Effects Of Beetroot Juice Components On Exercise Tolerance And Cardiometabolic Health In Individuals With Obesity

We tested the hypothesis that dietary nitrate (NO3−)-rich beetroot juice (BR) supplementation could partially offset deteriorations in O2transport and utilization and exercise tolerance after blood donation. Twenty-two healthy volunteers performed moderate-intensity and ramp incremental cycle exercise tests prior to and following withdrawal of ∼450 ml of whole blood. Before donation, all subjects consumed seven 70-ml shots of NO3−-depleted BR [placebo (PL)] in the 48 h preceding the exercise tests. During the 48 h after blood donation, subjects consumed seven shots of BR (each containing 6.2 mmol of NO3−, n = 11) or PL ( n = 11) before repeating the exercise tests. Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit were reduced by ∼8–9% following blood donation ( P < 0.05), with no difference between the BR and PL groups. Steady-state O2uptake during moderate-intensity exercise was ∼4% lower after than before donation in the BR group ( P < 0.05) but was unchanged in the PL group. The ramp test peak power decreased from predonation (341 ± 70 and 331 ± 68 W in PL and BR, respectively) to postdonation (324 ± 69 and 322 ± 66 W in PL and BR, respectively) in both groups ( P < 0.05). However, the decrement in performance was significantly less in the BR than PL group (2.7% vs. 5.0%, P < 0.05). NO3−supplementation reduced the O2cost of moderate-intensity exercise and attenuated the decline in ramp incremental exercise performance following blood donation. These results have implications for improving functional capacity following blood loss.

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Acute beetroot juice supplementation improves exercise tolerance and cycling efficiency in adults with obesity

Physiological Reports ◽

10.14814/phy2.14574 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (19) ◽

Author(s):

Christian E. Behrens ◽

Khandaker Ahmed ◽

Karina Ricart ◽

Braxton Linder ◽

José Fernández ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Exercise Tolerance ◽

Beetroot Juice ◽

Cycling Efficiency

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Dietary nitrate supplementation: effects on plasma nitrite and pulmonary O2 uptake dynamics during exercise in hypoxia and normoxia

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00068.2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 307 (7) ◽

pp. R920-R930 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

James Kelly ◽

Anni Vanhatalo ◽

Stephen J. Bailey ◽

Lee J. Wylie ◽

Christopher Tucker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Exercise Tolerance ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Beetroot Juice ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Exercise Tests ◽

Double Blind ◽

Dietary Nitrate ◽

Severe Intensity ◽

Rate Of Decline ◽

Plasma Nitrite

We investigated the effects of dietary nitrate (NO3−) supplementation on the concentration of plasma nitrite ([NO2−]), oxygen uptake (V̇o2) kinetics, and exercise tolerance in normoxia (N) and hypoxia (H). In a double-blind, crossover study, 12 healthy subjects completed cycle exercise tests, twice in N (20.9% O2) and twice in H (13.1% O2). Subjects ingested either 140 ml/day of NO3−-rich beetroot juice (8.4 mmol NO3; BR) or NO3−-depleted beetroot juice (PL) for 3 days prior to moderate-intensity and severe-intensity exercise tests in H and N. Preexercise plasma [NO2−] was significantly elevated in H-BR and N-BR compared with H-PL ( P < 0.01) and N-PL ( P < 0.01). The rate of decline in plasma [NO2−] was greater during severe-intensity exercise in H-BR [−30 ± 22 nM/min, 95% confidence interval (CI); −44, −16] compared with H-PL (−7 ± 10 nM/min, 95% CI; −13, −1; P < 0.01) and in N-BR (−26 ± 19 nM/min, 95% CI; −38, −14) compared with N-PL (−1 ± 6 nM/min, 95% CI; −5, 2; P < 0.01). During moderate-intensity exercise, steady-state pulmonary V̇o2 was lower in H-BR (1.91 ± 0.28 l/min, 95% CI; 1.77, 2.13) compared with H-PL (2.05 ± 0.25 l/min, 95% CI; 1.93, 2.26; P = 0.02), and V̇o2 kinetics was faster in H-BR (τ: 24 ± 13 s, 95% CI; 15, 32) compared with H-PL (31 ± 11 s, 95% CI; 23, 38; P = 0.04). NO3− supplementation had no significant effect on V̇o2 kinetics during severe-intensity exercise in hypoxia, or during moderate-intensity or severe-intensity exercise in normoxia. Tolerance to severe-intensity exercise was improved by NO3− in hypoxia (H-PL: 197 ± 28; 95% CI; 173, 220 vs. H-BR: 214 ± 43 s, 95% CI; 177, 249; P = 0.04) but not normoxia. The metabolism of NO2− during exercise is altered by NO3− supplementation, exercise, and to a lesser extent, hypoxia. In hypoxia, NO3− supplementation enhances V̇o2 kinetics during moderate-intensity exercise and improves severe-intensity exercise tolerance. These findings may have important implications for individuals exercising at altitude.

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Beetroot juice supplementation speeds O2uptake kinetics and improves exercise tolerance during severe-intensity exercise initiated from an elevated metabolic rate

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00295.2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 305 (12) ◽

pp. R1441-R1450 ◽

Cited By ~ 85

Author(s):

Brynmor C. Breese ◽

Melitta A. McNarry ◽

Simon Marwood ◽

Jamie R. Blackwell ◽

Stephen J. Bailey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Rate ◽

Exercise Tolerance ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Order Type ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Type Ii ◽

Beetroot Juice ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Double Blind ◽

Severe Intensity

Recent research has suggested that dietary nitrate (NO3−) supplementation might alter the physiological responses to exercise via specific effects on type II muscle. Severe-intensity exercise initiated from an elevated metabolic rate would be expected to enhance the proportional activation of higher-order (type II) muscle fibers. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to test the hypothesis that, compared with placebo (PL), NO3−-rich beetroot juice (BR) supplementation would speed the phase II V̇o2kinetics (τp) and enhance exercise tolerance during severe-intensity exercise initiated from a baseline of moderate-intensity exercise. Nine healthy, physically active subjects were assigned in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design to receive BR (140 ml/day, containing ∼8 mmol of NO3−) and PL (140 ml/day, containing ∼0.003 mmol of NO3−) for 6 days. On days 4, 5, and 6 of the supplementation periods, subjects completed a double-step exercise protocol that included transitions from unloaded to moderate-intensity exercise (U→M) followed immediately by moderate to severe-intensity exercise (M→S). Compared with PL, BR elevated resting plasma nitrite concentration (PL: 65 ± 32 vs. BR: 348 ± 170 nM, P < 0.01) and reduced the V̇o2τpin M→S (PL: 46 ± 13 vs. BR: 36 ± 10 s, P < 0.05) but not U→M (PL: 25 ± 4 vs. BR: 27 ± 6 s, P > 0.05). During M→S exercise, the faster V̇o2kinetics coincided with faster near-infrared spectroscopy-derived muscle [deoxyhemoglobin] kinetics (τ; PL: 20 ± 9 vs. BR: 10 ± 3 s, P < 0.05) and a 22% greater time-to-task failure (PL: 521 ± 158 vs. BR: 635 ± 258 s, P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation with NO3−-rich BR juice speeds V̇o2kinetics and enhances exercise tolerance during severe-intensity exercise when initiated from an elevated metabolic rate.

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Influence of muscle oxygenation and nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation on O2 uptake kinetics and exercise tolerance

Nitric Oxide ◽

10.1016/j.niox.2020.03.007 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 99 ◽

pp. 25-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Stuart P. Cocksedge ◽

Brynmor C. Breese ◽

Paul T. Morgan ◽

Leonardo Nogueira ◽

Christopher Thompson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Exercise Tolerance ◽

Uptake Kinetics ◽

Muscle Oxygenation ◽

Beetroot Juice ◽

O2 Uptake ◽

O2 Uptake Kinetics

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Ergogenic effects of beetroot juice supplementation during severe-intensity exercise in obese adolescents

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00017.2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 315 (3) ◽

pp. R453-R460 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Letizia Rasica ◽

Simone Porcelli ◽

Mauro Marzorati ◽

Desy Salvadego ◽

Alessandra Vezzoli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Exercise Tolerance ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Slow Component ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Time To Exhaustion ◽

Beetroot Juice ◽

Obese Adolescents ◽

Physiological Variables ◽

Severe Intensity ◽

Ergogenic Effects

Previous studies showed a higher O2 cost of exercise, and therefore, a reduced exercise tolerance in patients with obesity during constant work rate (CWR) exercise compared with healthy subjects. Among the ergogenic effects of dietary nitrate ([Formula: see text]) supplementation in sedentary healthy subjects, a reduced O2 cost and enhanced exercise tolerance have often been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of beetroot juice (BR) supplementation, rich in [Formula: see text], on physiological variables associated with exercise tolerance in adolescents with obesity. In a double-blind, randomized crossover study, 10 adolescents with obesity (8 girls, 2 boys; age = 16 ± 1 yr; body mass index = 35.2 ± 5.0 kg/m2) were tested after 6 days of supplementation with BR (5 mmol [Formula: see text] per day) or placebo (PLA). Following each supplementation period, patients carried out two repetitions of 6-min moderate-intensity CWR exercise and one severe-intensity CWR exercise until exhaustion. Plasma [Formula: see text] concentration was significantly higher in BR versus PLA (108 ± 37 vs. 15 ± 5 μM, P < 0.0001). The O2 cost of moderate-intensity exercise was not different in BR versus PLA (13.3 ± 1.7 vs. 12.9 ± 1.1 ml·min−1·W−1, P = 0.517). During severe-intensity exercise, signs of a reduced amplitude of the O2 uptake slow component were observed in BR, in association with a significantly longer time to exhaustion (561 ± 198 s in BR vs. 457 ± 101 s in PLA, P = 0.0143). In obese adolescents, short-term dietary [Formula: see text] supplementation is effective in improving exercise tolerance during severe-intensity exercise. This may prove to be useful in counteracting early fatigue and reduced physical activity in this at-risk population.

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Aberrant Mechanical Efficiency during Exercise Relates to Metabolic Health and Exercise Intolerance in Adolescents with Obesity

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182010578 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (20) ◽

pp. 10578

Author(s):

Wouter M. A. Franssen ◽

Guy Massa ◽

Bert O. O. Eijnde ◽

Paul Dendale ◽

Dominique Hansen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Exercise Tolerance ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Mechanical Efficiency ◽

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test ◽

Metabolic Health ◽

Exercise Intolerance ◽

Peak Performance ◽

Cardiometabolic Health ◽

Physical Activity Interventions

Background. Mechanical efficiency (ME) might be an important parameter evaluating cardiometabolic health and the effectiveness of physical activity interventions in individuals with obesity. However, whether these cardiometabolic risk factors may relate to ME in adolescents with obesity is not known yet. Therefore, this study aims to compare the mechanical efficiency during maximal exercise testing between adolescents with obesity and lean adolescents, and to examine associations with exercise tolerance and metabolic health. Methods. Twenty-nine adolescents with obesity (BMI SDS: 2.11 ± 0.32, age: 13.4 ± 1.1 years, male/female: 15/14) and 29 lean (BMI SDS: −0.16 ± 0.84, age: 14.0 ± 1.5 years, male/female: 16/13) adolescents performed a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test from which the net mechanical efficiency (MEnet) and substrate oxidation (carbohydrates and lipids) were calculated. Indicators for peak performance were collected. Biochemistry (lipid profile, glycaemic control, inflammation, leptin) was studied in fasted blood samples. Regression analyses were applied to examine relations between MEnet and exercise tolerance or blood variables in the total group. Results. Peak work rate (WRpeak), oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak)/WRpeak, ME, and MEnet were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in adolescents with obesity compared to their lean counterparts (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a reduced MEnet was independently related to a lower WRpeak (SC β = 2.447; p < 0.001) and elevated carbohydrate oxidation during exercise (SC β = −0.497; p < 0.001), as well as to elevated blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SC β = −0.275; p = 0.034) and fasting glucose (SC β = −0.256; p = 0.049) concentration. Conclusion. In adolescents with obesity, the mechanical efficiency is lowered during exercise and this relates to exercise intolerance and a worse metabolic health.

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