Liquid Methane as a Motor Fuel

1949 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Imperial College ◽  
Engine Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Fuel System ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Liquid Methane

A comprehensive programme of work on the development of liquid methane as a motor fuel was started in 1938 in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Imperial College. This paper describes some of the work concerned with the actual utilization on the vehicle. The factors affecting power output and fuel economy are discussed, and engine test results obtained at the laboratories of Messrs. Ricardo and Company, Engineers (1927), Ltd., are presented. Work on the development of a suitable vacuum-insulated fuel tank is described with particular reference to “neck losses”. The vehicle fuel system and its components as finally developed are described, and the results of long-distance service trials of a motor ‘bus with the normal and a higher compression ratio are given. A disadvantage of liquid methane with the fuel system used so far is the loss of fuel by evaporation; the paper ends with a description of fuel systems which enable this loss to be virtually eliminated.

scholarly journals Analysis of factors affecting the fuel economy of ice when operating a hydrocarbon fuel activator

2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 01005
Author(s):  
Alexander Maksimenko ◽  
Natalia Buryanova
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Fuel System ◽  
Factors Affecting

The article examines the issue of the influence of a hydrocarbon fuel activator on the fuel consumption by the internal combustion engine when the activator is installed in the fuel system when the car is running. The analysis of the previously performed work was carried out, hereupon the installation of a hydrocarbon fuel activator was identified as the parameter influencing the fuel consumption of a vehicle. The indicators that require accounting the rate of fuel consumption when the hydrocarbon fuel activator is installed, have been determined.

Improving the Strength of Abrasive Wheels and Optimizing the Control over the Strength of Composite Abrasive Materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 946 ◽  
pp. 380-385
Author(s):  
Boris A. Chaplygin ◽  
Viacheslav V. Shirokov ◽  
Tat'yana A. Lisovskaya ◽  
Roman A. Lisovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Material Density ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Reinforcing Material ◽  
Special Studies ◽  
First Time

The strength of abrasive wheels is one of the key factors affecting the performance of abrasive machining. The paper discusses ways to improve the strength of abrasive wheels. The stress-state mathematical model presented herein is a generalization of the existing models. It is used herein to find for the first time that there are numerous optimal combinations of the elastic modulus and reinforcing material density, which result in the same minimum value of the objective function. It is found out that increasing the radius of the reinforcing component while also optimizing the mechanical properties of its material may increase the permissible breaking speed of the wheel several times. We herein present a regression equation and a nomogram for finding the optimal combination of control factors. Conventional methods for testing the mechanical properties of materials, which have been proven reliable for testing metals and alloys, are not as reliable for testing abrasive materials, as the test results they generate are not sufficiently stable or accurate. We therefore propose an alternative method that does not require any special equipment or special studies.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Bleeding Resistance in Chip Seal and Asphalt Emulsion Residue Rheology

Coatings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 670
Author(s):  
Preeda Chaturabong
Keyword(s):  
Influence Factors ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Asphalt Emulsion ◽  
Aggregate Gradation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Chip Seal ◽  
Asphalt Emulsions

Chip seal bleeding is influenced by many factors, including design inputs, material properties, and project-specific conditions. It reduces the surface texture of the pavement and thus compromises the safety of the traveling public. Even though factors that bring about premature bleeding are known, currently, no laboratory test methods for evaluating bleeding in chip seals have been specified. The objective of this paper is to present the results of an investigation of the influence factors of asphalt emulsion residue properties measured by the ASTM D7405 multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test, as well as other factors related to chip seal bleeding resistance as measured by the modified loaded wheel test (MLWT). In this study, the MSCR test was used as a tool for evaluating the performance of asphalt emulsions because it has been identified as a potential test related to bleeding in the field. In addition, MLWT was selected as a tool for evaluating chip seal bleeding performance in the laboratory. The results of the MLWT showed that the emulsion application rate (EAR), aggregate gradation, and emulsion properties were significant factors affecting bleeding. The MSCR test was found to be a promising tool for the performance evaluation of asphalt emulsion residue, as the test was able to differentiate between emulsion chemistries and modifications in terms of sensitivity to both temperature and stress. In relation to chip seal bleeding resistance, only the creep compliance (Jnr) obtained from the MSCR test results was identified as a significant property affecting potential for bleeding.

Engine Testing of an Advanced Alloy for Microturbine Primary Surface Recuperators

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy J. Matthews ◽  
Terry Bartel ◽  
Dwaine L. Klarstrom ◽  
Larry R. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Oxide Scale ◽  
Engine Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Protective Oxide ◽  
Protective Oxide Scale ◽  
Cyclic Operation ◽  
Engine Testing

HAYNES® alloy HR-120® has been identified as a potential alloy for the manufacture of primary surface recuperators. Primary surface recuperator components have been manufactured from HR-120, and actual microturbine testing is on going. Initial engine test results indicate the formation of a protective oxide scale that is resistant to both steady-state and cyclic operation with no evidence of accelerated attack, and which is likely to meet or exceed the desired 80,000 hour component life.

Field Tests of Guide Vanes and Runner Blades of a Large Bulb Turbine for Output Deficiency Diagnosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 212-213 ◽  
pp. 1057-1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong Liu ◽  
Zhu Qing Huang ◽  
Shu Yun Zou ◽  
Hong De Rao
Keyword(s):  
Field Tests ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Hydropower Plant ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Guide Vanes ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Runner Blade ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Theoretical Analyses ◽  
Bulb Turbine

The 3# bulb turbine in Hongjiang Hydropower Plant has faced the problem of output deficiency since its commission in Sept. 2003, which caused a large economic loss. Following simple theoretical analyses on the main factors affecting the turbine’s output and efficiency, the field test schemes were determined to measure the shapes and intervals of guide vanes and runner blades of the 3#, 5# and 6# turbines. The test results discover that the average blade intervals of the 3# turbine are generally less than those of the 5# one. Suggestions on runner blade installation adjustment and combined curve modification are given.

Factors affecting the accuracy of control of internal combustion engine with a common rail fuel system

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Repeated Injection ◽  
Fuel System ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fuel Supply ◽  
Wave Phenomena ◽  
Control Accuracy

The article presents an overview of the operation of the battery fuel system with multiple injection, as well as the factors affecting the control accuracy of an internal combustion engine with a battery fuel system. The amount of preliminary fuel supply and the delay between preliminary and subsequent fuel supply by the electrohydraulic nozzle, as well as the tolerances for the design parameters of the electrohydraulic nozzle, are considered as influencing factors. Keywords wave phenomena; repeated injection; battery fuel system; electro hydraulic injector

On the estimation of optimal state-of-charge trajectory for plug-in hybrid electric buses using trip information

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440702110410
Author(s):  
Naser Sina ◽  
Vahid Esfahanian ◽  
Mohammad Reza Hairi Yazdi
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Dynamic Programming Algorithm ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
State Of Charge ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Programming Algorithm ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Optimal State ◽  
Energy Management Systems ◽  
Hybrid Electric

Plug-in hybrid electric buses are a viable solution to increase the fuel economy. In this framework, precise estimation of optimal state-of-charge trajectory along the upcoming driving cycle appears to play a pivotal role in the way to approach the globally optimal fuel economy. This paper aims to conduct a parametric study on the key factors affecting the estimation of optimal state-of-charge trajectory, including trip information availability and trip segment distance, and to provide a guideline for the design and implementation of predictive energy management systems. To accomplish this, the dynamic programming algorithm is employed to obtain the solution of optimal control problem for the sampled driving cycles in a particular bus route. A large database comprising of driving features of the cycles and the optimal solution is developed which then is used to construct a neural network based estimator for obtaining the optimal state-of-charge trajectory. The main results show promising performance of the proposed method with about 76% reduction in the root mean square error of the estimated trajectory comparing to the linear state-of-charge trajectory assumption. Moreover, the robustness of the estimator is verified through simulation and it is observed that appropriate choice of trip segment distance is vital to improve the estimation accuracy, especially in case of uncertain prediction of trip information.

Additional Engine Testing of an Advanced Alloy for Microturbine Primary Surface Recuperators

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy J. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Engine Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Preliminary Estimate ◽  
Parabolic Model ◽  
Scale Growth ◽  
Temperature Oxide ◽  
Model Engine ◽  
Engine Testing ◽  
Elemental Depletion

HAYNES ® alloy HR-120 ® is being evaluated as a replacement for type 347 stainless steel for use in Microturbine Primary Surface Recuperators. The material has been characterized after being subjected to both steady-state and cyclic engine exposure in a Capstone C60 MicroTurbine™ operating at 100°F above the normal operating temperature. Oxide scale growth and elemental depletion has been analyzed and documented after 1,800 and 2,500 hours of exposure. A preliminary estimate of the remaining usable oxidation life has been made using a simplified parabolic model. Engine test results indicate that HR-120 has improved oxidation resistance and elemental stability.

scholarly journals Factors affecting poor attendance for outpatient physiotherapy by patients discharged from Mthatha General Hospital with a stroke

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
N.P. Ntamo ◽  
D. Buso ◽  
B. Longo-Mbenza
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Clinical Impression ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Physiotherapy Department

Background: Stroke is a major cause of disability inthe world and its long term effects require adherence to physiotherapyprotocols for optimal rehabilitation. Clinical impression of data fromMthatha General Hospital (MGH) Physiotherapy Department revealedthat there was poor attendance of outpatient physiotherapy by strokepatients discharged from MGH and this had negative effects on outcomesand health care costs.Objective: To determine the extent and the socio-demographic reasonsfor poor attendance for outpatient physiotherapy by stroke patients.Methods: An observational descriptive study was conducted using arandomly selected sample of 103 stroke patients from a population of 139who attended physiotherapy in MGH in 2007. Structured interviews wereconducted and SPSS was used for data analysis.Results: The majority (86%) of patients did not attend physiotherapy until discharge from the Physiotherapy Department. Themajor reasons for poor attendance were lack of finances (95%), migration to other areas (36%), and living a long distance fromMGH (38%).Conclusion: Almost 9 out of 10 stroke patients fail to attend for outpatient physiotherapy because of lack of finances.Recommendation: Development of a Provincial Rehabilitation Policy with specific reference to decentralization of rehabilitationservices to address unavailability of physiotherapy services at clinics and health care centers which are proximal to the patients’residential areas is recommended.

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