scholarly journals Effect Of Cold Water Immersion On Skin Temperature

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (5S) ◽  
pp. 802
Author(s):  
Braulio Sánchez-Ureña ◽  
Daniel Rojas-Valverde ◽  
Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas ◽  
Juan Carlos Gutiérrez-Vargas ◽  
Christopher T. Minson
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion

scholarly journals Application of carbon dioxide to the skin and muscle oxygenation of human lower-limb muscle sites during cold water immersion

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9785
Author(s):  
Miho Yoshimura ◽  
Tatsuya Hojo ◽  
Hayato Yamamoto ◽  
Misato Tachibana ◽  
Masatoshi Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Muscle Oxygenation ◽  
Concentration Changes

Background Cold therapy has the disadvantage of inducing vasoconstriction in arterial and venous capillaries. The effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) hot water depend mainly on not only cutaneous vasodilation but also muscle vasodilation. We examined the effects of artificial CO2 cold water immersion (CCWI) on skin oxygenation and muscle oxygenation and the immersed skin temperature. Subjects and Methods Fifteen healthy young males participated. CO2-rich water containing CO2 >1,150 ppm was prepared using a micro-bubble device. Each subject’s single leg was immersed up to the knee in the CO2-rich water (20 °C) for 15 min, followed by a 20-min recovery period. As a control study, a leg of the subject was immersed in cold tap-water at 20 °C (CWI). The skin temperature at the lower leg under water immersion (Tsk-WI) and the subject’s thermal sensation at the immersed and non-immersed lower legs were measured throughout the experiment. We simultaneously measured the relative changes of local muscle oxygenation/deoxygenation compared to the basal values (Δoxy[Hb+Mb], Δdeoxy[Hb+Mb], and Δtotal[Hb+Mb]) at rest, which reflected the blood flow in the muscle, and we measured the tissue O2 saturation (StO2) by near-infrared spectroscopy on two regions of the tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GAS) muscles. Results Compared to the CWI results, the Δoxy[Hb+Mb] and Δtotal[Hb+Mb] in the TA muscle at CCWI were increased and continued at a steady state during the recovery period. In GAS muscle, the Δtotal[Hb+Mb] and Δdeoxy[Hb+Mb] were increased during CCWI compared to CWI. Notably, StO2values in both TA and GAS muscles were significantly increased during CCWI compared to CWI. In addition, compared to the CWI, a significant decrease in Tsk at the immersed leg after the CCWI was maintained until the end of the 20-min recovery, and the significant reduction continued. Discussion The combination of CO2 and cold water can induce both more increased blood inflow into muscles and volume-related (total heme concentration) changes in deoxy[Hb+Mb] during the recovery period. The Tsk-WI stayed lower with the CCWI compared to the CWI, as it is associated with vasodilation by CO2.

Human thermoregulatory responses during cold water immersion after artificially induced sunburn

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (4) ◽  
pp. R617-R623 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Pandolf ◽  
R. W. Gange ◽  
W. A. Latzka ◽  
I. H. Blank ◽  
A. J. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Esophageal Temperature ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
The Mean

Thermoregulatory responses during cold-water immersion (water temperature 22 degrees C) were compared in 10 young men before as well as 24 h and 1 wk after twice the minimal erythemal dose of ultraviolet-B radiation that covered approximately 85% of the body surface area. After 10 min of seated rest in cold water, the mean exercised for 50 min on a cycle ergometer (approximately 51% of maximal aerobic power). Rectal temperature, regional and mean heat flow (hc), mean skin temperature from five sites, and hearrt rate were measured continuously for all volunteers while esophageal temperature was measured for six subjects. Venous blood samples were collected before and after cold water immersion. The mean skin temperature was higher (P less than 0.05) throughout the 60-min cold water exposure both 24 h and 1 wk after sunburn compared with before sunburn. Mean hc was higher (P less than 0.05) after 10 min resting immersion and during the first 10 min of exercise when 24 h postsunburn was compared with presunburn, with the difference attributed primarily to higher hc from the back and chest. While rectal temperature and heart rate did not differ between conditions, esophageal temperature before immersion and throughout the 60 min of cold water immersion was higher (P less than 0.05) when 24 h postsunburn was compared with presunburn. Plasma volume increased (P less than 0.05) after 1 wk postsunburn compared with presunburn, whereas plasma protein concentration was reduced (P less than 0.05). After exercise cortisol was greater (P less than 0.05) 24 h postsunburn compared with either presunburn or 1 wk postsunburn.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Exploring the Efficacy of a Safe Cryotherapy Alternative: Physiological Temperature Changes From Cold-Water Immersion Versus Prolonged Cooling of Phase-Change Material

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 1288-1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Y. Kwiecien ◽  
Malachy P. McHugh ◽  
Stuart Goodall ◽  
Kirsty M. Hicks ◽  
Angus M. Hunter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Phase Change Material ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Change Material ◽  
Intramuscular Temperature

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness between cold-water immersion (CWI) and phase-change-material (PCM) cooling on intramuscular, core, and skin-temperature and cardiovascular responses. Methods: In a randomized, crossover design, 11 men completed 15 min of 15°C CWI to the umbilicus and 2-h recovery or 3 h of 15°C PCM covering the quadriceps and 1 h of recovery, separated by 24 h. Vastus lateralis intramuscular temperature at 1 and 3 cm, core and skin temperature, heart-rate variability, and thermal comfort were recorded at baseline and 15-min intervals throughout treatment and recovery. Results: Intramuscular temperature decreased (P < .001) during and after both treatments. A faster initial effect was observed from 15 min of CWI (Δ: 4.3°C [1.7°C] 1 cm; 5.5°C [2.1°C] 3 cm; P = .01). However, over time (2 h 15 min), greater effects were observed from prolonged PCM treatment (Δ: 4.2°C [1.9°C] 1 cm; 2.2°C [2.2°C] 3 cm; treatment × time, P = .0001). During the first hour of recovery from both treatments, intramuscular temperature was higher from CWI at 1 cm (P = .013) but not 3 cm. Core temperature deceased 0.25° (0.32°) from CWI (P = .001) and 0.28°C (0.27°C) from PCM (P = .0001), whereas heart-rate variability increased during both treatments (P = .001), with no differences between treatments. Conclusions: The magnitude of temperature reduction from CWI was comparable with PCM, but intramuscular temperature was decreased for longer during PCM. PCM cooling packs offer an alternative for delivering prolonged cooling whenever application of CWI is impractical while also exerting a central effect on core temperature and heart rate.

scholarly journals Skin temperature changes after exercise and cold water immersion

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yokiny A. Silva ◽  
Bruna H. Santos ◽  
Palloma R. Andrade ◽  
Heleodório H. Santos ◽  
Danilo G. Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Temperature Changes

Cryotherapy Effects, Part 1: Comparison of Skin Temperatures and Patient-Reported Sensations for Different Modes of Administration

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 22-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailey N. Love ◽  
Kimberly A. Pritchard ◽  
Joseph M. Hart ◽  
Susan A. Saliba
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Pain Reduction ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Mcgill Pain Questionnaire ◽  
Noxious Stimulation ◽  
Patient Reported

Context:Alterations in skin sensations may be responsible for pain reduction provided by cryotherapy, but the exact physiological mechanism is unknown.Objective:To investigate perceptions of skin sensations associated with different modes of cryotherapy administration and skin temperature at the point of perceived numbness.Design:Repeated measures.Participants:30 healthy subjects (12 Male, 18 Female, Age = 21.1±1.9 years).Interventions:Crushed ice bag, ice massage, and cold water immersion.Main Outcome Measures:Perceptions of sensations during each mode of cryotherapy administration were derived from a Modified McGill Pain Questionnaire. Skin temperature was recorded when numbness was reported for each treatment.Results:Participants experienced sensations that included cold, tight, tingling, stinging, and numb. Ice massage sensations transitioned rapidly from cold to numb, whereas cold water immersion and ice bag treatments produced altered sensations for longer duration. Ice massage decreased skin temperature significantly more than the other two modes of cryotherapy administration.Conclusions:Ice massage may be the best mode of cryotherapy administration for achievement of anaesthesia as rapidly as possible, whereas cold water immersion and ice bag application may be better for attainment of pain reduction associated with noxious stimulation of skin receptors.

The relationship of deep and surface skin temperatures to the ventilatory responses elicited during cold water immersion

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 999-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheilagh Martin ◽  
K. E. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Subjects were immersed for 10 min in water at 14.5 °C, after exposure either to ambient temperature or sauna heating. During the immersions, total ventilation, end-tidal [Formula: see text], the mean of three surface skin temperatures, and deep skin temperatures were measured. There was a statistically significant correlation between the rate of change of deep skin temperature and the initial ventilatory responses evoked during both cold water immersions. After the sauna heating and cold water exposure, the temperature gradient through the skin appeared to be related to the ventilatory response. There was no significant correlation between the rate of change of mean surface skin temperature and the ventilatory response. The results suggest that the primary drive to increased ventilation during cold water immersion is the rate of change of deep skin temperature.

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