Muscular Activity of the Mantle of Sepia and Loligo (Cephalopoda) During Respiratory Movements and Jetting, and Its Physiological Interpretation

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-419
Author(s):  
A. PACKARD ◽  
E. R. TRUEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Respiratory Movements

1. The action of the mantle of Sepia and Loligo has been monitored under nearly natural conditions. Respiratory movements are confined to the anterior mantle whilst during jet cycles the circular muscles contract powerfully throughout the mantle. 2. Contraction of circular muscle results in thickening of the mantle and expulsion of water from the mantle cavity. Activity of radial muscles causes the mantle to become thinner and to expand in surface area so as to inhale water. 3. During such movements these two groups of muscles antagonize each other directly without the participation of a discrete skeleton.

scholarly journals Patterns Of Circular And Radial Mantle Muscle Activity in Respiration and Jetting of the Squid Loligo Opalescens

1983 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN M. GOSLINE ◽  
JOHN D. STEEVES ◽  
ANTHONY D. HARMAN ◽  
M. EDWIN DEMONT
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Small Contribution ◽  
Tissue Elasticity ◽  
Elastic Recoil ◽  
Loligo Opalescens ◽  
Muscle Groups

1. By simultaneously recording the electromyographic (EMG) activity of squid mantle muscles, changes in mantle cavity pressure and changes in mantle diameter, we have been able to distinguish the pattern of radial muscle activity from circular muscle activity, and in so doing were able to determine the functional role of these muscle groups in motor behaviours. 2. Three distinguishable phases of activity appear during escape jets: (i), hyper-inflation brought about by the contraction of the radial muscles; (ii), the jet powered by the contraction of circular muscles; and (iii), refilling powered largely by the elastic recoil of the mantle wall, but with a small contribution from the radial muscles. 3. Two distinctly different patterns of muscular activity were seen in respiratory movements. One pattern (pattern I) is powered by the radial muscles alone, while the other (pattern II) is powered by the circular muscles alone. In both modes of respiration, the muscles are apparently antagonized by tissue elasticity. 4. Thus, the storage of elastic energy in the connective tissue fibre-lattice of the mantle wall plays a very important role in both modes of squid movement.

A Note on the Habits and Nutrition of Solemya parkinsoni (Protobranchia: Bivalvia)

1961 ◽  
Vol s3-102 (57) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
G. OWEN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Spring Tide ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Animal Burrows ◽  
Water Spring

Adult specimens of Solemya parkinsoni Smith, embedded in mud at a depth of 50 cm or more, were collected near low water (spring tide). The animal burrows with the anterior end downwards and does not maintain an opening to the surface. An inhalant current is drawn into the mantle cavity anteriorly on each side of the foot, while an exhalant current leaves by the single, posteriorly situated aperture. This is probably a respiratory current, bottom material entering the mantle cavity as a result of the muscular activity of the mantle and foot. The course of the alimentary canal is described, and the problem of feeding and nutrition correlated with the extreme reduction of the gut exhibited by S.parkinsoni discussed. It is suggested that an initial breakdown of organic material may take place in the mantle cavity.

scholarly journals The biology of Mercurialis perennis L. polycormones

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystyna Falińska
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Field Distribution ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Herb Layer ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Geometrical Progression ◽  
Oval Shape

The developmental cycle of <em>Mercurialis perennis</em> L. polycormones lasts about 6 years. Under natural conditions polycormones arise by way of vegetative propagation. Their development and growth depend on the age, size and developmental state of the part of the plant from which the new individual arises. Development of the polycormone is most intensive in the first three years. During that time the young individuals increase their number of above-ground and underground shoots according to geometrical progression. A certain stabilization in growth and spread was observed in the 4th and 5th year of life. At that time the polycormones are of spherical or oval shape and their structure is mono- and polycentric. Their surface area is 0.51-2.0 m<sup>2</sup> and the number of above-ground shoots amounts to 80-200. In the following years the intensity of regeneration decreases. Polycormones developing in garden culture reach their senile phase in the 3rd and 4th year of life, whereas in natural conditions in the 5th and 6th year. Then gradual dying of the oldest parts of the polycormone starts its division into several independent units. The rapid increase of the area occupied by the newly arising individuals leads to obliteration of the boundaries between them. The development of the aggregation-field distribution specific for this species is preceded by random and aggregation-random distribution of the polycormones in the <em>Tilio-Carpinetum</em> herb layer. It is evaluated that compact one-species patches of <em>Mercurialis parennis</em> L. form in forest communities in about 10 years.

Structure and Physiology of the Organs of Feeding and Digestion in Ostrea edulis

1926 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Yonge
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Ostrea Edulis ◽  
Food Material ◽  
Rate Of Dissolution ◽  
Adult Oyster ◽  
Tissue Cells

The anatomy and histology of the food collecting and alimentary organs of the adult oyster are described.The anatomy of the stomach is investigated with the aid of gelatin casts and attention drawn to the food caecum, the ventral groove, and the two ducts of the digestive diverticula.Cilia and mucus glands are universal throughout the food collecting and alimentary organs.There is evidence that the gastric shield is composed of fused cilia.The histology of the style-sac resembles that described by Mackintosh for Crepidula. There is evidence that secretion of the style takes place in the groove.Phagocytes are everywhere numerous in the blood vessels, connective tissue and epithelia, and free in the gut and mantle cavity.The alimentary organs of the larva are described.The anatomy and histology of these organs in the spat isdescribed, the palps are relatively large and the gills asymmetrical. The style-sac is distinct from the mid-gut.The course of the ciliary currents on the gills and palps is described and the importance of the various selective mechanisms emphasized.Selection appears to be purely quantitative, large particles or mucus masses being rejected and smaller ones accepted.Muscular activity is of great importance in the functioning of both gills and palps. Reversal of cilia has never been seen.Rejected matter is removed from the mantle cavity.Material is sorted in the food caecum in the stomach, larger particles passing into the mid-gut and smaller ones towards the gastric shield and ducts of the digestive diverticula, within the tubules of which there is a constant circulation.The rotation of the style assists in the stirring of matter in the stomach.In the style-sac are cilia, which rotate the style and others which push it into the storuach.In the larva the velum acts as a food collecting organ ; the style lies in an extension of the stomach and rotates rapidly. Material passes freely into the digestive diverticula.In the spat rejective mechanisms are highly developed. The style revolves at a speed of between sixty and seventy revolutions per minute.The tubules of the digestive diverticula are the only place where soluble matter is absorbed, in adult, larvae, or spat.Fine particles are ingested and digested intracellularly in the tubules of the digestive diverticula, the products of digestion carried away by amoebocytes, and useless matter rejected into the lumen.Larger particles are ingested and digested by phagocytes in all parts, the products of digestion being carried to the vesicular connective tissue cells and there stored.Enzymes in the style digest starch and glycogen. The amylase, at pH 5.9, has an optimum temperature of 43'C, and is destroyed atThe optimum medium is pH 5-9. It is inactivated by purification with absolute alcohol or by dialysis, but action is restored on the addition of chlorides or bromides and to a less extent iodides, nitrates, and carbonates, but not with sulphates or fluorides.Sucroclastic enzymes in the digestive diverticula act on starch, glycogen, sucrose, raffinose, maltose, lactose, salicin, and amygdalin, but not on inulin, cellulose, or pentosans.The amylase, at pH 5-5, has an optimum temperature of 44-5, and is destroyed at between 64 and 67. It has an optimum pH of 5-5, and is inactivated after purification or dialysis, action being restored in the presence of chlorides or bromides.There is a weak lipase and protease, the latter has two optima at pH 3-7 and at or above 9-0 ; its action is very slow.The only enzymes free in the stomach are those from the style.There is no evidence of any enzymes free in the gill mucus.There is a powerful complete oxidase system in the style, and a catalase in the digestive diverticula and gonad, and traces in the palps, gills, and muscle.The style is the most acid substance in the gut and the cause of the acidity of the gut.The style is dissolved rapidly in fluid of pH 2-3 and above, but very slowly below that point. It is readily dissolved and reformed in the oyster, its presence depending on the maintenance of the balance between the rate of secretion and the rate of dissolution. Its condition is a valuable indication of the state of metabolism.Glycogen and fat are stored, particularly in the vesicular connective tissue cells, the former furnishing the principal reserve food material.The presence of abundant supplies of microscopic plant life rich in carbohydrates provides ideal food for the oyster, and represents optimum conditions for fattening and reproduction.

scholarly journals On the Behaviour of Wireworms of the Genus Agriotes Esch. (Coleoptera, Elateridae)

1943 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
A. D. LEES
Keyword(s):  
Differential Effect ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Burrow System ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Excess Moisture ◽  
Burrowing Activity ◽  
Single Larva ◽  
Good Agreement

1. Simple methods are described by which wireworms could be offered the choice of two alternative moistures. 2 . An account is given of the construction of a burrow. The extension of the burrow system by a single larva falls off with time; it is probable that under natural conditions such a system is semipermanent. 3. Wireworms migrate rapidly out of dry sand and aggregate in wet sand. This is due solely to the differential effect of moisture on the burrowing activity (ortho-kinesis). 4. Burrowing wireworms do not respond to gravity. 5. The feeding activity of a small population of larvae was found to be much greater at low than at high moistures. This is partly the result of the inactivity of the larvae when exposed to high moistures, and their consequent failure to reach the food. The presence of excess moisture, however, also has the effect of inhibiting all muscular activity, and this influences the manipulation of the mouth parts during feeding and locomotion alike. 6. These results are in good agreement with a number of purely ecological observations on wireworm behaviour.

The Structure and Function of the Alimentary Canal of Aplysia Punctata

1942 ◽  
Vol s2-83 (331) ◽  
pp. 357-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. HOWELLS
Keyword(s):  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Buccal Cavity ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Anterior Intestine ◽  
Storage Cells ◽  
And Function

1. The anatomy and histology of the alimentary canal, process of feeding, and physiology of digestion in Aplysia punctata have been investigated. 2. The food undergoes little trituration in the buccal cavity. The mode of action of the jaws and odontophore is adapted to the rapid intake of vegetable food. 3. The oesophagus and crop together form an anatomical and physiological unit. 4. Trituration occurs in the gizzard. The teeth are adapted to the trituration of plant material; this is of particular importance owing to the weak action of the cellulase. 5. Coarser particles of weed are retained by the teeth of the filter chamber and returned to the gizzard during the forward movement of the gut fluid. 6. The ciliary currents in the anterior intestine ensure that only food in a finely divided or fluid state is admitted to the stomach. Medium and larger sized particles are carried straight into the intestine. 7. Ciliary currents in the stomach are concerned with the removal of material rejected from the tubules of the digestive diverticula. This material is consolidated, cemented, and moulded into a faecal rod within the caecum, and conveyed by ciliary action to the intestine. 8. The intestine is concerned with the further consolidation and moulding of the complete faecal mass, and its propulsion (by combined ciliary and muscular action) to the rectum. 9. Mucus is secreted throughout the gut with the exception of the regions of the jaws, gizzard, and filter chamber. Enzymes are secreted in the salivary glands (amylase and protease) and in the digestive diverticula (carbohydrases, lipase, and proteases). Glands probably secreting a lubricant (other than mucus) occur in the epithelium of the lateral walls of the buccal cavity, and others, secreting a cementing substance, in the caecum and intestine. 10. Absorptive cells occupy the greater part of the epithelium of the digestive diverticula. They occur together with secretory, excretory, and storage cells. 11. Digestion occurs within the oesophagus and crop, gizzard, filter chamber, anterior intestine, stomach, and tubules of the digestive diverticula. The hydrogen ion concentration is here suitable for the action of the enzymes, and the gut fluid is kept in motion by the muscular activity of the walls. 12. A high pH exists in the lumen of the caecum, posterior intestine, and rectum, probably assisting in the consolidation of the faecal mass by increasing the viscosity of the mucus. 13. The presence of a highly efficient mechanism for the formation of the faeces is probably correlated with the poorly developed cleansing mechanism in the mantle cavity.

scholarly journals Muscular and Hydrostatic Action in the Sea-Anemone Metridium Senile (L.)

1950 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. BATHAM ◽  
C. F. A. PANTIN
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Isometric Tension ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Skeletal System ◽  
Metridium Senile ◽  
Pressure Changes ◽  
Muscular Action

1. In contrast with most other Actinians, Metridium senile exhibits a great variety of shapes of the body. These are brought about by continual slow muscular activity. The mechanics of muscular action are discussed. The action of most of the muscles is extremely slow. An isotonic contraction of the parietal muscles requires 40-60 sec. to reach its maximum and many minutes to relax. The body wall is capable of extension by about 400%. There are limits to extensibility in the normal animal. The mechanisms by which the animal itself increases or reduces extension by controlling its coelenteric volume are described. Fluid is gained chiefly through the siphonoglyph, though under certain conditions there may be suction into the coelenteron. Fluid is lost chiefly through reflex opening of the mouth. From time to time Metridium empties itself of fluid, and then refills in a few hours. A rate of refilling of 14 c.c./hr. has been measured. 2. Pressure changes in the coelenteron which occur during activity show that both retraction and extension of the column are active processes involving a rise in pressure which enforces reciprocal extension of the opposing musculature. 3. The relation of normal activity and shape to the coelenteric pressure is shown. This average pressure is extremely low; about 2-3 mm. of water. In a moderately filled unstimulated animal the natural muscular contractions are accompanied by a rise in pressure not generally exceeding 6-7 mm. of water. In such animals the natural contractions are of considerable extent, reaching over 30% of the body length. 4. By experimental inflation of the coelenteron with sea water, the system can be made to work more isometrically. The extent of movement is reduced and the animal may appear inactive. The presence of considerable though ineffective muscular activity is shown by the fact that large pressure changes (up to about 12 mm. of water) now take place. By raising the coelenteric pressure increased contractile activity in the body wall may actually reduce the extent of movement. 5. The isometric pressure which the body wall can develop in the coelenteron has been estimated. Pressures developed during natural contractions of a moderately filled animal demand muscular tensions in the body wall ranging between 20 and 50% of the isometric tension. The range of tension corresponds to that which would be most mechanically efficient if Metridium muscle resembles that of other animals. 6. An estimate is deduced from the coelenteric pressure of the isometric tension developed by the circular muscle of the column of Metridium. It is about 3-5 g./cm. of body wall transverse to the muscle. This is in agreement with direct observation of the isometric tension developed by strips of circular muscle. This tension in the column may correspond to a tension of 40 kg./sq.cm. of the individual muscle fibres and is very much greater than the values obtained from the frog's sartorius. 7. The extensive responses of the powerful retractor muscles involve much greater pressures (40-100 mm.) than those against which the column muscles can operate. The development of these muscles is related to the necessity of speed of action in a system undergoing great deformation. 8. Muscular action in a hydrostatic skeletal system is contrasted with that in the jointed skeletal system of Vertebrates and Arthropods. The former system is characterized by slowness of action and great change of length. In contrast with the Vertebrate skeletal system, in the hydrostatic system reciprocal muscular action is not localized. The movement of every muscle influences the mechanical conditions of every other in the system. Each muscle has two actions, a local direct action, and an indirect action, as in the elongation of Metridium on contraction of the circular muscles. The consequences of this are discussed.

Endogenous prostaglandin E and contractile activity of isolated ileal smooth muscle.

1978 ◽  
Vol 234 (2) ◽  
pp. E209 ◽  
Author(s):  
K M Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Eicosatetraenoic Acid ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Prostaglandin Synthetase ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
Endogenous Prostaglandin ◽  
Spontaneous Contractions ◽  
External Calcium

The effects of endogenous prostaglandin E (PGE) on the contractile activity of isolated cat ileal muscle rings were studied. Force development in circularly oriented muscle fibers were recorded. The muscles contained a mean basal PGE concentration of 1 +/- 0.6 ng PGE per g wet wt (mean +/- SE) as measured by radioimmunoassay. Acetylcholine (ACh) or elevated potassium caused contractions and enhanced PGE concentration (P less than 0.05). Removing Ca2+ from high potassium solutions blocked contraction, but PGE concentration still increased (P less than 0.02). The prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, indomethacin and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA) reduced PGE concentration in muscles (less than 50 pg PGE per g muscle) and increased the magnitude of contractions induced by either ACh or elevated potassium. Spontaneous contractions were observed in many tissues after inhibition of PGE synthesis. In conclusion, endogenous PGE limits spontaneous and depolarization-induced muscular activity in cat ileal circular muscle. Synthesis of PGE was increased by depolarizing stimuli whether or not contractions were blocked by the removal of external calcium.

On the respiratory flow in the cuttlefish sepia officinalis.

1994 ◽  
Vol 194 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q Bone ◽  
E Brown ◽  
G Travers
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Respiratory Pattern ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Sepia Officinalis ◽  
Cavity Pressure ◽  
Elastic Recoil ◽  
Respiratory Flow ◽  
Large Pressure

The respiratory flow of water over the gills of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis at rest is produced by the alternate activity of the radial muscles of the mantle and the musculature of the collar flaps; mantle circular muscle fibres are not involved. Inspiration takes place as the radial fibres contract, thinning the mantle and expanding the mantle cavity. The rise in mantle cavity pressure (up to 0.15 kPa), expelling water via the siphon during expiration, is brought about by inward movement of the collar flaps and (probably) mainly by elastic recoil of the mantle connective tissue network 'wound up' by radial fibre contraction during inspiration. Sepia also shows a second respiratory pattern, in which mantle cavity pressures during expiration are greater (up to 0.25 kPa). Here, the mantle circular fibres are involved, as they are during the large pressure transients (up to 10 kPa) seen during escape jetting. Active contraction of the muscles of the collar flaps is seen in all three patterns of expulsion of water from the mantle cavity, electrical activity increasing with increasing mantle cavity pressures. Respiratory expiration in the resting squid Loligo vulgaris is probably driven as in Sepia, whereas in the resting octopus Eledone cirrhosa, the mantle circular musculature is active during expiration. The significance of these observations is discussed.

scholarly journals Inherent Activity in the Sea-Anemone, Metridium Senile (L.)

1950 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-301
Author(s):  
E. J. BATHAM ◽  
C. F. A. PANTIN
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Conduction Time ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
Metridium Senile ◽  
Leadership Changes ◽  
A Chain

1. The sea-anemone Metridium senile shows continual muscular activity. The activity is so slow that it is rarely appreciated by the eye as movement. Methods of observing and analysing such activity are discussed. 2. The activity of the column of the anemone has been analysed. It consists of a sequence of reciprocal contractions of the parietal muscles and the circular muscle coat. A sequence of activity commonly begins with a contraction of the parietals, followed by contraction of the marginal sphincter, which in turn initiates a peristaltic wave. The whole sequence lasts several minutes. The size and duration of its components may vary greatly. Activity may show a more or less regular rhythm with a period of the order of 10 min. between each major contraction. It may, however, show no trace of rhythm. 3. The activity of different parts of the body wall may show striking co-ordination. A contraction of one part of the parietal musculature is usually followed by contraction of the others. In other cases there may be no trace of co-ordination. The parietal muscles of one side may contract without contraction of those opposite, so that the animal bends over. 4. Co-ordination takes place through one part of the body wall acting as ‘leader’. The other parts of the body wall follow this contraction with long delays (up to 30 sec. or more). The delay is far greater than the through-conduction time in the nerve-net (50-80 msec. in Metridium). There is evidence that it is of local origin. One sector usually maintains leadership for long periods; but from time to time the site of leadership changes. 5. Evidence is given that the activity continues unaltered in the absence of external stimulation. It is inherent. The evidence does not suggest that it is maintained through self-stimulation by preceding contractions after the manner of a chain reflex. 6. The activity varies greatly in character and extent in different animals and in the same animal at different times. This remains true even under apparently constant environmental conditions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document