated interactions. Yet while social interaction may be hardwired into our brains because of evolutionary changes in our primate ancestors, some features of our strong tendency towards social interaction may be specifically human. The chapter then looks at Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky’s novel ideas about human consciousness.

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