Increased plasma glucose levels after Hypnorm® anaesthesia, but not after Pentobarbital® anaesthesia in rats

1994 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oddmund Johansen ◽  
Stein Vaaler ◽  
Rolf Jorde ◽  
Olav Reikerås
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Anaesthetic Agents ◽  
Significant Depression ◽  
Pentobarbitone Sodium ◽  
Glucagon And Insulin ◽  
Fasted Rats

The effects of the fentanyl fluanisone combination (Hypnorm®) and pentobarbitone sodium (Pentobarbital®) anaesthesia on blood glucose, insulin and glucagon were tested in rats in the fed and fasted state. Blood glucose was measured before and at 10, 20 and 30 min after injection of the anaesthetic agents. At 30 min the rats were sacrificed, and blood was drawn for measurement of glucagon and insulin. Pre-anaesthetic values for insulin and glucagon were established in separate groups of fasted and fed rats. In fasting rats given Hypnorm®, blood glucose and plasma insulin were unchanged while there was a non-significant increase in plasma glucagon. The fasted rats given Pentobarbital® had unchanged blood glucose and plasma insulin and a non-significant depression of glucagon. The fed rats given Hypnorm® had a significant increase in blood glucose at 10 min and nearly a doubling of glucose values at 20 and 30 min ( P<0.001). Glucagon increased far less than in the fasted group, whereas insulin was doubled from preanaesthetic values ( P<0.05). The fed rats given Pentobarbital®, had unchanged blood glucose, a slight nonsignificant depression of glucagon and a significant increase in insulin ( P<0.01). Thus Hypnorm® induced hyperglycaemia in fed but not in fasted rats, probably because more glucose was available in the fed state. Fed animals are a modification of the standard fasted animal model, and may be preferable when exploring hyperglycaemic or other reactions to anaesthetic agents.

THE EFFECT OF THE PROGESTOGEN ETHYNODIOL DIACETATE ON GLUCOSE, INSULIN, AND GROWTH HORMONE AFTER SIX MONTHS TREATMENT

1972 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. N. Spellacy ◽  
W. C. Buhi ◽  
S. A. Birk
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Ethynodiol Diacetate ◽  
Tolerance Curve

ABSTRACT Seventy-one women were treated with a daily dose of 0.25 mg of the progestogen ethynodiol diacetate. They were all tested with a three-hour oral glucose tolerance test before beginning the steroid and then again during the sixth month of use. Measurements were made of blood glucose and plasma insulin and growth hormone levels. There was a significant elevation of the blood glucose levels after steroid treatment as well as a deterioration in the tolerance curve in 12.9% of the women. The plasma insulin values were also elevated after drug treatment whereas the fasting ambulatory growth hormone levels did not significantly change. There was a significant association between the changes in glucose and insulin levels and the subject's age, control weight, or weight gain during treatment. The importance of considering the metabolic effects of the progestogen component of oral contraceptives is stressed.

The Effect of Oral Alanine on Blood Glucose and Glucagon in the Human Newborn Infant

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-81
Author(s):  
R. H. Fiser ◽  
P. R. Williams ◽  
D. A. Fisher ◽  
P. V. DeLameter ◽  
M. A. Sperling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Cell Secretion ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Human Newborn ◽  
Glucagon And Insulin ◽  
Insulin Responses

Plasma, glucose, glucagon, and insulin responses to oral feedings of l-alanine were assessed in 44 healthy term infants during the first three days of life. Alanine administration produced significant increases in glucagon and glucose concentrations on day 1, but not on days 2 and 3. These increases occurred within 30 minutes (mean and SEM for glucagon, 127 ± 7 to 219 ± 16 pg/ml, P &lt; 0.001; glucose, 45 ± 3 to 60 ± 7 mg/100 ml, P &lt; 0.01) and persisted at the P &lt; 0.05 level at four hours. Responsiveness to alanine seemed to be related to the baseline blood glucose levels since constant infusions of glucose inhibited the response. These results indicate that the pancreatic islet alpha cell secretion mechanism(s) is functioning in the newborn.

Endurance training attenuates stress hormone responses to exercise in fasted rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 243 (1) ◽  
pp. R179-R184 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Winder ◽  
M. A. Beattie ◽  
R. T. Holman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Fasted State ◽  
Hormone Responses ◽  
Exercise Muscle ◽  
Fasted Rats

Endurance exercise training produces major adaptations in hormonal and metabolic responses to exercise. This study was designed to determine whether the differences in hormone response persist in the fasted condition when liver glycogen is depleted. Rats were run on a motor-driven rodent treadmill 5 days/wk for periods up to 2 h/day for 10 wk. Trained and nontrained rats were then fasted 24 h and were run for periods ranging from 0- to 60 min. At the end of 60 min of exercise muscle glycogen was higher in trained rats (2.9 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.1 +/- 0.1 mg/g). Blood glucose was maintained at higher levels in trained rats throughout the course of the exercise (3.2 +/- 0.1 vs. 2.3 +/- 0.1 mM after 60 min). Plasma concentrations of glucagon and epinephrine increased in both groups during the exercise but were significantly lower in trained animals. Differences between trained and nontrained animals in stress hormone responses to exercise persist in the fasted state and appear to be a consequence of the capacity of trained animals to maintain higher blood glucose levels.

scholarly journals Glucose metabolism and incretins level in morbidly obese patients and in patients after biliopancreatic diversion performed for morbid obesity

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
I I Dedov ◽  
G A Melnichenko ◽  
E A Troshina ◽  
N V Mazurina ◽  
N A Ogneva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Biliopancreatic Diversion ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

We’ve studied a carbohydrate metabolism in morbidly obese (MO) patients and the patients after bariatric surgery. The patients of the 1st group had BMI40 (n=22) and no history of diabetes mellitus. Patients after biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) performed for MO were included in the 2nd group (n=23). The 3rd group was a control group of normal weight healthy subjects (n=22). Blood glucose levels, insulin, GLP-1, GIP and glucagon during the OGTT (with 75 g of glucose) at 0, 30, 60 and 120 minutes were measured in all patients. In MO group fasting glucose levels were the highest. Impaired glucose metabolism was revealed in 68.2% of patients (n=10). Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was diagnosed in 4 cases (18.2%), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in 11 patients (50%). In the BPD postprandial blood glucose levels (120 min) were lower if compared to the other groups. In 4 individuals (17.4%) we found postprandial hypoglycemia (2.8 mmol/l). Patients of the MO group had the highest fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR (p0.001). The maximum of insulin concentration was seen on minute 30 of the OGTT in the 2nd and 3rd groups, and it was significantly higher in the post-bariatric patients (p=0.026). In MO group the maximum of the plasma insulin levels were on the 60th minute and were still elevated after 120 minutes. Fasting and stimulated (on the 30th minute) levels of GLP-1 were significantly higher after BPD (р=0.037 and p=0.022 at 0 and 30 min, respectively). Morbidly obese patients had higher fasting and stimulated GIP. Fasting glucagon concentrations were similar in the surgical and control groups, while the people with MO had higher initial levels of glucagon (p=0.013) and it was not suppressed during the OGTT (p=0.076). Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance incidence was higher in MO patients. Hyperglucagonemia, increased GIP and decreased GLP-1 levels are observed in MO patients. Stimulated plasma insulin and GLP-1 concentrations were significantly increased in patients who underwent BPD, and may cause postprandial hypoglycemia.

Substrate usage during prolonged exercise following a preexercise meal

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Coyle ◽  
A. R. Coggan ◽  
M. K. Hemmert ◽  
R. C. Lowe ◽  
T. J. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Carbohydrate Oxidation ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Substrate Usage ◽  
Normal Increase ◽  
Transient Elevation

The effect of a high-carbohydrate meal 4 h before 105 min of exercise at 70% of maximal O2 uptake was determined in seven endurance-trained cyclists and compared with exercise following a 16-h fast. The preexercise meal produced a transient elevation of plasma insulin and blood glucose, which returned to fasting basal levels prior to the initiation of exercise. The meal also resulted in a 42% elevation (P less than 0.05) of glycogen within the vastus lateralis at the beginning of exercise. The 1st h of exercise when subjects were fed was characterized by a 13–25% decline (P less than 0.05) in blood glucose concentration, a suppression of the normal increase in plasma free fatty acids and blood glycerol, and a 45% (P less than 0.05) greater rate of carbohydrate oxidation compared with exercise when subjects were fasted. After 105 min of exercise, there were no significant differences when subjects were fed or fasted regarding blood glucose levels, rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or muscle glycogen concentration. The greater muscle glycogen utilization (97 +/- 18 vs. 64 +/- 8 mmol glucosyl units X kg-1; P less than 0.05) and carbohydrate oxidation when subjects were fed appeared to be derived from the glycogen synthesized following the meal. These results indicate that preexercise feedings alter substrate availability despite a return of plasma insulin to fasting levels prior to exercise and that these effects persist until the 2nd h of exercise.

scholarly journals Ascorbic Acid-Rich Moringa oleifera Lam. Extract Inhibits Hepatorenal Toxicity and Enhances the Endogenous Antioxidant Levels in Streptozotocin-Induced Type II Diabetes

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-35
Author(s):  
Vikas Kumar ◽  
Ankit Sahoo ◽  
Prakash Khadka ◽  
Deeksha Chauhan ◽  
Azizah Salim Bawadood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
The Body ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Moringa Oleifera Lam

Background. The cases of diabetes increase day by day due to unhealthy lifestyle, food habit, and less food intake. Novel drugs for the treatment of diabetes are urgently needed. Most researchers are looking for alternative drugs (plant-based drugs) for the treatment of diabetes. Objective. The current experiment was designed to examine the hepatic and renal beneficial effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) extract in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Methods. Antidiabetic potential of the MO extract was estimated in terms of blood glucose levels, plasma insulin, hexokinase, and glucose-6-phosphate. Antihyperlipidemic effects of MO extract were evaluated through the estimation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), very LDL (VLDL) cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level whereas the antioxidant effects were evaluated through estimation of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels in diabetic rats. Results. Dose-dependent treatment using MO extract significantly increased the body weight, hexokinase, plasma insulin, HDL, SOD, CAT, and GPx levels (P < 0.001) and significantly decreased the levels of fasting blood glucose, TC, TGs, LDL, VLDL, MDA, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, and glycated hemoglobin in STZ-induced diabetic rats (P < 0.001). Conclusion. MO can be used as a therapeutic agent in the management of elevated blood glucose levels through the alterations in the blood glucose level, plasma level of insulin, and various biochemical parameters.

Relation between plasma insulin and blood glucose in a cross-sectional population study of the oral glucose tolerance test

1983 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Berntorp ◽  
E. Trell ◽  
J. Thorell ◽  
B. Hood
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Glucose Tolerance Tests

Abstract. In a material of 3596 oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) performed in a population investigation of middle-aged males in Malmö, fasting and 120 min values of blood glucose and plasma insulin immunoreactivity (IRI) were studied while taking factors like body weight, smoking, alcohol, gastric resection and selfreported diabetes heredity into account. The fasting as well as the 120 min levels of both glucose and IRI were markedly influenced by body weight and smoking habits but not by the hereditary background. At 120 min, but not in the fasting state, there was a linear correlation between the IRI and glucose levels. The increase of IRI on glucose was significantly steeper in most of the hereditary subjects in comparison with their non-hereditary controls.

Initially more rapid small intestinal glucose delivery increases plasma insulin, GIP, and GLP-1 but does not improve overall glycemia in healthy subjects

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (3) ◽  
pp. E504-E507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reawika Chaikomin ◽  
Selena Doran ◽  
Karen L. Jones ◽  
Christine Feinle-Bisset ◽  
Deirdre O'Donovan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Incretin Hormones ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Stimulation Of

The rate of gastric emptying of glucose-containing liquids is a major determinant of postprandial glycemia. The latter is also dependent on stimulation of insulin secretion by glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Although overall emptying of glucose approximates 1–3 kcal/min, the “early phase” of gastric emptying is usually more rapid. We have evaluated the hypothesis that increased stimulation of incretin hormones and insulin by a more rapid initial rate of small intestinal glucose delivery would reduce the overall glycemic response to a standardized enteral glucose load. Twelve healthy subjects were studied on two separate days in which they received an intraduodenal (id) glucose infusion for 120 min. On one day, the infusion rate was variable, being more rapid (6 kcal/min) between t = 0 and 10 min and slower (0.55 kcal/min) between t = 10 and 120 min, whereas on the other day the rate was constant (1 kcal/min) from t = 0–120 min, i.e., on both days 120 kcal were given. Between t = 0 and 75 min, plasma insulin, GIP, and GLP-1 were higher with the variable infusion. Despite the increase in insulin and incretin hormones, blood glucose levels were also higher. Between t = 75 and 180 min, blood glucose and plasma insulin were lower with the variable infusion. There was no difference in the area under the curve 0–180 min for blood glucose. We conclude that stimulation of incretin hormone and insulin release by a more rapid initial rate of id glucose delivery does not lead to an overall reduction in glycemia in healthy subjects.

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