scholarly journals Financial Education versus Costly Counseling: How to Dissuade Borrowers from Choosing Risky Mortgages?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Sumit Agarwal ◽  
Gene Amromin ◽  
Itzhak Ben-David ◽  
Souphala Chomsisengphet ◽  
Douglas D. Evanoff

This paper explores the effects of mandatory third-party review of mortgage contracts on consumer choice. The study is based on a legislative pilot carried out in Illinois in 2006, under which mortgage counseling was triggered by applicant credit scores or by their choice of “risky mortgages.” Low-credit score applicants for whom counselor review was mandatory did not materially alter their contract choice. Conversely, higher credit score applicants who could avoid counseling by choosing nonrisky mortgages did so, decreasing their propensity for high-risk contracts between 10 and 40 percent. In the event, one of the key goals of the legislation—curtailment of high-risk mortgage products—was only achieved among the population that was not counseled. (JEL D14, D18, G21, R21)

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-623
Author(s):  
Andrew Grant ◽  
Luke Deer

This article examines borrower acceptance in consumer marketplace lending using a unique dataset from the largest platform in Australia, Society One. Applications are initially filtered through an automated decision tree based on a third-party Veda (Equifax) credit score. At the second stage of assessment, loan applications are underwritten by the platform before being offered to sophisticated investors for purchase. The platform accepts around 11% of completed applications, with around 55% declined by an automated decision process and the remaining 34% by the manual underwriting process. More than 80% of purchased loans were made to borrowers with credit scores classed as ‘Good’, ‘Very Good’ or ‘Excellent’ (the threshold for ‘Good’ being a score of 622). However, underwriters decline around two-thirds of these higher credit score applicants, showing the importance of the underwriting process to the platform’s growth. JEL Classification: G21, G23, D14, D45, D82


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Pulsone ◽  
Brian Ceh

This study examines the use of financial well-being indicators such as credit scores to identify gentrification. This study is a response to the redevelopment of neighbourhoods in the City of Toronto through gentrification. This study also explores both theoretical and analytical frameworks outlined in literature to identify correlations between financial wellbeing indicators and gentrification. Comparing the observations in this study to areas experience gentrification such as Regent Park revealed large implications that gentrification is largely associated with financial wellbeing. The study also found that the average credit scores in the City of Toronto seem to be increasing. The analysis determined that the credit score changes reflected the development in the Regent Park development zone. Key words: Gentrification, credit scores, spatial analysis, urban development


2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Skimmyhorn

This study estimates the effects of Personal Financial Management Course attendance and enrollment assistance using a natural experiment in the US Army. New enlistees' course attendance reduces the probability of having credit account balances, average balances, delinquencies, and adverse legal actions in the first year after the course, but it has no effects on accounts in the second year or credit scores in either year. The course and its enrollment assistance substantially increase retirement savings rates and average monthly contributions, with effects that persist through at least two years. The course has no significant effects on military labor market outcomes. (JEL D14, I21, J45)


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-125
Author(s):  
Rahel Octora

Abstrak Peningkatan kebutuhan masyarakat akan tersedianya dana membuat masyarakat mencari berbagai macam alternatif sumber dana, termasuk pembiayaan untuk memenuhi berbagai kebutuhan. Proses pengajuan pinjaman melalui lembaga keuangan bank yang mensyaratkan berbagai proses verifikasi sebelum permohonan pinjaman dapat dikabulkan, membuat sebagian masyarakat lebih memilih untuk meminjam dana melalui aplikasi / layanan penyaluran pinjaman yang beroperasi secara online. Proses yang dilalui tanpa tatap muka,berakibat pada tingginya risiko gagal bayar. Untuk mencegah hal tersebut, beberapa pihak penyelenggara pinjaman berbasis teknologi informasi menetapkan klausul bahwa pihak debitur setuju untuk memberikan ijin pada penyelenggara untuk mengakses data kontak yang terdapat pada ponsel milik debitur. Kemudian, dalam hal terjadi gagal bayar, pihak penyelenggara pinjaman melakukan penagihan kepada pihak ketiga (kontak debitur), dan penagihan tersebut seringkali dilakukan secara intimidatif. Penagihan yang bersifat intimidatif tersebut tentunya bersinggungan dengan peraturan hukum pidana yang berlaku di Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode yuridis normatif, di mana bahan-bahan yang digunakan adalah bahan hukum primer berupa peraturan perundang-undangan dan bahan hukum sekunder berupa berbagai literatur di bidang hukum. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa pemberlakuan klausul di mana debitur mengijinkan perusahaan P2P Lending melakukan akses kontak di Indonesia merupakan salah satu indikasi terjadinya undue influence atau penyalahgunaan keadaan. Negara harus memberikan batasan dengan memberlakukan ketentuan-ketentuan hukum yang bersifat memaksa. Tindakan penagihan secara intimidatif juga merupakan pelanggaran hukum pidana, khususnya UU ITE terkait dengan distribusi informasi elektronik yang bermuatan pengancaman. Perusahaan P2P Lending sebagai sebuah korporasi seharusnya dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara pidana. Kata Kunci : P2P Lending, Daftar Kontak, Hukum Pidana, Hukum Kontrak Abstract Community needs of fund is now increased rapidly. It makes people look for various alternative sources of funds, to fulfill their needs. Banks may distribute such fund in the form of loan. The granting of loan from banks as creditors is written in a loan agreement document. The loan application process through a bank requires various verification processes before a loan application can be granted. This situation makes some people prefer to borrow funds through Peer to Peer Lending Corporation, that operate through online platforms.  The process is done without face to face verification process. It may cause a high risk of non-performing loan. To prevent the high risk of non-performing loan, information technology-based loan providers, commonly stipulate a clause that “the debtor agrees to give the permission to access the contact data contained on the debtor's cellphone.” Then, in the event of a default, the loan provider will contact a third party (debtor contact) for debt collecting purposes, and the collection process oftentimes done with intimidation. Intimidating debt collecting, is certainly in violates criminal law regulations in Indonesia. This research was conducted using the normative juridical method, in which the materials used were primary legal materials in the form of legislation and secondary legal materials in the form of various literature in the field of law. The results of this study are: 1.  the clause in online loan agreement, which state that the debtor allows P2P Lending companies to access contacts is an indication of undue influence or abuse of the situation. To overcome this problem, the state must impose administrative and criminal provisions. 2. Intimidating debt collecting is also a violation of criminal law, especially the Information and Electronic Transaction Law, related to the distribution of electronic information that contains threats. P2P Lending companies as a corporation should be criminally liable. Keywords: P2P Lending, Contact List, Criminal Law, Contract Law


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Norliza Muhamad Yusof ◽  
Iman Qamalia Alias ◽  
Ainee Jahirah Md Kassim ◽  
Farah Liyana Natasha Mohd Zaidi

Credit risk management has become a must in this era due to the increase in the number of businesses defaulting. Building upon the legacy of Kealhofer, McQuown, and Vasicek (KMV), a mathematical model is introduced based on Merton model called KMV-Merton model to predict the credit risk of firms. The KMV-Merton model is commonly used in previous default studies but is said to be lacking in necessary detail. Hence, this study aims to combine the KMV-Merton model with the financial ratios to determine the firms’ credit scores and ratings. Based on the sample data of four firms, the KMV-Merton model is used to estimate the default probabilities. The data is also used to estimate the firms’ liquidity, solvency, indebtedness, return on asset (ROA), and interest coverage. According to the weightages established in this analysis, scores were assigned based on those estimates to calculate the total credit score. The firms were then given a rating based on their respective credit score. The credit ratings are compared to the real credit ratings rated by Malaysian Rating Corporation Berhad (MARC). According to the comparison, three of the four companies have credit scores that are comparable to MARC’s. Two A-rated firms and one D-rated firm have the same ratings. The other receives a C instead of a B. This shows that the credit scoring technique used can grade the low and the high credit risk firms, but not strictly for a firm with a medium level of credit risk. Although research on credit scoring have been done previously, the combination of KMV-Merton model and financial ratios in one credit scoring model based on the calculated weightages gives new branch to the current studies. In practice, this study aids risk managers, bankers, and investors in making wise decisions through a smooth and persuasive process of monitoring firms’ credit risk.


2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1234-1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Chen ◽  
Shiqing Yao ◽  
Kaijie Zhu

Problem definition: Although they enjoy low costs in sourcing from emerging economies, global brands also face serious brand and reputation risks from their suppliers’ noncompliance with environmental and labor standards. Such a supplier problem can be viewed as a process quality problem concerning how products are sourced and produced. Academic/practical relevance: Addressing this problem is a key component of many global companies’ responsible sourcing programs. A common approach is to use an audit as an auxiliary supplier screening mechanism. However, in regions with lax law enforcement, an unethical, noncomplying supplier may attempt to bribe an unethical auditor to pass the audit. Such supplier-auditor collusion compromises the integrity of the audit and weakens its effectiveness. Methodology: In this paper, we develop a game-theoretical model to study the effect of supplier-auditor collusion on the buyer’s auditing and contracting strategy in responsible sourcing, as well as various driving factors that help reduce collusion. Results: We show that the buyer’s equilibrium contracting strategy is a shutout contract that takes three different forms, depending on the collusion risk level. We also define and analyze the screening errors and social efficiency loss caused by supplier-auditor collusion. By comparing the cost versus collusion elimination trade-off between a third-party audit and an in-house audit, we offer explanations for why many global brands fully rely on third-party audits and set higher process quality requirements for suppliers located in high-risk countries. The robustness of our insights is verified by two model extensions: one involving additional supplier audit cost and the other allowing for supplier process quality improvement before audit. Managerial implications: These model insights provide useful theoretical support and baseline guidance for the current supplier audit practices in responsible sourcing. Our extended model analysis further demonstrates the importance for global brands to lobby local governments to increase collusion penalties and to promote the ethical level of the third-party auditors located in high-risk countries.


Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 3240-3240
Author(s):  
J. Rafael Cabrera ◽  
Isabel Krsnik ◽  
Rafael Fores ◽  
Elena Ruiz ◽  
Guiomar Bautista ◽  
...  

Abstract We have co-infused mobilized purified hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from a third party donor to shorten neutropenia in single unit cord blood transplantation (CBT). We describe post-engraftment infectious complications in 33 consecutive adults with high-risk hematologic malignancies. Median age was 30 (range 16–59), 22 were male. Patients were conditioned with TBI or busulfan, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and ATG. GVHD prophylaxis included CyA and steroids. Non-bacterial prophylaxis included fluconazol, acyclovir, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and azithromycin or Fansidar (toxopositive cases). Median total infused CB cell dose was 2.26 x 107/kg (1.31–3.7). Pre-CBT toxoplasma serology was positive in 12, negative in 13 (4 received HSC from a seropositive donor) and unknown in 8 cases. Pre-CBT CMV serology was positive in 30 cases. Pre-CBT, 7 patients were HBsAb(+), HBsAg(−) and 1 HBsAg(+) HBsAb(−). ANC>500/uL was achieved by 32/33, median time 10 days (9–36). Full CB chimerism was achieved in 32/33 cases. Most clinically significant infections occurred after ANC recovery (no major neutropenic infections).There were 34 episodes of CMV reactivation (3 patients developed CMV peumonitis and died <+60).Three patients developed CNS toxoplasmosis (2 seropositive pre-CBT): 1 died as a result (day +70); 1 died of acute GVHD (+120); 1 is alive on Fansidar (+547). One patient had visceral leishmaniasis (day +180) (BM aspirate for FUO; alive on amphotericin, day +379). Seven patients developed hemorrhagic cystitis, 6 related to polyomavirus (PCR on urine): 4 resolved without specific treatment and 2 with treatment (cidofovir, leflunomide). One had asymptomatic viruria. Reappearance of HBsAg occurred in 3/7 of the HBsAb (+) HBsAg(–) patients after day 100: 1 asymptomatic, 1 acute hepatitis and 1 cirrhosis. A HBsAg(+) patient was transplanted on adefovir (no increase in the viral load or liver enzymes). Four late (≥120) episodes of HZV were seen. A 27-year-old native Spaniard died (day +39) of tripanosomiasis (BM aspirate for FUO, positive PCR). Activation of pre-CBT transfusion-related infection is suspected. Short and long term results in adult CBT are improving. However we and others are reporting high incidence of post-engraftment unusual infections which seem related to delayed recovery of cell-mediated immunity. CMV, for which early diagnostic techniques and antiviral agents are available, heads the list. Our toxoplasma cases have prompted us to use prophylaxis in seropositive patients. HBV reactivation among HBsAb(+) HBsAg(−) patients raises the issue of prophylaxis during CBT versus close serological monitoring and pre-emptive therapy. Leishmaniasis is endemic among our city’s dogs, so we actively search for it in FUO (BM examination and culture). Polyomavirus can be found in the urine of up to 50% of BM recipients, viruria preceding symptoms. The value of prospective monitoring and the role of antivirals are unknown. Other unusual infections (as tripanosomiasis in our country) require high index of awareness and consideration in FUO protocols (BM, PB smears). Adult CB recipients are at very high risk of fastidious non-bacterial infections requiring wide pre-BMT screening, close analytical and clinical monitoring, prophylactic/preemptive strategies or early aggressive therapy and innovative immunotherapeutic approaches.


2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (26) ◽  
pp. 3167-3173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urszula Zurawska ◽  
Lisa K. Hicks ◽  
Gloria Woo ◽  
Chaim M. Bell ◽  
Murray Krahn ◽  
...  

Purpose Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation is a potentially fatal complication of chemotherapy that can be largely prevented with antiviral prophylaxis. It remains unclear whether HBV screening is cost effective. Methods A decision model was developed to compare the clinical outcomes, costs, and cost effectiveness of three HBV screening strategies for patients with lymphoma before R-CHOP (rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) chemotherapy: screen all patients for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg; Screen-All), screen patients identified as being at high risk for HBV infection (Screen-HR), and screen no one (Screen-None). Patients testing positive were administered antiviral therapy until 6 months after completion of chemotherapy. Those not screened were initiated on antiviral therapy only if HBV hepatitis occurred. Probabilities of HBV and lymphoma outcomes were derived from systematic literature review. A third-party payer perspective was adopted, costs were expressed in 2011 Canadian dollars, and a 1-year time horizon was used. Results Screen-All was the dominant strategy. It was least costly at $32,589, compared with $32,598 for Screen-HR and $32,657 for Screen-None. It was also associated with the highest 1-year survival rate at 84.99%, compared with 84.96% for Screen-HR and 84.86% for Screen-None. The analysis was sensitive to the prevalence of HBsAg positivity in the low-risk population, with Screen-HR becoming least costly when this value was ≤ 0.20%. Conclusion In patients receiving R-CHOP for lymphoma, screening all patients for HBV reduces the rate of HBV reactivation (10-fold) and is less costly than screening only high-risk patients or screening no patients.


2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 935-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Dranove ◽  
Ginger Zhe Jin

This essay reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on quality disclosure and certification. After comparing quality disclosure with other quality assurance mechanisms and describing a brief history of quality disclosure, we address two sets of theoretical issues. First, why don't sellers voluntarily disclose through a process of “unraveling” and, given the lack of unraveling, is it desirable to mandate seller disclosure? Second, when we rely on certifiers to act as the intermediary of quality disclosure, do certifiers necessarily report unbiased and accurate information? We further review empirical evidence on these issues, with a particular focus on healthcare, education, and finance. The empirical review covers quality measurement, the effect of third-party disclosure on consumer choice and seller behavior, as well as the economics of certifiers. (JEL D18, K32, L15, M31)


2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Sánchez-Ortega ◽  
M Arnan ◽  
B Patiño ◽  
M J Herrero ◽  
S Querol ◽  
...  

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document