EFFECTS OP ACUTE EXERCISE ON WHOLE BODY INSULIN ACTION IN OBESE SHHF/Mcc-cp RATS

This study evaluated whether improved insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in recovery from acute exercise coincides with reduced malonyl-CoA (MCoA) content in human muscle. Furthermore, we investigated whether a high-fat diet [65 energy-% (Fat)] would alter the content of MCoA and insulin action compared with a high-carbohydrate diet [65 energy-% (CHO)]. After 4 days of isocaloric diet on two occasions (Fat/CHO), 12 male subjects performed 1 h of one-legged knee extensor exercise (∼80% peak workload). Four hours after exercise, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was determined in both legs during a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Muscle biopsies were obtained in both legs before and after the clamp. Four hours after exercise, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was improved (∼70%, P < 0.001) independent of diet composition and despite normal insulin-stimulated regulation of insulin receptor substrate-1-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, GSK-3, and glycogen synthase. Interestingly, exercise resulted in a sustained reduction (∼20%, P < 0.05) in MCoA content 4 h after exercise that correlated ( r = 0.65, P < 0.001) with improved insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Four days of Fat diet resulted in an increased content of intramyocellular triacylglycerol ( P < 0.01) but did not influence muscle MCoA content or whole body insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. However, at the muscular level proximal insulin signaling and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake appeared to be compromised, although to a minor extent, by the Fat diet. Collectively, this study indicates that reduced muscle MCoA content in recovery from exercise may be part of the adaptive response leading to improved insulin action on glucose uptake after exercise in human muscle.

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Gender differences in insulin action after a single bout of exercise

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00186.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 97 (3) ◽

pp. 1013-1021 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Leigh Perreault ◽

Jennifer M. Lavely ◽

Bryan C. Bergman ◽

Tracy J. Horton

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Insulin Action ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Exercise Bout ◽

Whole Body ◽

Peripheral Tissues ◽

Euglycemic Clamp ◽

Hyperinsulinemic Euglycemic Clamp ◽

Lower Glucose ◽

Single Bout

Effects of a single exercise bout on insulin action were compared in men ( n = 10) and women ( n = 10). On an exercise day, subjects cycled for 90 min at 85% lactate threshold, whereas on a rest (control) day, they remained semirecumbent. The period of exercise, or rest, was followed by a 3-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (30 mU·m−2·min−1) and indirect calorimetry. Glucose kinetics were measured isotopically by using an infusion of [6,6-2H2]glucose. Glucose infusion rate (GIR) during the clamp on the rest day was not different between the genders. However, GIR on the exercise day was significantly lower in men compared with women ( P = 0.01). This was mainly due to a significantly lower glucose rate of disappearance in men compared with women ( P = 0.05), whereas no differences were observed in the endogenous glucose rate of appearance. Nonprotein respiratory quotient (NPRQ) increased significantly during the clamp from preclamp measurements in men and women on the rest day ( P < 0.01). Exercise abolished the increase in NPRQ seen during the clamp on the rest day and tended to decrease NPRQ in men. Our results indicate the following: 1) exercise abolishes the usual increase in NPRQ observed during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in both genders, 2) men exhibit relatively lower whole body insulin action in the 3–4 h after exercise compared with women, and 3) gender differences in insulin action may be explained by a lower glucose rate of disappearance in the men after acute exercise. Together, these data imply gender differences in insulin action postexercise exist in peripheral tissues and not in liver.

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Effects of acute exercise and detraining on insulin action in trained men

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1989.66.2.704 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 704-711 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

K. J. Mikines ◽

B. Sonne ◽

B. Tronier ◽

H. Galbo

Keyword(s):

Glucose Uptake ◽

Insulin Action ◽

Insulin Infusion ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Glycogen Synthase ◽

Training Session ◽

Whole Body ◽

Bicycle Exercise ◽

Trained Subjects ◽

Glycogen Synthase Activity

Seven endurance-trained subjects [maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) 64 +/- 1 (SE) ml.min-1.kg-1] underwent sequential hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps on three occasions: 1) in the “habitual state” 15 h after the last training bout (C), 2) after 60 min of bicycle exercise at 72 +/- 3% of VO2max performed in the habitual state (E), and 3) 5 days after the last ordinary training session (detrained, DT). Sensitivity for insulin-mediated whole-body glucose uptake was not affected by acute exercise [insulin concentrations eliciting 50% of maximal insulin-mediated glucose uptake being 44 +/- 2 (C) vs. 46 +/- 3 (E) microU/ml] but was decreased after detraining (54 +/- 2 microU/ml, P less than 0.05) to levels comparable to those found in untrained subjects [Am. J. Physiol. 254 (Endocrinol. Metab. 17): E248-E259, 1988]. Near-maximal insulin-mediated glucose uptake (responsiveness) was higher than in untrained subjects and not influenced by acute exercise or detraining [13.4 +/- 1.2 (C), 12.2 +/- 0.9 (E), and 12.2 +/- 0.3 (DT) mg.min-1.kg-1]. Calculated by indirect calorimetry, the glucose-to-glycogen conversion was not influenced by E but was reduced during detraining (P less than 0.05) yet remained higher than previously found in untrained subjects (P less than 0.05). However, only on E days did muscle glycogen increase during insulin infusion. Glycogen synthase activity was increased on E and decreased on DT compared with C days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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A Critical Review on Madhumeha (Diabetes Mellitus) with its Preventive Approach

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences (JAIMS) ◽

10.21760/jaims.v2i05.10259 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (05) ◽

Author(s):

Anagha Gosavi ◽

Ram V. Ramekar

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Secretion ◽

Protein Metabolism ◽

Insulin Action ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Sweet Taste ◽

Whole Body ◽

Appropriate Use ◽

Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽

Therapeutic Measures

Prameha is disease of Mutravaha Srotasa having Kapha dominancy which can be correlated with diabetes mellitus. The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Madhumeha is considered as a subtype under the Vatika type of Prameha and it is characterized by passage of urine with sweet taste like honey along with sweetness of whole body. With appropriate use of Ayurvedic preventive measures such as Dincharya, Ritucharya, Aharvidhi and therapeutic measures Madhumeha (DM) can be prevented.

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Minimal impact of age and housing temperature on the metabolic phenotype of Acc2−/− mice

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1530/joe-15-0444 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 228 (3) ◽

pp. 127-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Amanda E Brandon ◽

Ella Stuart ◽

Simon J Leslie ◽

Kyle L Hoehn ◽

David E James ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Body Composition ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Knockout Mice ◽

Muscle Glycogen ◽

Insulin Action ◽

Metabolic Phenotype ◽

Whole Body

An important regulator of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is the allosteric inhibition of CPT-1 by malonyl-CoA produced by the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2). Initial studies suggested that deletion of Acc2 (Acacb) increased fat oxidation and reduced adipose tissue mass but in an independently generated strain of Acc2 knockout mice we observed increased whole-body and skeletal muscle FAO and a compensatory increase in muscle glycogen stores without changes in glucose tolerance, energy expenditure or fat mass in young mice (12–16 weeks). The aim of the present study was to determine whether there was any effect of age or housing at thermoneutrality (29 °C; which reduces total energy expenditure) on the phenotype of Acc2 knockout mice. At 42–54 weeks of age, male WT and Acc2−/− mice had similar body weight, fat mass, muscle triglyceride content and glucose tolerance. Consistent with younger Acc2−/− mice, aged Acc2−/− mice showed increased whole-body FAO (24 h average respiratory exchange ratio=0.95±0.02 and 0.92±0.02 for WT and Acc2−/− mice respectively, P<0.05) and skeletal muscle glycogen content (+60%, P<0.05) without any detectable change in whole-body energy expenditure. Hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp studies revealed no difference in insulin action between groups with similar glucose infusion rates and tissue glucose uptake. Housing Acc2−/− mice at 29 °C did not alter body composition, glucose tolerance or the effects of fat feeding compared with WT mice. These results confirm that manipulation of Acc2 may alter FAO in mice, but this has little impact on body composition or insulin action.

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Effect of training on the dose-response relationship for insulin action in men

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1989.66.2.695 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 695-703 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

K. J. Mikines ◽

B. Sonne ◽

P. A. Farrell ◽

B. Tronier ◽

H. Galbo

Keyword(s):

Glucose Uptake ◽

Insulin Action ◽

Glycogen Synthase ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Training Session ◽

Glycogen Storage ◽

Whole Body ◽

Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽

Trained Subjects ◽

Insulin Responsiveness

Seven endurance-trained subjects [maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) 64 +/- 1 (SE) ml.min-1.kg-1] were subjected to three sequential hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps 15 h after having performed their last training session (T). Results were compared with findings in seven untrained subjects (VO2max 44 +/- 2 ml.min-1.kg-1) studied both at rest (UT) and after 60 min of bicycle exercise at 150 W (UT-ex). In T and UT-ex compared with UT, sensitivity for insulin-mediated whole-body glucose uptake was higher [insulin concentrations eliciting half-maximal glucose uptake being 44 +/- 2 (T) and 43 +/- 4 (UT-ex) vs. 52 +/- 3 microU/ml (UT), P less than 0.05] and responsiveness was higher [13.4 +/- 1.2 (T) and 10.9 +/- 0.7 (UT-ex) vs. 9.5 +/- 0.7 mg.min-1.kg-1 (UT), P less than 0.05]. Furthermore, responsiveness was higher (P less than 0.05) in T than in UT-ex. Insulin-stimulated O2 uptake and maximal glucose oxidation rate were higher in T than in UT and UT-ex. Insulin-stimulated conversion or glucose to glycogen and muscle glycogen synthase was higher in T than in UT and UT-ex. However, glycogen storage in vastus lateralis muscle was found only in UT-ex. No change in any glucoregulatory hormone or metabolite could explain the increased insulin action in trained subjects. It is concluded that physical training induces an adaptive increase in insulin responsiveness of whole-body glucose uptake, which does not reflect increased glycogen deposition in muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Effects of a unique conjugate of α-lipoic acid and γ-linolenic acid on insulin action in obese Zucker rats

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.2.r453 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 278 (2) ◽

pp. R453-R459 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

J. Anthony Peth ◽

Tyson R. Kinnick ◽

Erik B. Youngblood ◽

Hans J. Tritschler ◽

Erik J. Henriksen

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Essential Fatty Acid ◽

Glucose Transport ◽

Lipoic Acid ◽

Insulin Action ◽

Whole Body ◽

Zucker Rats ◽

Additive Effects ◽

Insulin Resistant ◽

Obese Zucker Rats

The purpose of this study was to assess the individual and interactive effects of the antioxidant α-lipoic acid (LPA) and the n-6 essential fatty acid γ-linolenic acid (GLA) on insulin action in insulin-resistant obese Zucker rats. LPA, GLA, and a unique conjugate consisting of equimolar parts of LPA and GLA (LPA-GLA) were administered for 14 days at 10, 30, or 50 mg ⋅ kg body wt− 1 ⋅ day− 1. Whereas LPA was without effect at 10 mg/kg, at 30 and 50 mg/kg it elicited 23% reductions ( P < 0.05) in the glucose-insulin index (the product of glucose and insulin areas under the curve during an oral glucose tolerance test and an index of peripheral insulin action) that were associated with significant increases in insulin-mediated (2 mU/ml) glucose transport activity in isolated epitrochlearis (63–65%) and soleus (33–41%) muscles. GLA at 10 and 30 mg/kg caused 21–25% reductions in the glucose-insulin index and 23–35% improvements in insulin-mediated glucose transport in epitrochlearis muscle. The beneficial effects of GLA disappeared at 50 mg/kg. At 10 and 30 mg/kg, the LPA-GLA conjugate elicited 29 and 38% reductions in the glucose-insulin index. These LPA-GLA-induced improvements in whole body insulin action were accompanied by 28–63 and 38–57% increases in insulin-mediated glucose transport in epitrochlearis and soleus muscles and resulted from the additive effects of LPA and GLA. At 50 mg/kg, the metabolic improvements due to LPA-GLA were substantially reduced. In summary, these results indicate that the conjugate of the antioxidant LPA and the n-6 essential fatty acid GLA elicits significant dose-dependent improvements in whole body and skeletal muscle insulin action on glucose disposal in insulin-resistant obese Zucker rats. Moreover, these actions of LPA-GLA are due to the additive effects of its individual components.

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Glucose tolerance and insulin action in healthy centenarians

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1996.270.5.e890 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 270 (5) ◽

pp. E890-E894 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

G. Paolisso ◽

A. Gambardella ◽

S. Ammendola ◽

A. D'Amore ◽

V. Balbi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Plasma Glucose ◽

Insulin Action ◽

Glucose Tolerance Test ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Whole Body ◽

Glucose Disposal ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Aged Subjects

Advancing age has been found to be associated with a decline in insulin action. Nevertheless, no study has been conducted in healthy centenarians. Our study investigates glucose tolerance and insulin action in centenarians. Fifty-two subjects were enrolled. The subjects were divided in three groups as follows: 1) adults (< 50 yr; n = 20);2) aged subjects (> 75 yr; n = 22); and 3) centenarians (> 100 yr; n = 14). Body composition was studied by bioimpedance analysis. In all subjects, an oral glucose tolerance test and euglycemic glucose clamp were performed. Centenarians have a lower fat-free mass (FFM) than aged subjects and adults, whereas fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, free fatty acids, urea, and creatinine were not different in the groups studies. Centenarians had a 2-h plasma glucose concentration (6.0 +/- 0.2 mmol/l) that was lower than that in aged subjects (6.6 +/- 0.5 mmol/l, P < 0.05) but not different from adults [6.4 +/- 0.4 mmol/l, P = not significant (NS)]. During the clamp, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were similar in the three groups. In these conditions, centenarians had a whole body glucose disposal (34.1 +/- 0.6 mumol.kg FFM-1.min 1) that was greater than that in aged subjects (23.3 +/- 0.5 mumol.kg FFM-1.min-1 P < 0.01) but not different from adults (34.6 +/- 0.5 mumol/kg x min, P = NS). In conclusion, our study demonstrates that centenarians compared with aged subjects had a preserved glucose tolerance and insulin action.

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Mechanisms underlying absent training-induced improvement in insulin action in lean, hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

10.2337/figshare.12860540 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ada Admin ◽

Solvejg L. Hansen ◽

Kirstine N. Bojsen-Møller ◽

Anne-Marie Lundsgaard ◽

Frederikke L. Hendrich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽

Glucose Uptake ◽

Insulin Action ◽

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Whole Body ◽

Ovary Syndrome ◽

Leg Blood Flow

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have been shown to be less insulin sensitive compared with control women, independent of BMI. Training is associated with molecular adaptations in skeletal muscle improving glucose uptake and metabolism in both healthy and type 2 diabetic individuals. In the present study, lean, hyperandrogenic women with PCOS (n=9) and healthy controls (CON, n=9) completed 14 weeks of controlled and supervised exercise training. In CON, the training intervention increased whole body insulin action by 26% and insulin-stimulated leg glucose uptake by 53%, together with increased insulin-stimulated leg blood flow and a more oxidative muscle fiber type distribution. In PCOS, no such changes were found, despite similar training intensity and improvements in maximal oxygen uptake. In skeletal muscle of CON, but not PCOS, training increased GLUT4 and HKII mRNA and protein expressions. These data suggest that the impaired increase in whole body insulin action in women with PCOS with training is caused by an impaired ability to upregulate key glucose handling proteins for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, and insulin-stimulated leg blood flow. Still, other important benefits of exercise training appeared in women with PCOS, including an improvement of the hyperandrogenic state.

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Decline in insulin action with age in endurance-trained humans

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00315.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 93 (6) ◽

pp. 2105-2111 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Christopher M. Clevenger ◽

Pamela Parker Jones ◽

Hirofumi Tanaka ◽

Douglas R. Seals ◽

Christopher A. DeSouza

Keyword(s):

Endurance Exercise ◽

Insulin Action ◽

Glucose Tolerance Test ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test ◽

Whole Body ◽

Intravenous Glucose ◽

Trained Subjects ◽

Age Related ◽

Similar Body

We tested the hypothesis that regular endurance exercise prevents the age-related decline in insulin action typically observed in healthy, sedentary adults. An index of whole body insulin sensitivity (ISI), obtained from minimal model analysis of insulin and glucose concentrations during a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, was determined in 126 healthy adults: 25 young [27 ± 1 (SE) yr; 13 men/12 women] and 43 older (59 ± 1 yr; 20/13) sedentary and 25 young (29 ± 1 yr; 12/13) and 33 older (60 ± 1 yr; 20/13) endurance trained. ISI values were lower in the older vs. young adults in both sedentary (−53%; 3.9 ± 0.3 vs. 7.0 ± 0.7 ×10−4 · min−1 · μU−1 · ml−1; P < 0.01) and endurance-trained (−36%; 7.9 ± 0.6 vs. 12.4 ± 1.0 ×10−4min−1 · μU−1 · ml−1; P < 0.01) groups, but the value was 72–102% higher in the trained subjects at either age ( P < 0.01). In subgroup analysis of sedentary and endurance-trained adults with similar body fat levels ( n = 62), the age-related reduction in ISI persisted only in the endurance-trained subjects (12.9 ± 1.9 vs. 8.7 ± 1.2 ×10−4 · min−1 · μU−1 · ml−1; P < 0.01). The results of the present study suggest that habitual endurance exercise does not prevent the age-associated decline insulin action. Moreover, the age-related reduction in ISI in endurance-trained adults appears to be independent of adiposity.

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