scholarly journals Parental Education and Offspring Outcomes: Evidence from the Swedish Compulsory School Reform

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petter Lundborg ◽  
Anton Nilsson ◽  
Dan-Olof Rooth
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
School Reform ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Noncognitive Skills ◽  
Market Returns ◽  
Compulsory School ◽  
Positive Effects

We use the Swedish compulsory school reform to estimate the causal effect of parental education on sons’ outcomes. To this end, we use data from the Swedish military enlistment register on the entire population of males and consider outcomes, such as cognitive skills, noncognitive skills, and various dimensions of health at the age of 18. We find positive effects of maternal education on sons’ skills and health status but no effects of paternal education. One reason behind this result may be that the fathers affected by the reform did not face any labor market returns to their increased schooling. (JEL I21, J12, J24)

scholarly journals The Surplus Effect in Adaptive Behaviour in Down Syndrome: What Can Promote It?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1188
Author(s):  
Anastasia Dressler ◽  
Valetina Perelli ◽  
Margherita Bozza ◽  
Stefania Bargagna ◽  
Franz Benninger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Adaptive Skills ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales ◽  
Inclusive Schooling ◽  
The Impact

Background: In Down syndrome (DS), adaptive behaviour often shows a “surplus effect” (i.e., higher adaptive abilities than expected from cognitive skills). As inclusive schooling has become mandatory in Italy, we studied the impact of school inclusion on the surplus effect of adaptive behaviour in adult DS, considering potential confounding factors such as parental education. Methods: All consecutive DS individuals from three different sites were queried prospectively regarding type of schooling (inclusive and non-inclusive). Demographic data were documented; cognitive abilities and adaptive behaviour were assessed (Coloured Progressive Matrices and Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales). The aim was to establish the presence of a surplus effect in adaptive behaviour, primarily in the overall level and secondarily in the main domains and subdomains. A multivariable-adjusted logistic regression model was used for the association of schooling, and parental education. Results: The majority (65%) showed a surplus effect in adaptive behaviour and had attended inclusive schools (85%). Higher adaptive skills as well as early and longer functional treatment programmes were more readily available for younger individuals. In the group of inclusive schooling, the surplus effect on overall adaptive behaviour was present in 70% as opposed to 38% in the group without inclusive schooling, significant when adjusted for gender and maternal education. This was also observed in socialisation, written, and community, and after adjustment in playing and leisure time. Conclusions: Adaptive behaviour showed a surplus effect in the majority of DS adults, even more so after inclusive schooling. Younger adults showed higher adaptive skills. Moreover, female gender and higher maternal educational level significantly enhanced this surplus effect.

Family background, parenting practices, and child outcomes: Chinese migrants’ offspring in Hong Kong

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuoni Zhang ◽  
Tianzhu Nie ◽  
Duoduo Xu
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Parenting Practices ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Background ◽  
School Life ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Chinese Migrants ◽  
Migrant Families

Using data from the 2011 population census and the Hong Kong Panel Study of Social Dynamics, this paper examines the academic performance and non-cognitive skills of the children of Chinese migrants in Hong Kong aged 14 and below. Our analyses show that the poorer academic performance of Chinese migrants’ children results mainly from disadvantageous family background and parenting practices. Children of cross-border and migrant families do not differ from children of natives in Chinese, mathematics, or English, once parental education and parent–child communication about school life are controlled for. Children from migrant families have significantly higher levels of non-cognitive ability than children of natives. Our analyses also show that parental education is positively associated with Chinese and English performances; parents talking with children about school life significantly improves children’s performance in Chinese, mathematics, and English; and parental migrant status and parenting practices have positive effects on non-cognitive skills.

scholarly journals The Duration of Paid Parental Leave and Children's Scholastic Performance

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Liu ◽  
Oskar Nordstrom Skans
Keyword(s):  
Day Care ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Intermediate Outcomes ◽  
Scholastic Performance ◽  
Paid Parental Leave ◽  
Child Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract We study how the duration of paid parental leave affects the accumulation of cognitive skills among children. Using a reform which extended parental leave benefits from 12 to 15 months for Swedish children born after August 1988 we evaluate the effects of prolonged parental leave on children's test scores and grades at age 16. We show that, on average, the reform had no effect on children's scholastic performance. However, we do find positive effects for children of well-educated mothers, a result that is robust to a number of different specifications. We find no corresponding heterogeneity relative to parental earnings or fathers' education, or relative to other predictors of child performance. We find no effects on intermediate outcomes such as mothers' subsequent earnings, child health, parental fertility, divorce rates, or the mothers' mental health. Overall the results suggest positive causal interaction effects between mothers' education and the amount of time mothers spend with their children. Since the institutional context is one in which the alternative is subsidized day care, the results imply that subsidizing longer parental leave spells rather than day care reinforce the relationship between maternal education and school outcomes.

scholarly journals Stunting as a Synonym of Social Disadvantage and Poor Parental Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1350
Author(s):  
Christiane Scheffler ◽  
Michael Hermanussen ◽  
Sugi Deny Pranoto Soegianto ◽  
Alexandro Valent Homalessy ◽  
Samuel Yan Touw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Private School ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Social Disadvantage ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Anthropometric Data ◽  
Disadvantaged Children ◽  
Self Confidence

Socially, economically, politically and emotionally (SEPE) disadvantaged children are shorter than children from affluent background. In view of previous work on the lack of association between nutrition and child growth, we performed a study in urban schoolchildren. We measured 723 children (5.83 to 13.83 years); Kupang, Indonesia; three schools with different social background. We investigated anthropometric data, clinical signs of malnutrition, physical fitness, parental education, and household equipment. Subjective self-confidence was assessed by the MacArthur test. The prevalence of stunting was between 8.5% and 46.8%. Clinical signs of under- or malnutrition were absent even in the most underprivileged children. There was no delay in tooth eruption. Underprivileged children are physically fitter than the wealthy. The correlation between height and state of nutrition (BMI_SDS, skinfold_SDS, MUAC_SDS) ranged between r = 0.69 (p < 0.01) and r = 0.43 (p < 0.01) in private school children, and between r = 0.07 (ns) and r = 0.32 (p < 0.01) in the underprivileged children. Maternal education interacted with height in affluent (r = 0.20, p < 0.01) and in underprivileged children (r = 0.20, p < 0.01). The shortness of SEPE disadvantaged children was not associated with anthropometric and clinical signs of malnutrition, nor with delay in physical development. Stunting is a complex phenomenon and may be considered a synonym of social disadvantage and poor parental education.

Health Insurance and Health Status: Exploring the Causal Effect from a Policy Intervention

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 1389-1402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Pan ◽  
Xiaoyan Lei ◽  
Gordon G. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Policy Intervention

Socioeconomic status is a predictor of neurocognitive performance of early female adolescents

2018 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Madhushanthi ◽  
Savithri W. Wimalasekera ◽  
C. Sampatha E. Goonewardena ◽  
A. A. Thamara D. Amarasekara ◽  
Janaka Lenora
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Verbal Comprehension

Abstract Objective Previous studies have shown that high socioeconomic status (SES) is significantly associated with inhibitory control, working memory, verbal comprehension and IQ. However, in the Asian setting, with its prevailing poverty, information about the influence of SES on cognitive development of female adolescents is limited. This study was aimed to investigate the association between SES and neurocognitive performance of early female adolescents in Sri Lanka. Methods Female adolescents aged 11–14 years (n = 200) of low and middle SES were studied to assess neurocognitive function. After obtaining baseline data, eight subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC – IV), Test Of Nonverbal Intelligence (TONI-3) and two computer-based executive function tests (inhibition and visuo-spatial working memory) were administered to assess neurocognitive measures of the above adolescents. The results were compiled into a data base and analyzed using SPSS version 20 statistical software. Results Higher SES was associated with higher performance in all neurocognitive tests. Low SES adolescents obtained significantly poor test scores for executive function test (inhibitory control: p < 0.0001) and for WISC [verbal comprehension index (VCI): p < 0.0001), working memory index (WMI): p < 0.0001 and estimated full scale IQ (EFSIQ): p < 0.0001)] when compared with middle SES adolescents. Maternal education alone significantly predicts VCI and EFSIQ than the combined influence of parental education, occupation and income. Psychosocial adversities of adolescents were inversely correlated with VCI (r = −0.30; p < 0.001) and EFSIQ (r = −0.20; p < 0.001) of WISC and mathematics performance (r = −0.34; p < 0.001) at examination in school. Conclusion Findings of the study revealed the importance of upliftment of SES of the society to improve the cognitive and academic outcomes of low SES individuals.

Risk Factors Associated with Failure to Receive Vaccinations

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Marks ◽  
Thomas J. Halpin ◽  
John J. Irvin ◽  
Deane A. Johnson ◽  
John R. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Major Purpose ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Basic Series ◽  
To Receive

A major purpose of a state-wide survey to document the vaccination status of 1,003 2-year-old children was to identify factors associated with failure to receive the recommended vaccinations. With a basic series of immunization defined as three doses of diphtheriatetanus-pertussis (DTP), three oral polio vaccine (OPV), one measles, and one rubella, 72.5% of the children had completed the series. When the completed series was redefined to include a fourth DTP and mumps vaccine the rate of completion dropped to 40.8%. However, 59.1% of the children who had not completed this optimal series could be brought up-to-date with a single visit to their provider of medical care. Demographic variables independently associated with completion of the basic series were increased paternal education (P &lt; .001), increased maternal education (P &lt; .02), smaller family size (P &lt; .01) and higher socioeconomic status, as determined by census tract or rural town of residence (P &lt; .02). Race was not found to be a factor associated with vaccination rates when socioeconomic status was controlled. Patients who received their vaccinations from private physicians had a better vaccination rate than those who attended health department clinics. This difference persisted even when socioeconomic status was controlled by residence (P &lt; .02). The simultaneous comparison of parental education and family size demonstrated that a child having one parent with &lt; 12 years education or having at least three siblings has a fourfold greater risk of failure to complete his immunization than children whose parents are both college graduates. By using paternal and maternal education level and family size as screening variables, children at high risk for failure to complete their immunizations could be identified prospectively and made the target of intervention programs to improve compliance.

scholarly journals Increasing the Willingness to Participate in Organ Donation Through Humorous Health Communication: (Quasi-)Experimental Evidence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia Betsch ◽  
Nora Katharina Küpke ◽  
Leonie Otten ◽  
Eckart von Hirschhausen
Keyword(s):  
Health Communication ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Willingness To Participate ◽  
Entertainment Education ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Neutral Information ◽  
Willingness To Donate ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Increasing people’s willingness to donate organs after their death requires effective communication strategies. In two preregistered studies, we assessed whether humorous entertainment education formats on organ donation elicit positive effects on knowledge, fears, attitudes, and behavioral intentions – both immediately after the treatment and four weeks later. We test whether perceived funniness mediates expected effects on attitudes and intentions. Study 1 is a quasi-experiment which uses a live medical comedy show (N = 3,964) as an entertainment education format, which either contained or did not contain information about organ donation. Study 2, a lab experiment, tests humor’s causal effect in a pre-post design with a control group (N = 144) in which the same content was provided in either a humorous or non-humorous way in an audio podcast. Results showed that humorous interventions per se were not more effective than neutral information, but that informing people about organ donation in general increased donation intentions, attitudes, and knowledge. However, humorous interventions were especially effective in reducing fears related to organ donation. The findings are discussed regarding the opportunities for sensitive health communication through entertainment education formats, psychological processes that humor triggers, and humor’s role in health communication formats.

scholarly journals Effects of Exchange Rate and Inflation Rate on Stock Market Returns Volatility in India.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nenavath Sre ◽  
Suresh Naik
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Market Returns ◽  
Stock Market Returns ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run

Abstract The paper investigates the effect of exchange and inflation rate on stock market returns in India. The study uses monthly, quarterly and annual inflation and exchange rate data obtained from the RBI and market returns computed from the Indian share market index from January, 2000 to June, 2020.The paper uses the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) co-integration technique and the error correction parametization of the ARDL model for investigating the effect on Indian Stock markets. The GARCH and its corresponding Error Correction Model (ECM) were used to explore the long- and short-run relationship between the India Stock market returns, inflation, and exchange rate. The paper shows that there exists a long term relationship but there is no short-run relationship between Indian market returns and inflation. But, there is periodicity of inflation monthly considerable long run and short-run relationship between them existed. The outcome also illustrates a significant short-run relationship between NSE market returns and exchange rate. The variables were tested for short run and it was significantly shown the positive effects on the stock market returns and making it a desirable attribute of which investors can take advantage of. This is due to the establishment of long-run effect of inflation and exchange rate on stock market returns.

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