Experimental Studies on the Subcutaneous Infusion of Hyper- and Hypotonic Salt Solutions.

The Reverse electrodialysis heat engine (REDHE) combines a reverse electrodialysis stack for power generation with a thermal regeneration unit to restore the concentration difference of the salt solutions. Current approaches for converting low-temperature waste heat to electricity with REDHE have not yielded conversion efficiencies and profits that would allow for the industrialization of the technology. This review explores the concept of Heat-to-Hydrogen with REDHEs and maps crucial developments toward industrialization. We discuss current advances in membrane development that are vital for the breakthrough of the RED Heat Engine. In addition, the choice of salt is a crucial factor that has not received enough attention in the field. Based on ion properties relevant for both the transport through IEMs and the feasibility for regeneration, we pinpoint the most promising salts for use in REDHE, which we find to be KNO3, LiNO3, LiBr and LiCl. To further validate these results and compare the system performance with different salts, there is a demand for a comprehensive thermodynamic model of the REDHE that considers all its units. Guided by such a model, experimental studies can be designed to utilize the most favorable process conditions (e.g., salt solutions).

Download Full-text

Nonisothermal desorption at nucleate boiling in a layer of aqueous salt solution

EPJ Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/epjconf/201919600004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 196 ◽

pp. 00004

Author(s):

Vladimir Morozov ◽

Dmitriy Elistratov

Keyword(s):

Heat Flux ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Nucleate Boiling ◽

Aqueous Salt Solution ◽

Equilibrium Partial Pressure ◽

Salt Solutions ◽

Interfacial Surface ◽

Aqueous Salt Solutions ◽

Metal Wall ◽

Intense Heat

This paper presents the results of experimental studies of nonisothermal desorption at nucleate boiling of layers of aqueous salt solutions of LiBr and CaCl2. The height of the layers is 2.8 mm. The wall temperature is 120 °C. The drop in the temperature of the interfacial surface (Ts) for salt solutions and distillate is associated with low thermal conductivity of the metal wall (titanium) and intense heat flow at nucleate boiling. A heat balance for a free liquid interface has been worked out. In 75 seconds after the beginning of evaporation, the heat flux for aqueous becomes quasi-permanent, and for aqueous salt solutions of CaCl2 and LiBr, the heat flux continuously decreases with time. This is due to the increase in the salt concentration in the solution and the drop in the equilibrium partial pressure of the vapor.

Download Full-text

Effect of Salt Solution on Plasticity and Permeability of Vietnam’s Soil Liners

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology - Regular Issue ◽

10.35940/ijeat.c6466.029320 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 3944-3948

Keyword(s):

Salt Concentration ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Liquid Limit ◽

Plasticity Index ◽

Waste Materials ◽

Salt Solutions ◽

Coefficient Of Permeability ◽

Soil Liners ◽

Materials Used ◽

Properties Of Soil

In Vietnam, there are a lot of landfills to block pollutants and one of materials used for impermeable liners is soil liners (soil – bentonite mixture). In order to use as impermeable liners, the properties of soil liners such as plasticity and permeability were affected by many salt solutions which are leaching from decomposition of waste materials in the landfills. Those salt solutions can reduce the stable of impermeable liners. So, this paper presents a series of experimental studies in the laboratory to investigate the effect of some salt solutions on the properties of compaction, consolidation and plasticity of soil liners. The experimental results indicated that the salt concentration effected complex on the Atterberg limits and the vertical coefficient of permeability. It also found that increase in the salt concentration from 0N to 0.05N cause increase in plasticity index, liquid limit and decrease in the vertical coefficient of permeability. After that, the increasing of the salt concentration up to 1N resulted in decrease in the liquid limit and plasticity index and increase in the vertical coefficient of permeability increases.

Download Full-text

Isomorphous replacement in electron diffraction of wet crystals of rat hemoglobin

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100075968 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 446-447

Author(s):

William F. Tivol ◽

Murray Vernon King ◽

D. F. Parsons

Keyword(s):

Electron Diffraction ◽

Heavy Atom ◽

Isomorphous Substitution ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Salt Solutions ◽

X Ray ◽

Isomorphous Replacement ◽

Structure Factors ◽

Diffraction Structure ◽

The Mean

Feasibility of isomorphous substitution in electron diffraction is supported by a calculation of the mean alteration of the electron-diffraction structure factors for hemoglobin crystals caused by substituting two mercury atoms per molecule, following Green, Ingram & Perutz, but with allowance for the proportionality of f to Z3/4 for electron diffraction. This yields a mean net change in F of 12.5%, as contrasted with 22.8% for x-ray diffraction.Use of the hydration chamber in electron diffraction opens prospects for examining many proteins that yield only very thin crystals not suitable for x-ray diffraction. Examination in the wet state avoids treatments that could cause translocation of the heavy-atom labels or distortion of the crystal. Combined with low-fluence techniques, it enables study of the protein in a state as close to native as possible.We have undertaken a study of crystals of rat hemoglobin by electron diffraction in the wet state. Rat hemoglobin offers a certain advantage for hydration-chamber work over other hemoglobins in that it can be crystallized from distilled water instead of salt solutions.

Download Full-text

Bulk standards for low-temperature biological x-ray microanalysis

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100111525 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

pp. 282-283

Author(s):

P. Echlin ◽

M. McKoon ◽

E.S. Taylor ◽

C.E. Thomas ◽

K.L. Maloney ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phase Separation ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Analytical Method ◽

Salt Solutions ◽

Absolute Concentration ◽

Cooling Process ◽

X Ray ◽

The Absolute ◽

Analytical Procedures ◽

Electrical Conductors

Although sections of frozen salt solutions have been used as standards for x-ray microanalysis, such solutions are less useful when analysed in the bulk form. They are poor thermal and electrical conductors and severe phase separation occurs during the cooling process. Following a suggestion by Whitecross et al we have made up a series of salt solutions containing a small amount of graphite to improve the sample conductivity. In addition, we have incorporated a polymer to ensure the formation of microcrystalline ice and a consequent homogenity of salt dispersion within the frozen matrix. The mixtures have been used to standardize the analytical procedures applied to frozen hydrated bulk specimens based on the peak/background analytical method and to measure the absolute concentration of elements in developing roots.

Download Full-text

3-D reconstruction and analysis of mammalian mitotic spindle structure

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100123295 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 578-579

Author(s):

Kent McDonald ◽

David Mastronarde ◽

Rubai Ding ◽

Eileen O'Toole ◽

J. Richard McIntosh

Keyword(s):

Cross Sections ◽

Mitotic Spindle ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Video Camera ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Mitotic Spindles ◽

Black And White ◽

Reconstruction Methods ◽

Spindle Structure ◽

Tissue Culture Line

Mammalian spindles are generally large and may contain over a thousand microtubules (MTs). For this reason they are difficult to reconstruct in three dimensions and many researchers have chosen to study the smaller and simpler spindles of lower eukaryotes. Nevertheless, the mammalian spindle is used for many experimental studies and it would be useful to know its detailed structure.We have been using serial cross sections and computer reconstruction methods to analyze MT distributions in mitotic spindles of PtK cells, a mammalian tissue culture line. Images from EM negatives are digtized on a light box by a Dage MTI video camera containing a black and white Saticon tube. The signal is digitized by a Parallax 1280 graphics device in a MicroVax III computer. Microtubules are digitized at a magnification such that each is 10-12 pixels in diameter.

Download Full-text