Excretion in the Cephalopod, Octopus Dofleini

1965 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-98
Author(s):  
F. M. HARRISON ◽  
A. W. MARTIN
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Hippuric Acid ◽  
Pericardial Fluid ◽  
Active Secretion ◽  
Pericardial Cavity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Branchial Heart ◽  
Urine Formation ◽  
Serial Samples

1. Experiments have been performed to determine some of the processes involved in urine formation in the octopus. The concentration of specific substances was followed in serial samples of the blood, pericardial fluid and urine for extended periods of time before and after the administration of metabolic poisons. 2. The results with inulin indicate that it is filtered since its concentration is approximately the same in the blood, pericardial fluid and urine. It is proposed that filtration of the blood occurs within the pericardial cavity. 3. The results with glucose indicate that it is reabsorbed from the filtrate in the pericardial cavity and reno-pericardial canal. Phlorizin administration increased the glucose concentration in the pericardial fluid and urine to the level of that in the blood. 4. The filtrate flows by way of the reno-pericardial canal into the renal sac. The results with phenolsulphonphthalein (PSP), para-amino hippuric acid (PAH) and urea indicate that active secretion into the filtrate takes place in the renal sacs. PSP, PAH and urea were in higher concentration in the urine than in the blood and pericardial fluid. The secretion of PAH and PSP was inhibited by DNP and benemid. 5. The theory of urine formation proposed is the following. Filtration of the blood occurs across the wall of the branchial heart appendage into the pericardial cavity. The filtrate formed passes by way of the reno-pericardial canal into the renal sacs. Reabsorption occurs en route to the renal sacs. Active secretion into the filtrate occurs in the renal sacs from where the filtrate is expelled to the outside as urine.

Some Excretory Processes in the Abalone, Haliotis Rufescens

1962 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. HARRISON
Keyword(s):  
Hippuric Acid ◽  
Left Kidney ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Pericardial Fluid ◽  
Active Secretion ◽  
Haliotis Rufescens ◽  
Pericardial Cavity ◽  
Urine Formation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Dye Solutions

1. Experiments were carried out on the abalone, Haliotis rufescens, to discover some of the mechanisms involved in urine formation. Test substances were infused into the blood stream and their concentrations followed in serially taken samples of blood, pericardial fluid and urine from the right and left kidneys. 2. Inulin appears to be filtered since its concentration is essentially the same in samples of blood, pericardial fluid and urine from each kidney. The concentrations of phenolsulphonphthalein and p-amino hippuric acid were considerably higher in right kidney urine than in the other fluids, indicating that this kidney is capable of active secretion. 3. Glucose occurred in lower concentrations in the left kidney urine than in blood and pericardial fluid, suggesting a reabsorption of glucose by this kidney. 4. Dye solutions of T-1824 and other materials infused slowly into the pericardial cavity appeared in the urine of both kidneys, suggesting the presence of two functional reno-pericardial canals; presence of both right and left canals was verified by dissection and observation. 5. From the results obtained it appears that the primary step in urine formation is filtration of blood through the walls of the atria into the pericardial cavity. This fluid then passes via the reno-pericardial canals into the kidneys where on the right side substances may be actively secreted into it and in the left kidney substances may be actively reabsorbed.

Nervous control of the heartbeat in octopus

1980 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Circulatory System ◽  
Aortic Pressure ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Cardiac Ganglion ◽  
Nervous Control ◽  
Cardiac Ganglia ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Branchial Heart ◽  
Systemic Heart

The circulatory system of cephalopods is based on a trio of hearts, with two pairs of associated ganglia linked to the CNS by a pair of visceral nerves. The beat of the hearts was recorded from free-moving octopuses before and after surgical removal or disconnexion of elements of the nervous system. Severing the visceral nerves does not stop the hearts, which continue to beat in a powerful well co-ordinated manner in isolation from the CNS. The nerves seem to be concerned in raising the cardiac output in exercise, and with stopping the hearts when mantle movements cease, but they are not necessary for the initiation of maintenance of the normal rhythm. Removal of the fusiform ganglia severs all nervous connexions between the ywo gill hearts, and deprives the systemic heart of its nerve supply. The trio of hearts continues to beat as strongly as before. Removal or disconnexion of a cardiac ganglion disrupts the beat of the corresponding gill heart which now tends to contract in an ill-coordinated and rather feeble manner, though at much the same frequency as before; with both cardiacs gone the systemic heart, which contracts only when it is filled, tends to drop in frequency and the mean aortic pressure falls. The system remains rhythmic, however, and the beat may recover, to the point where aortic pressures and frequencies approach those found in intact animals at rest; even octopuses with both fusiform and both cardiac ganglia removed can survive for many hours. From the performance of the isolated branchial heart, the existence of a pulsating vesicle in each cardiac ganglion, the effects of cardiac ganglion removal and the remarkable steadiness of heartbeat frequency shown by intact animals under a variety of conditions, it is argued that the heartbeat rhythm is normally controlled by pacemakers in the branchial heart/ cardiac ganglion complexes, and perhaps, in intact animals, from within the cardiac ganglia themselves. The picture of the control of the heartbeat that emerges from the study of free moving essentially intact animals is quite different from that arising from in vitro and acute preparation studies. It suggests that the conventional wisdom about the control of the heartbeat in cephalopods (and perhaps by implication, in other molluscs) may need to be considerably revised.

Ultrafiltration in the Branchial Heart Appendage of Dibranchiate Cephalopods: A Comparative Ultrastructural and Physiological Study

1981 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-35
Author(s):  
R. SCHIPP ◽  
F. HEVERT
Keyword(s):  
Basal Lamina ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Physiological Study ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Sepia Officinalis ◽  
Branchial Heart ◽  
Urine Formation

It is shown that ultrafiltration could be the first step in urine formation in Sepia officinalis and Octopus vulgaris. The organization of the podocytes indicates that ultrafiltration can occur through these cells. They have a thick basal lamina in contact with the peripheral blood lacunae, and the cell apices lie in infoldings of the lumen of the appendage. Comparison between the colloid-osmotic and the hydrostatic pressures of the fluids in the branchial heart and the pericardial coelom shows that an ultrafiltration can take place during the branchial heart systole as well as during a long phase of the diastole. Comparison of the osmolalities of blood, coelomic fluid, renal-sac fluid, and sea water shows that these species are hypoosmotic regulators.

Splanchnic and systemic absorption of intraperitoneal insulin using a new double-tracer method

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (5) ◽  
pp. E750-E759 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Radziuk ◽  
S. Pye ◽  
D. E. Seigler ◽  
J. S. Skyler ◽  
R. Offord ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Vena Cava ◽  
Portal Vein ◽  
Inferior Vena ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Systemic Absorption ◽  
Tracer Method ◽  
Total Recovery ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Intraperitoneal Insulin ◽  
Serial Samples

The absorption of a bolus of intraperitoneal insulin into the splanchnic and peripheral circulations was separately assessed in dogs using an infusion of two insulin tracers (A1-[3H]insulin and B1-[3H]insulin). One tracer was infused into the superior mesenteric artery and the second into the jugular vein. Serial samples were taken before and after an injection of insulin (1 U/kg ip). Sampling was from the portal vein and the inferior vena cava. By using the principle of equivalent entry of tracer and unlabeled material, we developed two simultaneous equations for the rate of splanchnic and peripheral insulin absorption at each time point. These were solved to yield the two rates. Mean concentrations in the portal vein were approximately 25% higher than in the inferior vena cava, reflecting the splanchnic absorption. This rate accounted for almost half (51 +/- 9%) of the insulin absorbed. The remainder of the absorption was peripheral. The total recovery of intraperitoneal insulin, absorbed by either route, was 88 +/- 11%. Portal absorption peaked earlier than peripheral. Absorption by both routes was 90% complete within approximately 2 h (131 +/- 16 min). In summary, therefore, intraperitoneal insulin is rapidly and almost completely absorbed, with absorption split between the splanchnic and peripheral routes of entry.

The Value of Urinary β-Thromboglobulin Measurements in Clinical Situations

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dawes ◽  
R.C. Smith ◽  
D. Borsey ◽  
D. Aronstam
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Hip Replacement ◽  
Normal Individual ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Serial Samples ◽  
Positive Results

Plasma β-thromboglobulin (ß -TG) measurements are subject to occasional false high values arising during sampling and processing. In the normal individual urinary β-TG is maintained at a constant low level (0.14 ± 0.09 ng. ml-1), and elevations in this value reflect raised plasma concentrations. Plasma and urinary β-TG concentrations were measured in normal individuals, in 18 patients presenting with suspected deep venous thrombosis, and in 75 diabetic patients. Serial samples were also taken before and after 9 hip replacement operations. The results indicate that measurement of urinary β-TG concentration in patients may be a simpler and more reliable means of detecting platelet activation than assay of plasma samples. False positive results do not occur when urinary concentrations are measured, unless renal function is abnormal;grossly elevated values may even detect occult renal disease.

scholarly journals Erysipelas Complicated with Acute Exudative Pericarditis

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 571
Author(s):  
Akvilė Gečaitė ◽  
Aušra Vainalavičiūtė ◽  
Daiva Emilija Rekienė ◽  
Laima Jankauskienė ◽  
Albinas Naudžiūnas
Keyword(s):  
Troponin I ◽  
Epigastric Pain ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Pericardial Fluid ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
St Segment Elevation ◽  
Pericardial Cavity ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
St Segment ◽  
The Face

Erysipelas is a common skin infection of the upper dermis. Its most common complications are local; these include abscess formation, skin necrosis, etc. In the present article, we introduce a case of a 75-year-old patient with erysipelas of the face complicated with acute exudative pericarditis. The patient came to Kaunas Clinical Hospital complaining of extreme fatigue and fever, oedema of the left side of the face, and erythema typical for erysipelas. The patient also felt sternum and epigastric pain, especially during breathing, and dyspnoea. Heart work was rhythmic 100 bpm; blood pressure was 142/70 mmHg. Pericardial friction rub was heard over the left sternal border. There were no alterations in other systems. In the electrocardiogram, concave ST segment elevation in leads II, III, and aVF was identified. In addition, during hospitalisation, the patient experienced atrial fibrillation paroxysm, which was treated with amiodarone intravenously. The blood test showed C-reactive protein: 286 mg/L; white blood cells: 20 × 109/L; troponin I was within the normal range. During echocardiography, pericardial fluid in pericardial cavity was identified. As no changes in troponin I were observed, according to the ST segment elevation, the woman was diagnosed with erysipelas of the left side of the face complicated with acute exudative pericarditis. Antibacterial treatment of cephalosporins was administered. After the treatment, C-reactive protein decreased to 27.8 mg/L; whereas, in the electrocardiogram, the return of the ST segment to the isoline was observed, and pericardial fluid resorbed from the pericardial cavity. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this case is a rare combination of erysipelas complicated with acute exudative pericarditis.

scholarly journals P717 Isolated left ventricular tamponade in a patient with severe pulmonary hypertension due to chronic thromboembolisms: a case report

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
O Vinter ◽  
M Trbusic ◽  
M Menegoni
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Pericardial Effusion ◽  
Right Ventricular ◽  
Interventricular Septum ◽  
Posterior Wall ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Pericardial Fluid ◽  
Left Ventricular Cavity ◽  
Pericardial Cavity

Abstract A case presents a 37 years old patient who presented to emergency department with progression of dyspnea. Patient had a history of pulmonary hypertension due to chronic thromboembolism and known, repetitive thrombosis of both legs with both of them postthrombotically altered, especially left leg. During his emergency department workup he had a pulmonary angiography performed which showed evidence of old thromboembolism in right pulmonary main branch and circumferential pericardial effusion which was dominantly locularized behind left ventricular posterior wall. Emergency echocardiography was performed which showed marked respiratory variations in mitral and aortic flow with mid to late diastolic left ventricular collapse. Also left ventricular cavity was severely reduced ( EDD 29 mm) due to prominent interventricular septum (right ventricular pressure overload) and hyperkinetic posterior wall (pericardial effusion). There were no apparent signs of compression of right ventricular chambers. Clinically patient had no pulsus paradoxus and had an RR of 115/70 mmHg. Emergency pericardiocentesis was performed using subxiphoid approach. However, pericardiocentesis setting was challenging because patient also had ample of ascites which made orientation by aspiration impossible. Instead puncture was performed under fluoroscopy while slowly instilling the contrast until contrast was delievered intradiaphragmally. From there needle was advanced 3-4 mm into pericardial cavity and pigtail catheter was placed. A total of 2200 ml of milky pericardial fluid was removed during the following 48 hours (cytology – mixed type; triglycerides 1.9 mmol/L). Patient was initially treated with corticosteroids and colhicin, but had a relapse of pericardial effusion once drainage was stopped so re-pericardiocentesis was performed. This time a total of 7200 ml of pericardial fluid was drained so we opted for pericardial fenestration (into left pleural space). Unfortunately, patient died on the 8th postoperative day due to complications (developed subcutaneous emphysema at the place of insertion of thoracal drainage and developed respiratory, then refractory cardiac arrest).

scholarly journals Management of pericarditis

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
Ombretta Para ◽  
Eleonora Blasi ◽  
Martina Finocchi ◽  
Tiziana Ciarambino ◽  
Chiara Florenzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Pericardial Fluid ◽  
Acute Pericarditis ◽  
Pericardial Cavity ◽  
Significant Impairment ◽  
Systemic Disorder ◽  
Visceral Layer ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome

Pericarditis is an inflammatory syndrome involving pericardium, which is a double-walled sac consisting of two leaves, a serous visceral layer in contact with the myocardium (pericardium) and a parietal fibrous one, delimiting a cavity (pericardial cavity) containing pericardial fluid. Pericarditis may occur isolated or as a manifestation of a systemic disorder. Diagnosis and correct management of pericarditis can be difficult and its natural history is often characterized by a lot of relapses. Treatment of acute pericarditis should target the underlying etiology. The diagnosis is based on characteristic clinical findings, electrocardiogram, and echocardiography. The goals of treatment are relief of pain, resolution of inflammation (and, if present, pericardial effusion), and prevention of recurrence. Despite a significant impairment of the quality of life, pericarditis usually has good long-term outcomes.

scholarly journals Glucose Interference in the Pancreolauryl Test

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-278
Author(s):  
A L Trewick
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Effect Of Glucose ◽  
Pancreolauryl Test

The influence of the glucose concentration in urines being assayed as part of a pancreolauryl test was investigated. Paired patient urines ( n = 5) were assayed at 60° and 70°C, before and after spiking to 5% glucose. The influence of assay temperature alone was assessed using glucose-free paired patient urines ( n = 10). Aqueous glucose solutions and spiked (5% glucose) normal random urines ( n = 5) were assayed to assess the effect of glucose concentration alone. There was no difference in T/K ratios for glucose-free patient samples at 60°, 70° and 80°C. After spiking with glucose T/K ratios were significantly different when assayed at 70°C, but not when assayed at 60°C. Aqueous glucose solutions ≥ 0.6% produced a pigment at temperatures ≥ 65°C which absorbed at the λmax of fluorescein. Glucose was found to interfere in the pancreolauryl test. Caution should be exercised when interpreting results from glucosuric samples.

scholarly journals Glucose biosensor based on entrapment of glucose oxidase and myoglobin in silica gel by the sol-gel method

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed A. Zaitoun
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Glucose Oxidase ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Decay Curve ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Porous Silica ◽  
Glucose Biosensor ◽  
Negative Peak ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Porous Silica Glass

A spectrophotometric method is presented to determine glucose employing the sol-gel technique. Myoglobin (Mb) and glucose oxidase are encapsulated in a transparent and porous silica glass. The produced gel (xerogel) is then immersed in water where increments of glucose are added to the solution with stirring; glucose diffuses into the sol-gel glass pores and a series of reactions take place. Glucose is first oxidized by glucose oxidase and oxygen to gluconate and hydrogen peroxide is generated. The liberated hydrogen peroxide oxidizes the Mb heme (Fe2+into Fe3+). The higher is the glucose concentration added, the more is the H2O2generated, and the more is the Mb oxidation (Fe2+to Fe3+) and as a result the higher is the absorbance at 400 nm (negative peak, lower absorbance value). All measurements are performed at this wavelength (400 nm), the negative peak obtained by subtracting the absorption spectra of Mb before and after oxidation. Measuring the slope of the absorbance decay versus time at 400 nm monitors increments of added glucose. Each glucose concentration has an accompanying unique decay curve with a unique slope. The higher is the glucose concentration; the steeper is the decay curve (higher slope value). The calibration curve was linear up to 40 mM.

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