Local metabolic, pathophysiological and histological changes in venous ulcers

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 110-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ž Maksimović ◽  
M Maksimović
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Venous Flow ◽  
Venous Ulceration ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Control Samples

Objectives: The pathogenesis of venous ulceration is not completely understood. The aim of this research was to measure and compare various parameters in ulcers caused by abnormalities in superficial venous (SU) versus deep venous flow (DU), to determine possible differences in their pathogenesis. Methods: Analysis of venous blood gases and levels of anaerobic metabolites from the ulcer site were measured in SU ( n = 8) and DU patients ( n = 8) and compared with control samples from the contralateral healthy limb. Histological examination via electron microscopy was also performed in tissue samples from the ulcer sites in SU ( n = 2) and DU ( n = 2) patients. Results: The SU group had significantly lower values of partial oxygen pressure (pO2) and oxygen saturation (sO2), and significantly higher values of partial pressure of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate concentration and total carbon dioxide versus control samples. The DU group had significantly higher values of pO2 and sO2 versus controls. Elevated levels of pyruvate ( P < 0.01) and lactate ( P < 0.05) were found in DU ulcer blood samples taken after 30 min of passive standing (static shear), as compared with control blood samples. However, no significant histological differences between SU and DU samples could be distinguished via electron microscopy. Conclusions: Differences in levels of venous blood gases and anaerobic metabolites indicate a potential difference in the causation and development of superficial versus deep venous caused ulcers. This may have clinical significance for the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.

scholarly journals Blood total carbon dioxide content and bicarbonate can be used together to predict blood pH correctly in venous blood samples

Renal Failure ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-146
Author(s):  
Fatih Bulucu ◽  
Mustafa Çakar ◽  
Ömer Kurt ◽  
Fatih Yeşildal ◽  
Hakan Şarlak
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Blood Ph

Calculated bicarbonate or total carbon dioxide?

1989 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1697-1700 ◽  
Author(s):  
T D O'Leary ◽  
S R Langton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Gas Analyzer ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
A Value ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Analysis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Blood Gas Analyzer

Abstract To test the relationship pK' = 6.103 + log[HCO3calc] - log[HCO3meas], we used a Corning 168 blood-gas analyzer to analyze 500 blood samples for pH and PCO2, from which we calculated a value for bicarbonate. We also analyzed 500 venous blood samples, collected simultaneously, for potentiometric total carbon dioxide with the Ektachem 700 analyzer. In a similar study of 415 arterial and venous blood samples, we determined total carbon dioxide colorimetrically with the SMA 6/60 analyzer. The coefficients of determination (r2) found for the difference observed between the calculated and measured bicarbonate values vs the pK' in the two studies were 0.86 and 0.96, respectively. The results also confirmed the positive bias caused by organic acids in the Ektachem method for total carbon dioxide. Analysis of the SMA 6/60 results indicated a significant decrease of the pK' in patients classified as having a metabolic acidosis.

scholarly journals Evaluation of blood electrolyte alterations in cats during elec-tive laparoscopic ovariectomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Iulia Melega ◽  
Lucia Victoria Bel ◽  
Cosmina Andreea Dejescu ◽  
Madalina Florina Dragomir ◽  
Bogdan Sevastre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Anaesthesia Induction ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Blood Electrolytes ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Pneumoperitoneum ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
K Concentration

In a clinical setting, we tested the hypothesis of whether hypercapnia developed during carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum is associated with changes in blood electrolytes. This prospective study involved ten female cats that underwent elective laparoscopic ovariectomy. Venous blood samples for assessment of electrolytes were collected in the following sequence: T1- before anaesthesia induction, T2 - 10 minutes after anaesthesia induction, T3 - 30 minutes of pneumoperitoneum and T4 - at the end of pneumoperitoneum. Statistical analysis revealed AB disturbances associated with general anaesthesia and pneumoperitoneum, manifested with decreased blood pH, whereas blood PvCO2, PO2 and BE were increased. A constant increase of K+ concentration was recorded in all animals during pneumoperitoneum (P<0.05), whereas iMg registered a significant increase only at T3 (P<0.05). Correlations were recorded between blood pH and Na+, iCa, iMg, as well as between Na+ and Cl¯ at different time points during anaesthesia. No correlations were noted between pH and K+ or PvCO2 and K+. In conclusion, electrolyte imbalance represents a possible complication associated with laparoscopic surgery in healthy cats. However, further studies should investigate the causes involved in K+ concentration elevation.

scholarly journals Estimation of Total Carbon Dioxide Contents in Canine Coronary Arterial and Venous Whole Blood Samples.

1994 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-203
Author(s):  
Kazunari ISHIOKA ◽  
Miyako TAKAKI ◽  
Takuji AKASHI ◽  
Taketoshi NAMBA ◽  
Hiromi MATSUBARA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Whole Blood Samples

Role of sympathetics in the response to acute venous occlusion

1977 ◽  
Vol 233 (2) ◽  
pp. H264-H268
Author(s):  
L. H. Curd ◽  
M. C. Conrad
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Oxygen Extraction ◽  
Central Vein ◽  
Adrenergic Blockade ◽  
Constant Flow ◽  
Thigh Circumference

The effect of venous ligation and subsequent blockade of alpha receptors on hindlimb venous pressure, vascular resistance, oxygen extraction and carbon dioxide removal was evaluated in mongrel dogs with use of constant-flow perfusion of the extremity bed. Perfusion, metatarsal vein, femoral vein, and central vein pressures, and changes in paw and thigh circumference were recorded in mongrel dogs in which the hindlimb was perfused at a constant flow. Arterial, metatarsal venous, and femoral venous blood gases were drawn and analyzed for arteriovenous oxygen and carbon dioxide differences. Measurements were repeated following extensive ligation of veins and after subsequent alpha-receptor blockade with Dibenzyline. Findings indicated that ligation of extremity veins resulted in an active increase in total limb resistance upstream from the ligation, and an increase in volume of the limb. Following alpha-adrenergic blockade with Dibenzyline, limb volume increased and oxygen extraction decreased below control levels. The reflex constriction following ligation of veins protected against the detrimental effect of excessive accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces.

Arterial blood gases of the domestic hen

1965 ◽  
Vol 208 (4) ◽  
pp. 798-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Chiodi ◽  
James W. Terman
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Dissociation Curve ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Right ◽  
Domestic Hen

Individual blood samples were collected anaerobically from the brachial arteries of adult White Rock hens and were analyzed for Po2, Pco2, pH, oxygen content and capacity, and CO2 content and capacity. A dissociation curve was constructed from data on equilibration of pooled venous blood. The average arterial oxygen saturation was 90%, the Pco2 was about 32 mm Hg, the Po2 was between 94 and 99 mm Hg, and the pH averaged 7.49. The dissociation curve, as has been shown before, was shifted to the right of most homeothermic species.

scholarly journals Hemodynamic monitoring with two blood gases: “a tool that does not go out of style”

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Salvador Sánchez-Díaz ◽  
Karla Gabriela Peniche-Moguel ◽  
Gerardo Rivera-Solís ◽  
Enrique Antonio Martínez-Rodríguez ◽  
Luis Del-Carpio-Orantes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Hemodynamic Monitoring ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Arterial Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Pressure

Introduction. Hemodynamic monitoring of a critically ill patient is an indispensable tool both inside and outside intensive care; we currently have invasive, minimally invasive and non-invasive devices; however, no device has been shown to have a positive impact on the patient's evolution; arterial and venous blood gases provide information on the patient's actual microcirculatory and metabolic status and may be a hemodynamic monitoring tool. Objective. To carry out a non-systematic review of the literature of hemodynamic monitoring carried out through the variables obtained in arterial and venous blood gases. Material and methods. A non-systematic review of the literature was performed in the PubMed, OvidSP and ScienceDirect databases with selection of articles from 2000 to 2019. Results. It was found that there are variables obtained in arterial and venous blood gases such as central venous oxygen saturation (SvcO2), venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide pressure (∆pv-aCO2), venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide pressure/arteriovenous oxygen content difference (∆pv-aCO2/∆Ca-vO2) that are related to cellular oxygenation, cardiac output (CO), microcirculatory veno-arterial flow and anaerobic metabolism and allow to assess tissue perfusion status. Conclusion. The variables obtained by arterial and venous blood gases allow for non-invasive, accessible and affordable hemodynamic monitoring that can guide medical decision-making in critically ill patients.

scholarly journals Arterio-VENouS Intra Subject agreement for blood gases within intensive care: The AVENSIS study

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
Vinodh B Nanjayya ◽  
Phoebe McCracken ◽  
Shirley Vallance ◽  
Jasmin Board ◽  
Patrick J Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Central Venous

Background In critically ill patients, who require multiple blood gas assessments, agreement between arterial and venous blood gas values for pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide, is not clear. Good agreement would mean that venous values could be used to assess ventilation and metabolic status of patients in intensive care unit. Methods All adult patients admitted to Alfred intensive care unit, Melbourne, from February 2013 to January 2014, who were likely to have arterial and central venous lines for three days, were enrolled. Patients on extra-corporeal life support and pregnant women were excluded. After enrolment, near simultaneous arterial and central venous sampling and analysis were performed at least once per nursing shift till the lines were removed or the patient died. Bland-Altman analysis for repeated measures was performed to assess the agreement between arterio-venous pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Results A total of 394 paired blood gas analyses were performed from 59 participants. The median (IQR) number of samples per patient was 6 (5–9) with the median (IQR) sampling interval 9.4 (5.2–18.5) h. The mean bias for pH was  + 0.036 with 95% limits of agreement ranging from − 0.005 to + 0.078. For partial pressure of carbon dioxide, the values were −2.58 and −10.43 to + 5.27 mmHg, respectively. Conclusions The arterio-venous agreement for pH in intensive care unit patients appears to be acceptable. However, the agreement for partial pressure of carbon dioxide was poor.

Invalidity of hand heating as a method to arterialize venous blood

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 719-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
J H Green ◽  
F R Ellis ◽  
T M Shallcross ◽  
P N Bramley
Keyword(s):  
Radial Artery ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Thermal Injury ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Biochemical Measurements ◽  
Biochemical Comparison

Abstract We have assessed in normal subjects the validity of using hand heating to obtain "arterialized" venous blood by biochemical comparison of results for "arterialized" venous and true arterial (radial artery) blood samples. The heating regimen involved placing one hand in an air-heated box at 45-50 degrees C for 45 min. This method produced blood that was "arterialized" for lactate, PCO2, HbO2, and Hb but not for ammonia or PO2; it had no effect on determinations of pyruvate or glucose in plasma. Despite using a lower air temperature than previous workers, we observed thermal injury in one volunteer. Further, there was considerable between-subject variation in the effect of hand heating on blood gases. This suggests that blood gases should be measured in the "arterialized" samples at regular intervals from the start of hand heating in each patient to determine whether maximal "arterialization" has been achieved, to avoid making misleading biochemical measurements. Given the wide range in degree of observed "arterialization," we question the validity of this method.

Influence of lung volume and alveolar pressure on reverse pulmonary venous blood flow

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Obermiller ◽  
S. Lakshminarayan ◽  
S. Willoughby ◽  
J. Mendenhall ◽  
J. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Lung Volume ◽  
Left Atrial ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Left Lung ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Venous Blood Flow ◽  
Alveolar Pressure ◽  
Artery Ligation ◽  
Venous Flow

We have reported that left atrial blood refluxes through the pulmonary veins to gas-exchanging tissue after pulmonary artery ligation. This reverse pulmonary venous flow (Qrpv) was observed only when lung volume was changed by ventilation. This was believed to drive Qrpv by alternately distending and compressing the alveolar and extra-alveolar vessels. Because lung and pulmonary vascular compliances change with lung volume, we studied the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on the magnitude of Qrpv during constant-volume ventilation. In prone anesthetized goats (n = 8), using the right lung to maintain normal blood gases, we ligated the pulmonary and bronchial arterial inflow to the left lung and ventilated each lung separately. A solution of SF6, an inert gas, was infused into the left atrium. SF6 clearance from the left lung was determined by the Fick principle at 0, 5, 10, and 15 and again at 0 cmH2O PEEP and was used to measure Qrpv. Left atrial pressure remained nearly constant at 20 cmH2O because the increasing levels of PEEP were applied to the left lung only. Qrpv was three- to fourfold greater at 10 and 15 than at 0 cmH2O PEEP. At these higher levels of PEEP, there were greater excursions in alveolar pressure for the same ventilatory volume. We believe that larger excursions in transpulmonary pressure during tidal ventilation at higher levels of PEEP, which compressed alveolar vessels, resulted in the reflux of greater volumes of left atrial blood, through relatively noncompliant extra-alveolar veins into alveolar corner vessels, and more compliant extra-alveolar arteries.

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