scholarly journals Hemolymph supply to locomotor muscles of the ghost crab, Ocypode quadrata

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyuan Yang ◽  
Tera D. Douglas ◽  
Ryan Ruia ◽  
Scott Medler
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Ghost Crab ◽  
Ghost Crabs ◽  
Land Crabs

Ghost crabs are the fastest and most aerobically fit of the land crabs. The exceptional locomotory capacity of these invertebrate athletes seemingly depends upon effective coupling between the cardiovascular system and skeletal muscles, but how these systems are integrated has not been well defined. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between aerobic muscle fibers within the skeletal muscles used to power running and the blood vessels supplying these muscles. We used histochemical staining techniques to identify aerobic versus glycolytic fibers and to characterize membrane invaginations within the aerobic fibers. We also determined how the diameters of these two fiber types scale as a function of body size, across two orders of magnitude. Vascular casts were made of the blood vessels perfusing these muscles and special attention was given to small, capillary-like vessels supplying the fibers. Finally, we injected fluorescent microspheres into the hearts of living crabs and tracked their deposition into different muscle regions to quantify relative hemolymph flow to metabolic fiber types. Collectively, these analyses demonstrate that ghost crab muscles are endowed with an extensive arterial hemolymph supply. Moreover, the hemolymph flow to aerobic fibers is significantly greater than to glycolytic fibers within the same muscles. Aerobic fibers are increasingly subdivided by membrane invaginations as crabs increase in size, keeping the diffusive distances relatively constant. These findings support a functional coupling between a well-developed circulatory system and metabolically active muscle fibers in these invertebrates.

Oxidative capacity, blood flow, and capillarity of skeletal muscles

1980 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Maxwell ◽  
T. P. White ◽  
J. A. Faulkner
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Capillary Density ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Histochemical Demonstration ◽  
Capillary Endothelium ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Fiber Area

Our purpose was to test the hypothesis that the capillarity of mammalian skeletal muscles is correlated with the oxidate capacity of muscle fibers, or with the capacity for maximum blood flow. Capillarity of skeletal muscles from several species was determined using histochemical demonstration of phosphatase activity of capillary endothelium. Serial sections were incubated for succinate dehydrogenase activity as an indicator of muscle fiber oxidative capacity, and for myofibrillar ATPase activity. three types of muscle fibers were identified. Fiber area was determined by planimetry of projected cross sections. Succinate oxidase activity of whole homogenates was determined by differential respirometry. Muscle blood flow was determined experimentally or data were obtained from the literature. No consistent relation was observed for the different fiber types in the number of adjacent capillaries. Capillary density was negatively correlated with mean fiber area. Among adult animals of several species, skeletal muscles representing a 17-fold range of oxidative capacity demonstrated no relation between capillarity and oxidative capacity or muscle blood flow at maximum oxygen uptake. We find no support for relations between oxidative capacity of muscle blood flow and the capillarity of whole muscle or individual fibers and reject the hypothesis.

scholarly journals Locomotion Energetics of the Ghost Crab: I. Metabolic Cost and Endurance

1987 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT J. FULL
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Ghost Crab ◽  
Ghost Crabs ◽  
Ectothermic Vertebrate

Arthropods possess spectacular diversity in locomotor design. Yet it is not clear what unique constraints, if any, variation in design imposes on mechanics, metabolic energy cost or endurance during terrestrial locomotion. In the present study metabolic energy cost and endurance on a treadmill are measured for an arthropod, the eight-legged sideways travelling ghost crab, Ocypode quadrata (Fabricius). In a second paper the mechanics of locomotion are determined during walking and running over a force plate. Severe limitations in O2 uptake during exercise are not inherent in the design of a crab's O2 transport system, which consists of gills and an open circulatory system. The ghost crab's capacity to elevate oxygen consumption (VOO2) rapidly is correlated with a lesser dependence on anaerobic sources than observed in other crab species. Accelerated glycolysis contributed at the onset of submaximal exercise, before O2 uptake adjustments were completed, but played only a minor role during steady-state exercise. O. quadrata elevated VOO2 6–4- to 8-fold above resting rates. The ghost crab's maximal oxygen consumption (VOO2max) was not different from that of an ectothermic vertebrate of the same body mass and temperature, such as a lizard, that uses lungs and a closed circulatory system. The minimum metabolic energy necessary to move 1 g of crab 1 km (Cmin) decreased as a function of body mass and age. Cmin was comparable to that predicted for vertebrates of a similar body mass and, therefore, appears to be relatively independent of locomotor design. This is consistent with the hypothesis that a similarity in the energetic properties of muscle and elastic structures may result in similar metabolic costs of locomotion. Endurance capacity did not increase with body mass, as predicted from interspecific comparisons of mammals and lizards. Instead, endurance capacity correlated with the speed at which oxygen consumption was maximal. Mean endurance capacity for ghost crabs was similar to that found for lizards, but was far less than the values predicted for mammals. Ghost crabs could only sustain a slow walk. Running at speeds 20 times faster is possible for short periods, but not without the aid of anaerobic metabolism.

scholarly journals Needle muscle biopsy: technique validation and histological and histochemical methods for evaluating canine skeletal muscles

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 765
Author(s):  
Sérgio De Almeida Braga ◽  
Felipe Gomes Ferreira Padilha ◽  
Ana Maria Reis Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Biopsy ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Gluteus Medius ◽  
Type I ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
German Shepherd ◽  
Muscle Sample ◽  
Biopsy Technique ◽  
Histochemical Methods

This study evaluated the needle muscle biopsy technique using a 6G Bergström percutaneous needle combined with histological and histochemical methods to analyze the skeletal muscle of dogs. There are few studies about canine skeletal muscles and a lack of reports in the literature about tissue collection and analysis for canine species. Evaluation of 32 German Shepherd samples collected from the gluteus medius, at a depth of 3 cm, was performed. The choice of gluteus medius and the 3-cm depth provided good quantity fragments with sufficient sizes (3–5 mm), which permitted optimal visualization of muscle fibers. Myosin ATPase, at pH 9.4, 4.6, and 4.3, and SDH reactions revealed that all muscle samples analyzed had fibers in the classic mosaic arrangement, enabling counting and typification. The mean percentages of fibers were 29.95% for type I and 70.05% for type II. On the basis of these results, we concluded that the percutaneous needle biopsy technique for canine skeletal muscles is a safe and easy procedure that obtains fragments of proper sizes, thereby enabling the study of muscle fibers. Standardization of the muscle of choice and the depth of muscle sample collection significantly contributed to this success. This is an important method to evaluate muscle fiber types of dogs and diagnose important diseases affecting the skeletal muscles.

HISTOMETRIC AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVIMUSCULAR TERMINALS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES AT A HYPOKINESIA

2019 ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Z. M. Yaschyshyn ◽  
S. L. Popel
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Ultrastructural Organization ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Myelinated Nerve ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

The aim: to study the dynamics of histological and ultrastructural changes in muscle fibers and their neuromuscular endings under conditions of prolonged hypokinesia at different stages of ontogenesis. Methods. Studied skeletal muscles and their peripheral nervous apparatus of laboratory male Wistar rats aged 30 to 270 days. The restriction of motor activity was carried out in special canister cells for 30, 60, 90, and 240 days (5 animals for each term). To determine the type of muscle fiber, the Nahlas histochemical method was used, the Kulchitsky method was used to detect myelinated nerve fibers, the Bilshovsky-Gros method and the electron microscopic method to identify neuromuscular endings. Results. The data of histological and electron microscopic examination of skeletal muscle fibers and their neuromuscular endings under conditions of prolonged hypokinesia indicate their regular restructuring during the development of muscles, the formation of their synapses and structures that are associated with them at different stages of ontogenesis. Conclusion. The study provides an in-depth understanding of the relative frequency and nature of the disturbance of the neuromuscular endings during prolonged hypokinesia and its effect on the dynamics of structural adjustment of individual types of muscle fibers in ontogenesis.

HISTOMETRIC AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVIMUSCULAR TERMINALS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES AT A HYPOKINESIA

2019 ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Z. M. Yaschyshyn ◽  
S. L. Popel
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Ultrastructural Organization ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Myelinated Nerve ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

The aim: to study the dynamics of histological and ultrastructural changes in muscle fibers and their neuromuscular endings under conditions of prolonged hypokinesia at different stages of ontogenesis. Methods. Studied skeletal muscles and their peripheral nervous apparatus of laboratory male Wistar rats aged 30 to 270 days. The restriction of motor activity was carried out in special canister cells for 30, 60, 90, and 240 days (5 animals for each term). To determine the type of muscle fiber, the Nahlas histochemical method was used, the Kulchitsky method was used to detect myelinated nerve fibers, the Bilshovsky-Gros method and the electron microscopic method to identify neuromuscular endings. Results. The data of histological and electron microscopic examination of skeletal muscle fibers and their neuromuscular endings under conditions of prolonged hypokinesia indicate their regular restructuring during the development of muscles, the formation of their synapses and structures that are associated with them at different stages of ontogenesis. Conclusion. The study provides an in-depth understanding of the relative frequency and nature of the disturbance of the neuromuscular endings during prolonged hypokinesia and its effect on the dynamics of structural adjustment of individual types of muscle fibers in ontogenesis.

The KATP channel Kir6.2 subunit content is higher in glycolytic than oxidative skeletal muscle fibers

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (4) ◽  
pp. R916-R925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystyna Banas ◽  
Charlene Clow ◽  
Bernard J. Jasmin ◽  
Jean-Marc Renaud
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Fiber Damage ◽  
The Individual

It has long been suggested that in skeletal muscle, the ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) channel is important in protecting energy levels and that abolishing its activity causes fiber damage and severely impairs function. The responses to a lack of KATP channel activity vary between muscles and fibers, with the severity of the impairment being the highest in the most glycolytic muscle fibers. Furthermore, glycolytic muscle fibers are also expected to face metabolic stress more often than oxidative ones. The objective of this study was to determine whether the t-tubular KATP channel content differs between muscles and fiber types. KATP channel content was estimated using a semiquantitative immunofluorescence approach by staining cross sections from soleus, extensor digitorum longus (EDL), and flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) muscles with anti-Kir6.2 antibody. Fiber types were determined using serial cross sections stained with specific antimyosin I, IIA, IIB, and IIX antibodies. Changes in Kir6.2 content were compared with changes in CaV1.1 content, as this Ca2+ channel is responsible for triggering Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum. The Kir6.2 content was the lowest in the oxidative soleus and the highest in the glycolytic EDL and FDB. At the individual fiber level, the Kir6.2 content within a muscle was in the order of type IIB > IIX > IIA ≥ I. Interestingly, the Kir6.2 content for a given fiber type was significantly different between soleus, EDL, and FDB, and highest in FDB. Correlations of relative fluorescence intensities from the Kir6.2 and CaV1.1 antibodies were significant for all three muscles. However, the variability in content between the three muscles or individual fibers was much greater for Kir6.2 than for CaV1.1. It is suggested that the t-tubular KATP channel content increases as the glycolytic capacity increases and as the oxidative capacity decreases and that the expression of KATP channels may be linked to how often muscles/fibers face metabolic stress.

Effects of Aging on Type II Muscle Fibers: A Systematic Review of the Literature

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Brunner ◽  
Annina Schmid ◽  
Ali Sheikhzadeh ◽  
Margareta Nordin ◽  
Jangwhon Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
Complex Phenomena ◽  
Human Skeletal Muscles

The authors conducted a systematic review of the literature for scientific articles in selected databases to determine the effects of aging on Type II muscle fibers in human skeletal muscles. They found that aging of Type II muscle fibers is primarily associated with a loss of fibers and a decrease in fiber size. Morphological changes with increasing age particularly included Type II fiber grouping. There is conflicting evidence regarding the change of proportion of Type II fibers. Type II muscle fibers seem to play an important role in the aging process of human skeletal muscles. According to this literature review, loss of fibers, decrease in size, and fiber-type grouping represent major quantitative changes. Because the process of aging involves various complex phenomena such as fiber-type coexpression, however, it seems difficult to assign those changes solely to a specific fiber type.

Digital motion analysis as a tool for analysing the shape and performance of the circulatory system in transparent animals

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (11) ◽  
pp. 1659-1669 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Schwerte ◽  
B. Pelster
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Fluorescent Probe ◽  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Cardiac Activity ◽  
Video Frame ◽  
Peripheral Blood Flow ◽  
Gray Scale ◽  
And Performance

The analysis of perfusion parameters using the frame-to-frame technique and the observation of small blood vessels in transparent animals using video microscopy can be tedious and very difficult because of the poor contrast of the images. Injection of a fluorescent probe (fluorescein isothiocynate, FITC) bound to a high-molecular-mass dextran improved the visibility of blood vessels, but the gray-scale histogram showed blurring at the edges of the vessels. Furthermore, injection of the fluorescent probe into the ventricle of small zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos (body mass approximately 1 mg) often resulted in reduced cardiac activity. Digital motion analysis, however, proved to be a very effective tool for analysing the shape and performance of the circulatory system in transparent animals and tissues. By subtracting the two fields of a video frame (the odd and the even frame), any movement that occurred within the 20 ms necessary for the acquisition of one field could be visualised. The length of the shifting vector generated by this subtraction, represented a direct measure of the velocity of a moving particle, i.e. an erythrocyte in the vascular system. By accumulating shifting vectors generated from several consecutive video frames, a complete trace of the routes over which erythrocytes moved could be obtained. Thus, a cast of the vascular system, except for those tiny vessels that are not entered by erythrocytes, could be obtained. Because the gray-scale value of any given pixel or any given group of pixels increased with the number of erythrocytes passing it, digital motion analysis could also be used to visualise the distribution of blood cells in transparent tissues. This method was used to describe the development of the peripheral vascular system in zebrafish larvae up to 8 days post-fertilisation. At this stage, food intake resulted in a clear redistribution of blood between muscle tissue and the gut, and alpha-adrenergic control of peripheral blood flow was established.

Distribution of blood flow in muscles of miniature swine during exercise

1987 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 1285-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Armstrong ◽  
M. D. Delp ◽  
E. F. Goljan ◽  
M. H. Laughlin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Peak Exercise ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Miniature Swine ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Limb Muscles ◽  
Total Muscle

The purpose of this study was to determine how the distribution of blood flow within and among the skeletal muscles of miniature swine (22 +/- 1 kg body wt) varies as a function of treadmill speed. Radiolabeled microspheres were used to measure cardiac output (Q) and tissue blood flows in preexercise and at 3–5 min of treadmill exercise at 4.8, 8.0, 11.3, 14.5, and 17.7 km/h. All pigs (n = 8) attained maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) (60 +/- 4 ml X min-1 X kg-1) by the time they ran at 17.7 km/h. At VO2max, 87% of Q (9.9 +/- 0.5 l/min) was to skeletal muscle, which constituted 36 +/- 1% of body mass. Average total muscle blood flow at VO2max was 127 +/- 14 ml X min-1 X 100 g-1; average limb muscle flow was 135 +/- 17 ml X min-1 X 100 g-1. Within the limb muscles, blood flow was distributed so that the deep red parts of extensor muscles had flows about two times higher than the more superficial white portions of the same muscles; the highest muscle blood flows occurred in the elbow flexors (brachialis: 290 +/- 44 ml X min-1 X 100 g-1). Peak exercise blood flows in the limb muscles were proportional (P less than 0.05) to the succinate dehydrogenase activities (r = 0.84), capillary densities (r = 0.78), and populations of oxidative (slow-twitch oxidative + fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic) fiber types (r = 0.93) in the muscles. Total muscle blood flow plotted as a function of exercise intensity did not peak until the pigs attained VO2max, although flows in some individual muscles showed a plateau in this relationship at submaximal exercise intensities. The data demonstrate that blood flow in skeletal muscles of miniature swine is distributed heterogeneously and varies in relation to fiber type composition and exercise intensity.

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