scholarly journals The Tax Reform Act of 1986 and the Cost of Capital

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J Auerbach
Keyword(s):  
Tax Reform ◽  
Major Change ◽  
The United States ◽  
Capital Allocation ◽  
Investment Incentives ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Business Investment ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

The broad outlines of the recently passed Tax Reform Act of 1986 suggest a shift in the tax burden toward business. Over the five-year period 1987-1991, corporate tax revenues are projected to increase by $120.3 billion with individual tax revenues declining by $121.9 billion. It is natural to conclude that business investment in plant and equipment will be discouraged by this shift. Yet the relationship between tax revenues and investment incentives is a complicated one, particularly when the change in business tax revenues is accompanied by a major change in the tax structure producing these revenues. This paper's primary aim is to discuss the channels through which this major change in the tax structure will affect the incentives for business investment. Among the related questions discussed are the law's impact on the efficiency of capital allocation; corporate debt-equity ratios; corporate mergers and takeovers; tax shelter activity and the nonpayment of taxes by individuals and corporations; the strength of foreign investment in the United States; and the market value of the equity shares of U.S. corporations.

The cost of linguistic loyalty

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin L. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Language Maintenance ◽  
Census Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Model Set ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

In a census-related study on language maintenance among the Hispanic/Latino population in the southwest United States, Hudson, Hernández-Chávez and Bills (1995) stated that, given negative correlations between language maintenance and years of education and per capita income, “educational and economic success in the Spanish origin population are purchased at the expense of Spanish language maintenance in the home” (1995: 179). While census figures from 1980 make this statement undeniable for the Southwest, the recent growth of the Spanish-language population in the United States, which has grown by a factor of ~2.5 over the last twenty years, begs a reexamination of these correlations. A recent study on the state of Colorado (McCullough & Jenkins 2005) found a correlational weakening, especially with regard to the relationship between language maintenance and median income.
 The current study follows the model set forth by Hudson et al. (1995) in examining the interrelationship between the measures of count, density, language loyalty and retention based on 2000 census data, as well as the relationship between these metrics and socioeconomic and demographic variables, including income and education. While some relationships existed in 2000 much in the same way that they did in the 1980 data, especially with regard to count and density, the measures of loyalty and retention saw marked reductions in their correlations with social variables.

Family Medicine and the Health Care Crisis in the United States

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-215
Author(s):  
R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Family Medicine ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Major Change ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Flexner Report ◽  
New Feature ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Governmental Response

Many millions of Americans are deprived of medical care because of inadequate and poorly distributed health resources. The cost of care has become the most potent single cause for concern, and much of the current governmental response focuses on this issue. The plethora of bills before Congress is considered in this paper and three examples advocating a less or greater degree of change are studied. The universities are responding in a variety of ways, and these include expansion of their service and educational bases into the community. The widespread creation of departments of family medicine is a new feature of American medical education and could constitute a major change in direction equal in significance to change resulting from the Flexner Report. Though greater emphasis on primary medical care is clearly accepted as important by both government and educators, the future is uncertain. Barriers and shortages should disappear in the years ahead, and a great resurgence of family medicine should reintroduce many desired features into practice which are now missing.

scholarly journals Corporate Inversions: The Migration Of Corporate Tax Revenue

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 1137-1144
Author(s):  
Joel Barker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
The United States ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Corporate Profits

Estimates of over 20 billion of tax revenue are lost to our economy because of corporate inversions. Therefore, lawmakers are actively exploring ways to stop the hemorrhaging of corporate tax-revenues, tighten restrictions on corporate inversions, and to find ways to collect on defer tax revenues. From a business prospective, corporate inversions are nothing less than prudent, innovative, business strategies to enhance corporate profits. However, it’s undoubtedly having a significant impact on U.S. tax revenues and ultimately reducing domestic investments. Ireland is now the most popular new home to many U.S. Corporations, especially within the pharmaceutical industry. The advantageous tax incentives offered by Ireland is a “no-brainer,” when compared to the heavy taxes levied upon domestic business. Since the Tax Reform Act of 1986, there has been no major tax reform to the United States Tax System. Despite the various proposals and recommendations made to address this growing economic issue, all concern parties are in consensus that the United States Tax System needs reform.

With a Little Help from my Friends

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 971-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Victoria Murillo ◽  
Andrew Schrank
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Labor Rights ◽  
Labor Laws ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

Why did Latin American governments adopt potentially costly, union-friendly labor reforms in the cost-sensitive 1980s and 1990s? The authors answer the question by exploring the relationship between trade unions and two of their most important allies: labor-backed parties at home and labor rights activists overseas. While labor-backed parties in Latin America have locked in the support of their core constituencies by adopting relatively union-friendly labor laws in an otherwise uncertain political and economic environment, labor rights activists in the United States have demonstrated their support for their Latin American allies by asking the U.S. government to treat the protection of labor rights as the price of access to the U.S. market. The former trajectory is the norm in traditionally labor-mobilizing polities, where industrialization encouraged the growth of labor-backed parties in the postwar era; the latter is more common in more labor-repressive environments, where vulnerable unions tend to look for allies overseas.

Data Mining and Analysis of Lung Cancer

2010 ◽  
pp. 118-144
Author(s):  
Guoxin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
The United States ◽  
Claim Data ◽  
National Database ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States and the world, with more than 1.3 million deaths worldwide per year. However, because of a lack of effective tools to diagnose lung cancer, more than half of all cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, when surgical resection is unlikely to be feasible. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between patient outcomes and conditions of the patients undergoing different treatments for lung cancer and to develop models to estimate the population burden, the cost of cancer, and to help physicians and patients determine appropriate treatment in clinical decision-making. We use a national database, and also claim data to investigate treatments for lung cancer.

Tax reform initiated by D. Trump: Economic and social aspects

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 693-720
Author(s):  
Elena Yu. MAKUSHINA ◽  
Dar'ya M. KARMANOVA ◽  
Aleksei S. KUCHER
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
The United States ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

Subject. The article addresses the tax reform of 2017, initiated by D. Trump. Objectives. The aim is to determine the relationship between the total volume of tax revenues to the budget of the U.S. Government and the growth of U.S. GDP in the long run. Methods. To identify the impact of the tax reform on the investment climate in the country and the subsequent GDP growth, we formulate a hypothesis and propose a regression model. The quarterly data from 04.01.1960 to 07.01.2019 serve as a statistical sampling, published by financial departments of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget and the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. The study rests on the econometric analysis enabling to identify the impact of the volume of tax revenues from the corporate income tax and individual income taxes on the level of the GDP of the United States. Results. In the short term, we observe a decrease in tax revenues and a subsequent increase in the budget deficit, in the long term – an increase in business activity of the country, a growth in foreign direct investment, and, consequently, an increase in the GDP. The paper offers a model for assessing the economic growth of the GDP of the United States, in which tax predictors were used in combination with macroeconomic indicators. Conclusions. The experience of the United States and the results of this study may be used by the governments of developing countries and experts in the field of taxation for tax policy development.

scholarly journals Bridging the Financial Gap Among Young People

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Torres ◽  
Russell Rudman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Income ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
The United States ◽  
Student Loan ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Experts have determined that the cost of attending college is rising (Williams, 2006) and as a result, it has altered college graduates’ cumulative debt levels. In addition, research shows that those who attend college are more likely to earn higher salaries (Ma et al., 2016). Consequently, the existence of a low-income college graduate population would be considered a paradox. Simultaneous to such changes mentioned, homeownership among young individuals is declining in the United States (Dettling & Hsu, 2014). As of today, research has focused on the relationship between student loan debt and homeownership but has neglected the relationship between cumulative debt and homeownership. This study will answer the following question: What is the relationship between cumulative debt acquired by low-income college graduates between the ages of 23-40 in the United States in the 21st century and the corresponding likelihood of homeownership? Through interviews with five low-income college graduates, I collected narratives describing their outlooks on cumulative debt and its influences on homeownership. Through thematic analysis, I drew connections between common themes that indicated how cumulative debt affected one’s actions or thoughts regarding purchasing a home.  The results showed that cumulative debt has negative effects on homeownership. Subjects disclosed that their struggle to pay their cumulative debt and inability to accumulate wealth were the two most common hindrances of purchasing a home. This is significant because cumulative debt predetermines how the subject manages their finances to pursue purchasing a home and such data may influence the financial decisions of future generations.

The Attempt to Reform Taxation in the United States

1988 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
D G Davies
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Rates Of Return ◽  
Automatic Stabilization ◽  
Marriage Tax ◽  
The Cost

In the first section of the paper the causes behind the demand for tax reform in the United States are investigated. They include issues associated with bracket creep, the redistribution of income, low rates of return on saving, sluggish economic growth, capriciousness of the tax system, and problems associated with the averaging of income, the marriage tax penalty, automatic stabilization, and the cost of administration. In the second part of the paper there is an examination of the four most influential tax proposals that culminated in the 1986 tax law. The economic effects of the new levy are investigated. In the final section of the article the prospects for genuine tax-reform in the United States are examined. It is argued that, under existing political institutions and incentives, there is little hope for meaningful reform. Data are produced to support this hypothesis.

scholarly journals Exploring the Relationship Between the CFPB Financial Well-Being Score and the Elder Index

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 731-732
Author(s):  
Jan Mutchler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The Elder Index is a cost of living indicator that measures the income older adults need to meet their living expenses while staying independent in the community, calculated on a county-by-county basis for the United States. Analyses based on the Elder Index show that a large segment of the age 65+ population has incomes below the Index, reflecting a level of insecurity that is considerably higher than suggested by the poverty rate. Moreover, comparison of the Elder Index to household income illustrates differences across states in the extent to which incomes cover the cost of necessary expenditures. In this paper we explore how cost of living contributes to subjective financial security among older people, as measured by the CFPB Financial Well-Being Score, using a data match of the Understanding America Study with the Elder Index. Results document this association, offering insight to spatial patterns of financial insecurity in later life.

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