2. An Unusual Death due to the Impalement of a Gear Stick into the Brain Stem through the Nasal Cavity

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Nozawa ◽  
Kanako Watanabe ◽  
Osamu Suzuki ◽  
Hiroshi Seno
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Arrest ◽  
Sella Turcica ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

A 59-year-old male was driving a car on the road and was involved in a traffic accident, colliding with a tanker and a big lorry. When an ambulance arrived at the scene, he was in a state of cardiopulmonary arrest and was bleeding profusely from his right nostril. He was confirmed dead at hospital. The autopsy showed a laceration of the right upper lip extending to the right nostril. In the basal skull there was a notable perforation at the ethmoid bone together with the central part of the sphenoid bone including the sella turcica. In accordance with the basal skull bone fractures, there were pronounced contusion injuries at the brain stem and a contusion injury was also observed in the right part of the cerebellum. After careful investigation of a causative stick-like item that was present inside the car, it was concluded that a severe movement of the man's body, as a result of the traffic collision, caused the gear stick which was fixed to the steering wheel to become impaled in the man's right nostril. The gear stick passed through the nasal cavity and into the basal skull bones, resulting in fatal brain stem injuries.

Even Experienced Drivers Have the Wrong Concept about How to Change Lanes

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 34-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
G M Wallis ◽  
A Chatziastros ◽  
H H Bülthoff
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Force Feedback ◽  
Motor Program ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Systematic Deviation ◽  
Lane Changing ◽  
The Road ◽  
Simulated Environment ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Right

Imagine changing lanes on a motorway, and in particular the series of angles through which the steering wheel passes in completing the manoeuvre. The vast majority of us describe turning the wheel once and then returning the wheel to the middle position. This is wrong, because we have failed to describe the appropriate symmetrical motion of the steering wheel in the opposite direction required to straighten the car. To investigate this misconcept and so as to determine the type of motor programs used during steering, we tested the ability of subjects to change lanes with and without visual feedback. Five licensed drivers drove in a simulated environment projected on a 180° screen using a force-feedback steering wheel. A straight four-lane motorway appeared alternately with normal (daylight) or zero visibility (dark tunnel). In both conditions subjects were asked to change lanes—either to the left or to the right. In the condition without visual feedback no other feedback about performance was given. Without visual feedback the results showed a predictable increase in variance in the final heading but also suggested a systematic deviation of heading towards the direction of the lane change ( p<0.001), due to the subjects' failure to complete the lane changing manoeuvre. Hence, we conclude that despite the highly practised nature of the task of lane changing, it is not stored as a complete motor program, but is instead achieved by the interplay of a simple steering program and visual feedback about current heading and location on the road.

Determination of Resistance to Abrasive Wear. VIII. Influence of Softeners in Tests with the Akron-Croydon and Du Pont Machines

1949 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-262
Author(s):  
J. F. Morley
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Published Data ◽  
The Road ◽  
Abrasive Surface ◽  
Abrasive Power ◽  
The Difference ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Right ◽  
Abrasion Testing

Abstract These experiments indicate that softeners can influence abrasion resistance, as measured by laboratory machines, in some manner other than by altering the stress-strain properties of the rubber. One possible explanation is that the softener acts as a lubricant to the abrasive surface. Since this surface, in laboratory abrasion-testing machines, is relatively small, and comes repeatedly into contact with the rubber under test, it seems possible that it may become coated with a thin layer of softener that reduces its abrasive power. It would be interesting in this connection to try an abrasive machine in which a long continuous strip of abrasive material was used, no part of it being used more than once, so as to eliminate or minimize this lubricating effect. The fact that the effect of the softener is more pronounced on the du Pont than on the Akron-Croydon machine lends support to the lubrication hypothesis, because on the former machine the rate of wear per unit area of abrasive is much greater. Thus in the present tests the volume of rubber abraded per hr. per sq. cm. of abrasive surface ranges from 0.03 to 0.11 cc. on the du Pont machine and from 0.0035 to 0.0045 cc. on the Akron-Croydon machine. On the other hand, if the softener acts as a lubricant, it would be expected to reduce considerably the friction between the abrasive and the rubber and hence the energy used in dragging the rubber over the abrasive surface. The energy figures given in the right-hand columns of Tables 1 and 3, however, show that there is relatively little variation between the different rubbers. As a test of the lubrication hypothesis, it would be of interest to vary the conditions of test so that approximately the same amount of rubber per unit area of abrasive is abraded in a given time on both machines; this should show whether the phenomena observed under the present test conditions are due solely to the difference in rate of wear or to an inherent difference in the type of wear on the two machines. This could most conveniently be done by considerably reducing the load on the du Pont machine. In the original work on this machine the load was standardized at 8 pounds, but no figures are quoted to show how abrasion loss varies with the load. As an addition to the present investigation, it is proposed to examine the effect of this variation with special reference to rubbers containing various amounts and types of softener. Published data on the influence of softeners on the road wear of tire rubbers do not indicate anything like such large effects as are shown by the du Pont machine. This throws some doubt on the value of this machine for testing tire tread rubbers, a conclusion which is confirmed by information obtained from other workers.

Role of the caudal fastigial nucleus in saccade generation. II. Effects of muscimol inactivation

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 1741-1758 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Robinson ◽  
A. Straube ◽  
A. F. Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Fastigial Nucleus ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
End Points ◽  
Acceleration And Deceleration ◽  
Corrective Saccades ◽  
Corrective Saccade ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

1. We studied the effect of temporarily inhibiting neurons in the caudal fastigial nucleus in two rhesus macaques trained to make saccades to jumping targets. We placed injections of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist muscimol unilaterally or bilaterally at sites in the caudal fastigial nucleus where we had recorded saccade-related neurons a few minutes earlier. 2. Unilateral injections (n = 9) made horizontal saccades to the injected side hypermetric and those to the other side hypometric (mean gain of 1.37 and 0.61, respectively, for 10 degrees target steps, and 1.26 and 0.81 for 20 degrees target steps; normal saccade gain was 0.96). Saccades to vertical targets showed a small but significant hypermetria and curved strongly toward the side of the injection. The trajectories and end points of all targeted saccades were more variable than normal. 3. After unilateral injections, centripetal saccades were slightly larger than centrifugal saccades (mean gains for ipsilateral saccades were 1.42 and 1.31, respectively, for 10 degrees target steps, and 1.37 and 1.15 for 20 degrees target steps). 4. Unilateral injections increased the average acceleration of ipsilateral saccades and decreased the acceleration of contralateral saccades. Injections decreased both the acceleration and deceleration of vertical saccades. 5. After dysmetric saccades, monkeys acquired the target with an abnormally high number of hypometric corrective saccades. Injection increased the average number of corrective saccades from 0.6 to 2.1 after 10 degrees horizontal target steps and from 0.8 to 2.1 after 20 degrees steps. The size of each successive corrective saccade in a series decreased, and the latency from the previous corrective saccade increased. 6. Bilateral injections (n = 2) of muscimol, in which we injected first into the left caudal fastigial nucleus and then, within 30 min, into the right, made all saccades hypermetric (mean gain for 10 degrees right, left, up, and down saccades was 1.18, 1.49, 1.43, and 1.10, respectively). Paradoxically, bilateral injection decreased both saccade acceleration and deceleration. Saccade trajectories and end points were more variable than normal. 7. To account for the effects of our injections, we propose that the activity of caudal fastigial neurons on one side normally helps to decelerate ipsilateral saccades and helps to accelerate contralateral saccades by influencing the feedback loop of the saccade burst generator in the brain stem. Without caudal fastigial activity the brain stem burst generator produces hypermetric, variable saccades. We therefore also propose that the influence of caudal fastigial neurons on the burst generator makes saccades more consistent and accurate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals Characterisation of cyclists’ willingness to pay for green initiatives at Africa’s largest cycle tour

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 432-439
Author(s):  
Melville Saayman ◽  
Waldo Krugell ◽  
Andrea Saayman
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Cycling ◽  
Different Types ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Right ◽  
Change Mitigation

The Cape Argus Pick n Pay Cycle Tour is a major event on the road cycling calendar. The majority of cyclists travel significant distances and participation produces a substantial carbon footprint. This paper examines participants’ willingness to pay to offset their carbon footprint. The purpose of this paper is to make a contribution to the literature by linking willingness to pay to attitudes towards or beliefs (green views) about the initiatives in place, to ensure a greener cycle tour. Factor analysis is used to identify different types of cyclists, based on their green views: those with green money, those who prefer green products and the “re-cyclers”. The results of the regression analysis reveal that socio-demographic variables and the right attitude towards the environment are significant predictors of stated willingness to pay for climate change mitigation.

The New Conservatives

2017 ◽  
pp. 106-139
Author(s):  
Peter Kolozi
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cold War ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
World War ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Right

Post World War II conservative thinking witnessed a marked shift in criticism away from capitalism itself and to the state. Cold War conservatives’ anti-communism led many on the right to perceive economic systems in stark terms as either purely capitalistic or on the road to communism.

Targeting cardiovascular inflammation: next steps in clinical translation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick R Lawler ◽  
Deepak L Bhatt ◽  
Lucas C Godoy ◽  
Thomas F Lüscher ◽  
Robert O Bonow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Large Body ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Clinical Translation ◽  
Stable Phase ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
The Road ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Right

Abstract Systemic vascular inflammation plays multiple maladaptive roles which contribute to the progression and destabilization of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). These roles include: (i) driving atheroprogression in the clinically stable phase of disease; (ii) inciting atheroma destabilization and precipitating acute coronary syndromes (ACS); and (iii) responding to cardiomyocyte necrosis in myocardial infarction (MI). Despite an evolving understanding of these biologic processes, successful clinical translation into effective therapies has proven challenging. Realizing the promise of targeting inflammation in the prevention and treatment of ASCVD will likely require more individualized approaches, as the degree of inflammation differs among cardiovascular patients. A large body of evidence has accumulated supporting the use of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) as a clinical measure of inflammation. Appreciating the mechanistic diversity of ACS triggers and the kinetics of hsCRP in MI may resolve purported inconsistencies from prior observational studies. Future clinical trial designs incorporating hsCRP may hold promise to enable individualized approaches. The aim of this Clinical Review is to summarize the current understanding of how inflammation contributes to ASCVD progression, destabilization, and adverse clinical outcomes. We offer forward-looking perspective on what next steps may enable successful clinical translation into effective therapeutic approaches—enabling targeting the right patients with the right therapy at the right time—on the road to more individualized ASCVD care.

A Tryst with Reality: Child Labor in the Heart of India, New Delhi

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rewa Singh
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Social Evil ◽  
The Road ◽  
The People ◽  
The Government ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Right

“Why do we have to pay the price of poverty? We didn’t create poverty, adults did.” This might be the sentiment of every child who is forced to work at an age when he or she deserves to go to school unlike the fellow kids who are born in a family that can afford to give them a decent childhood. Child Labor is the single most damaging impediment on the road to achieving the goal of development and the purpose of this paper is to show the obstacles that this social evil poses in the path to development. The study used Exploratory, rather unstructured research design and instruments such as case studies and life histories. The study indicates that the government of India has taken some strict measures to eradicate this evil such as the passing of the Right to Education Bill, illegalization of employment of children under the age of 14 years, schemes like “Sarva Siksha Abhiyan” (Education for all campaign), free afternoon meal and so on. But on the ground level their implementation is shoddy due to (as bureaucrats would put it) practical problems. The problem is of course, in the system but it has more to do with the mindsets of the people too. There are people who speak against child labor in India and back at their own house or office, many of them will have at least one child working for them. People need to realize that what a waste of talent and a major obstacle to a country’s development, Child Labor is.   Keywords - Children. Child labor India. Social evil. Illegal employment.

The Real World: Rethinking Immigration

1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob Winthrop
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
The Road ◽  
Noam Chomsky ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
National Media ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Many of us might aspire to become "public intellectuals," standing side-by-side with Noam Chomsky (for those on the left) or Bill Bennett (for those on the right), using the national media to scourge the politicians, guide the journalists, and correct the wayward public. Unfortunately, few are willing to do the requisite heavy lifting, mastering the details of particular policy debates and cultivating contacts with the relevant players, as first steps on the road to this intellectual Valhalla. As the American Anthropological Association's Task Force on Public Policy commented in its January 1998 report: "Cultural ambivalence within AAA is demonstrated in anthropologists' failure to engage in public policy issues on the one hand, and, on the other hand, anthropologists' indignation at not being consulted on policy issues perceived as being related to anthropology."

scholarly journals Convergence of Pyramidal and Medial Brain Stem Descending Pathways Onto Macaque Cervical Spinal Interneurons

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 2821-2832 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Nicholas Riddle ◽  
Stuart N. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus ◽  
Descending Pathways ◽  
Unit Discharge ◽  
Spinal Interneurons ◽  
Intraspinal Microstimulation ◽  
Reach And Grasp ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

We investigated the control of spinal interneurons by corticospinal and medial brain stem descending tracts in two macaque monkeys. Stimulating electrodes were implanted in the left pyramidal tract (PT), and the right medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), which contains reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, and some tectospinal fibers. Single unit discharge was recorded from 163 interneurons in the intermediate zone of the right spinal cord (segmental levels C6–C8) in the awake state; inputs from descending pathways were assessed from the responses to stimulation through the PT and MLF electrodes. Convergent input from both pathways was the most common finding (71/163 cells); responses to PT and MLF stimulation were of similar amplitude. Interneuron discharge was also recorded while the animal performed a reach and grasp task with the right hand; the output connections of the recorded cells were determined by delivering intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) at the recording sites. Convergent input from MLF/PT stimulation was also common when analysis was restricted to cells that increased their rate during grasp (14/23 cells) or to cells recorded at sites where ISMS elicited finger or wrist movements (23/57 cells). We conclude that medial brain stem and corticospinal descending pathways have largely overlapping effects on spinal interneurons, including those involved in the control of the hand. This may imply a more important role for the brain stem in coordinating hand movements in primates than commonly assumed; brain stem pathways could contribute to the restoration of function seen after lesions to the corticospinal tract.

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