scholarly journals ARCHITECTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE MUSCLES THAT DRIVE STOMATOPOD EYE MOVEMENTS

1994 ◽  
Vol 188 (1) ◽  
pp. 317-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Jones
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Colour Vision ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rotational Axis ◽  
Primary Control ◽  
Prime Movers ◽  
The Relationship

1. The peculiar structure of the stomatopod eye requires it to make complicated movements. These include slow 'scans', which relate to the animal's colour vision system, as well as faster 'saccades'. 2. The myology of the eyecup is investigated and shown to consist of eight individual muscles which are divided, on kinematic grounds, into six functional groups. 3. These groups form three pairs of dominant prime movers, with each having primary control over one of the eye movement axes (longitude, latitude and bearing). This is important as it allows each rotational axis to move independently of the other two. 4. Histochemical typing reveals at least four distinct classes of fibre within each muscle. 5. The relationship between the number of types of fibre and classes of eye movement is discussed, as are the implications of coordinate prime movers for neuromuscular control.

Effects of Experience and Short-Term Practice on Drivers' Eye Movements and Errors in Simulated Dangerous Situations

1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 767-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Allen ◽  
Stephen R. Schroeder ◽  
Patricia G. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Search Strategy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Control Actions ◽  
Training Film ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Two groups of 10 subjects tracked a segment of the Aetna training film, Traffic Strategy, six times by manipulating the controls of an Aetna Drivo-Trainer station. One group was composed of licensed drivers, the other, nonlicensed. No significant differences were found with respect to: (1) use of the accelerator, (2) frequency of eye movements, (3) length of eye movements, (4) fixation errors, (5) driving errors, or (6) the relationship of control actions to driving errors. Differences were noted with respect to: (1) steering and braking, (2) the effects of practice on control actions and driving errors, and (3) the relationship of amplitude of eye movement to control actions and driving errors. The results are discussed in terms of possible differences in search strategy between experienced and inexperienced drivers.

scholarly journals Tracking eye movements when solving geometry problems with handwriting devices

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. H. Lin ◽  
Sunny S. J. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Problem Area ◽  
Instructional Designers ◽  
Perceived Difficulty ◽  
Problem Solvers ◽  
Similar Triangles ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sensitive Pressure

The present study investigated the following issues: (1) whether differences are evident in the eye movement measures of successful and unsuccessful problem-solvers; (2) what is the relationship between perceived difficulty and eye movement measures; and (3) whether eye movements in various AOIs differ when solving problems. Sixty-three 11th grade students solved five geometry problems about the properties of similar triangles. A digital drawing tablet and sensitive pressure pen were used to record the responses. The results indicated that unsuccessful solvers tended to have more fixation counts, run counts, and longer dwell time on the problem area, whereas successful solvers focused more on the calculation area. In addition, fixation counts, dwell time, and run counts in the diagram area were positively correlated with the perceived difficulty, suggesting that understanding similar triangles may require translation or mental rotation. We argue that three eye movement measures (i.e., fixation counts, dwell time, and run counts) are appropriate for use in examining problem solving given that they differentiate successful from unsuccessful solvers and correlate with perceived difficulty. Furthermore, the eye-tracking technique provides objective measures of students’ cognitive load for instructional designers.

Effects of Viewing Distance on the Responses of Vestibular Neurons to Combined Angular and Linear Vestibular Stimulation

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 2538-2557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiju Chen-Huang ◽  
Robert A. McCrea
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Viewing Distance ◽  
Vestibuloocular Reflex ◽  
Horizontal Canal ◽  
Head Velocity ◽  
Vestibular Neurons ◽  
Axis Of Rotation

Effects of viewing distance on the responses of vestibular neurons to combined angular and linear vestibular stimulation. The firing behavior of 59 horizontal canal–related secondary vestibular neurons was studied in alert squirrel monkeys during the combined angular and linear vestibuloocular reflex (CVOR). The CVOR was evoked by positioning the animal’s head 20 cm in front of, or behind, the axis of rotation during whole body rotation (0.7, 1.9, and 4.0 Hz). The effect of viewing distance was studied by having the monkeys fixate small targets that were either near (10 cm) or far (1.3–1.7 m) from the eyes. Most units (50/59) were sensitive to eye movements and were monosynaptically activated after electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve (51/56 tested). The responses of eye movement–related units were significantly affected by viewing distance. The viewing distance–related change in response gain of many eye-head-velocity and burst-position units was comparable with the change in eye movement gain. On the other hand, position-vestibular-pause units were approximately half as sensitive to changes in viewing distance as were eye movements. The sensitivity of units to the linear vestibuloocular reflex (LVOR) was estimated by subtraction of angular vestibuloocular reflex (AVOR)–related responses recorded with the head in the center of the axis of rotation from CVOR responses. During far target viewing, unit sensitivity to linear translation was small, but during near target viewing the firing rate of many units was strongly modulated. The LVOR responses and viewing distance–related LVOR responses of most units were nearly in phase with linear head velocity. The signals generated by secondary vestibular units during voluntary cancellation of the AVOR and CVOR were comparable. However, unit sensitivity to linear translation and angular rotation were not well correlated either during far or near target viewing. Unit LVOR responses were also not well correlated with their sensitivity to smooth pursuit eye movements or their sensitivity to viewing distance during the AVOR. On the other hand there was a significant correlation between static eye position sensitivity and sensitivity to viewing distance. We conclude that secondary horizontal canal–related vestibuloocular pathways are an important part of the premotor neural substrate that produces the LVOR. The otolith sensory signals that appear on these pathways have been spatially and temporally transformed to match the angular eye movement commands required to stabilize images at different distances. We suggest that this transformation may be performed by the circuits related to temporal integration of the LVOR.

Providing a human user artificial ability to control their eyes independently with various eye movement patterns

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 171-172
Author(s):  
Fumio Mizuno ◽  
Tomoaki Hayasaka ◽  
Takami Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Human Visual System ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Flexible Adaptation ◽  
Left And Right

Humans have the capability to flexibly adapt to visual stimulation, such as spatial inversion in which a person wears glasses that display images upside down for long periods of time (Ewert, 1930; Snyder and Pronko, 1952; Stratton, 1887). To investigate feasibility of extension of vision and the flexible adaptation of the human visual system with binocular rivalry, we developed a system that provides a human user with the artificial oculomotor ability to control their eyes independently for arbitrary directions, and we named the system Virtual Chameleon having to do with Chameleons (Mizuno et al., 2010, 2011). The successful users of the system were able to actively control visual axes by manipulating 3D sensors held by their both hands, to watch independent fields of view presented to the left and right eyes, and to look around as chameleons do. Although it was thought that those independent fields of view provided to the user were formed by eye movements control corresponding to pursuit movements on human, the system did not have control systems to perform saccadic movements and compensatory movements as numerous animals including human do. Fluctuations in dominance and suppression with binocular rivalry are irregular, but it is possible to bias these fluctuations by boosting the strength of one rival image over the other (Blake and Logothetis, 2002). It was assumed that visual stimuli induced by various eye movements affect predominance. Therefore, in this research, we focused on influenced of patterns of eye movements on visual perception with binocular rivalry, and implemented functions to produce saccadic movements in Virtual Chameleon.

Modern Furniture Color Image Based on Eye Tracking

2012 ◽  
Vol 157-158 ◽  
pp. 410-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Feng Xu ◽  
Han Ning Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Color Image ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Human Vision System ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Color Features ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between modern furniture color image and eye tracking has been of interest to academics and practitioners for many years. We propose and develop a new view and method exploring these connections, utilizing data from a survey of 31 testees’ eye tracking observed value. Using Tobii X120 eye tracker to analyze eye movement to furniture samples in different hue and tones colors, we highlight the relative importance of the effect of furniture color on human vision system and show that the connections between furniture color features with color image.

Effects of Phosphor Persistence on Perception and the Control of Eye Movements

Perception ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Neary ◽  
Arnold J Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Saccadic Suppression ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Cathode Ray Tube ◽  
Ghost Image ◽  
Corrective Saccades

When a rapid eye movement (saccade) is made across material displayed on cathode ray tube monitors with short-persistence phosphors, various perceptual phenomena occur. The phenomena do not occur when the monitor has a long-persistence phosphor. These phenomena were observed for certain spatial arrays, their possible physiological basis noted, and their effect on the control of eye movements examined. When the display consisted simply of two dots, and a saccade was made from one to the other, a transient ghost image was seen just beyond the destination target. When the display consisted of vertical lines, tilting and displacement of the lines occurred. The phenomena were more intrusive for the latter display and there was a significant increase in the number of corrective saccades. These results are interpreted in terms of the effects of fluctuating illumination (and hence phosphor persistence) on saccadic suppression.

Eye Guidance in Reading: Fixation Locations within Words

Perception ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Conditional Probabilities ◽  
Saccade Length ◽  
Fixation Locations ◽  
Cognitive Activities ◽  
The Right

Three broad categories of models of eye movement guidance in reading are described. According to one category, eye movements in reading are not under stimulus or cognitive control; the other two categories indicate that cognitive activities or stimulus characteristics are involved in eye guidance. In this study a number of descriptive analyses of eye movements in reading were carried out. These analyses dealt with fixation locations on letters within words of various lengths, conditional probabilities that a word will be fixated given that a prior word was or was not fixated, and average saccade length as a function of the length of the word to the right of the fixated word. The results of these analyses were supportive of models which suggest that determining where to look next while reading is made on a nonrandom basis.

Modeling the Effects of Time pressure and Feedback on Eye movements and Learning Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 671-675
Author(s):  
Ji-Eun Kim ◽  
David A. Nembhard
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Individualized Learning ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Relationship

Eye movement measurement is both non-invasive to the learner, and available at a cost that is steadily decreasing. There are currently several mainstream laptop computers on the market that ship with fully integrated eye-tracking. Eye movements will take on a role as inputs to predict individualized learning performance. In response to the increased usage of this tool, this study uses eye-tracking technology to investigate the effects of time pressure and feedback on changes in eye movement by generating structural models. We tracked participants’ eye movement, and to relate this eye movement to human learning behaviors while participants were asked to complete online training for a Project Management task. The study measured participants’ eye-movements in response to the amount of time to deadlines and feedback updating the remaining time. Results showed that eye movement partially mediated the relationship between time to deadline and task completion time. The results of the study will be advantageous in predicting individualized learning performance based on eye movements.

Field Independence, Lateralization and Defensive Style

1979 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Shevrin ◽  
Irving A. Smokler ◽  
Evelyn Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Hemispheric Lateralization ◽  
Field Independence ◽  
Preferred Direction ◽  
Lateral Eye ◽  
Hemispheric Activation ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated the relationship between field independence and defense clustering as measured by the Defense Mechanisms Inventory and lateral eye movements. Subjects had previously been classified either as hysterical or obsessive style by the Rorschach and WAIS Comprehension subtest. Previous findings indicate that these subjects have a preferred direction of lateral eye movement in a questioning format (hysterical style = left; obsessive style = right). This study found no relationship between field independence and defense clustering and lateral eye movements. To the extent that eye gaze indexes hemispheric activation, we conclude that neither field independence nor defense clustering was related to hemispheric lateralization.

A technical introduction to using speakers’ eye movements to study language

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenzi M. Griffin ◽  
Jordan C. Davison
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Production Research ◽  
Software And Hardware ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Movement Monitoring

Everything you wanted to know about eye movement monitoring but were afraid to ask: This is a primer for researchers new to the use of eye-tracking and particularly those with an interest in language production. It summarizes the early history of eye movement monitoring in language production research, briefly reviews the relationship between visual attention and eye movements, and details the practical concerns of collecting and analyzing gaze data. In particular, the paper discusses the features and functions of available eye-tracking software and hardware systems, as well as tools for automatically processing speech. We close with a review of dependent measures that have been derived from eye movement data as well as how they were used and interpreted.

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