Determination of Resistance to Abrasive Wear. VIII. Influence of Softeners in Tests with the Akron-Croydon and Du Pont Machines

1949 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-262
Author(s):  
J. F. Morley
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Published Data ◽  
The Road ◽  
Abrasive Surface ◽  
Abrasive Power ◽  
The Difference ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Right ◽  
Abrasion Testing

Abstract These experiments indicate that softeners can influence abrasion resistance, as measured by laboratory machines, in some manner other than by altering the stress-strain properties of the rubber. One possible explanation is that the softener acts as a lubricant to the abrasive surface. Since this surface, in laboratory abrasion-testing machines, is relatively small, and comes repeatedly into contact with the rubber under test, it seems possible that it may become coated with a thin layer of softener that reduces its abrasive power. It would be interesting in this connection to try an abrasive machine in which a long continuous strip of abrasive material was used, no part of it being used more than once, so as to eliminate or minimize this lubricating effect. The fact that the effect of the softener is more pronounced on the du Pont than on the Akron-Croydon machine lends support to the lubrication hypothesis, because on the former machine the rate of wear per unit area of abrasive is much greater. Thus in the present tests the volume of rubber abraded per hr. per sq. cm. of abrasive surface ranges from 0.03 to 0.11 cc. on the du Pont machine and from 0.0035 to 0.0045 cc. on the Akron-Croydon machine. On the other hand, if the softener acts as a lubricant, it would be expected to reduce considerably the friction between the abrasive and the rubber and hence the energy used in dragging the rubber over the abrasive surface. The energy figures given in the right-hand columns of Tables 1 and 3, however, show that there is relatively little variation between the different rubbers. As a test of the lubrication hypothesis, it would be of interest to vary the conditions of test so that approximately the same amount of rubber per unit area of abrasive is abraded in a given time on both machines; this should show whether the phenomena observed under the present test conditions are due solely to the difference in rate of wear or to an inherent difference in the type of wear on the two machines. This could most conveniently be done by considerably reducing the load on the du Pont machine. In the original work on this machine the load was standardized at 8 pounds, but no figures are quoted to show how abrasion loss varies with the load. As an addition to the present investigation, it is proposed to examine the effect of this variation with special reference to rubbers containing various amounts and types of softener. Published data on the influence of softeners on the road wear of tire rubbers do not indicate anything like such large effects as are shown by the du Pont machine. This throws some doubt on the value of this machine for testing tire tread rubbers, a conclusion which is confirmed by information obtained from other workers.

scholarly journals The Commodification of Public Spaces on Khao San Road

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 81-96
Author(s):  
Parisa Musigakama
Keyword(s):  
Public Spaces ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Private Goods ◽  
The Road ◽  
Street People ◽  
Internal Mechanism ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

This study focuses on the mechanisms and institutions for the governance of public spaces on Khao San Road, Bangkok. Khao San is a small road famous for tourism. It is located near major attractions, and is full of budget accommodations and street vendors. This street is known among the locals and foreign tourists as one of Bangkok’s most vibrant and lively. Furthermore, Khao San offers immense opportunity for vendors, as it is crowded with tourists all day. This factor is of utmost importance to the success of businesses. Therefore, competitions for prime vending spots on the road have been going on for years. Under these circumstances, public spaces are transformed into private goods that can be traded, transferred and deprived in reality. With the qualitative method of grounded theory, this paper reveals the process of Khao San Road’s commodification as well as the mechanisms and institutions involved in the process. Qualitative data collected using three methods: non-participant observations, in-depth interviews, and document studies were triangulated and analysed. The findings suggest that both external and internal mechanisms have stimulated the commodification of public spaces on Khao San Road over the past decades. The external mechanisms are tourism and multinational capitalist economy. The internal mechanism relates to community norms on the de facto individual rights over public spaces. These mechanisms have developed unofficial rules to work at an operational level with official rules supervised by officials. A critical outcome of these mechanisms and rules is the determination of the right to access and use public spaces by various groups of stakeholders. In conclusion, the paper discusses the relationship between the commodification of public spaces and the inequality problem. Public spaces as private goods are not different from other private possessions that can be excluded through price, authority, and policy mechanisms. Collaboration between mechanisms has resulted in only a small number of people having the opportunity to indeed access and utilise the resources on the street. People whose opportunity is denied need to bring themselves into the patronage system to ensure the survival of their businesses.

scholarly journals Characterisation of cyclists’ willingness to pay for green initiatives at Africa’s largest cycle tour

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 432-439
Author(s):  
Melville Saayman ◽  
Waldo Krugell ◽  
Andrea Saayman
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Cycling ◽  
Different Types ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Right ◽  
Change Mitigation

The Cape Argus Pick n Pay Cycle Tour is a major event on the road cycling calendar. The majority of cyclists travel significant distances and participation produces a substantial carbon footprint. This paper examines participants’ willingness to pay to offset their carbon footprint. The purpose of this paper is to make a contribution to the literature by linking willingness to pay to attitudes towards or beliefs (green views) about the initiatives in place, to ensure a greener cycle tour. Factor analysis is used to identify different types of cyclists, based on their green views: those with green money, those who prefer green products and the “re-cyclers”. The results of the regression analysis reveal that socio-demographic variables and the right attitude towards the environment are significant predictors of stated willingness to pay for climate change mitigation.

scholarly journals RANCANGBANGUN RANGKAIAN INVERTER SPWM UNIPOLAR 1 FASA DENGAN PENGATURAN FREKUENSI OUTPUT

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-49
Author(s):  
Fathoni ◽  
Agus Pracoyo ◽  
Totok Winarno ◽  
Rizal Sabillah
Keyword(s):  
Output Voltage ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Motor Speed ◽  
Output Frequency ◽  
Ac Motor ◽  
Power Part ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Frequency Variations

Changing the dc sgnal to ac signal is done for te purpose of load regulations, such as the ac motor speed, heater and lamp. Inverter work is done by ac rectification first and then converted again to a 1 phase ac signal. The ac output signal is a sinosoidal PWM (SPWM) type of unipolar 220 volts from the input 24 volt dc voltage. Unipolar SPWM signal generation is done by a microcontroller with programming. The number of counts (resolutions) of the SPWM signal and the period are set from the amount in the register, can be set to 8 bits or other constants. The power part of the SPWM inverter is the N channel MOSFET bridge circuit H with IR2110 solid state driver. Step transformer as a load while step-up the inverter output voltage. Determination of the output frequency is set through a rotary encoder that can be adjusted up (increment) or down (decrement). There are 5 frequency variations, namely 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 Hz. To get the inverter efficiency, the type of MOSFET used is chosen to have the type that has a low RDS (on) value and the right driving pulse, according to the switch configuration. Measurement of the output frequency is done by reading the image on the osciloscope. The observations show a frequency value that is almost the same as the constant. The test results show the difference in output voltage which is reduced at a 30 watt load.

The New Conservatives

2017 ◽  
pp. 106-139
Author(s):  
Peter Kolozi
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cold War ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
World War ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Right

Post World War II conservative thinking witnessed a marked shift in criticism away from capitalism itself and to the state. Cold War conservatives’ anti-communism led many on the right to perceive economic systems in stark terms as either purely capitalistic or on the road to communism.

Targeting cardiovascular inflammation: next steps in clinical translation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick R Lawler ◽  
Deepak L Bhatt ◽  
Lucas C Godoy ◽  
Thomas F Lüscher ◽  
Robert O Bonow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Large Body ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Clinical Translation ◽  
Stable Phase ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
The Road ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Right

Abstract Systemic vascular inflammation plays multiple maladaptive roles which contribute to the progression and destabilization of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). These roles include: (i) driving atheroprogression in the clinically stable phase of disease; (ii) inciting atheroma destabilization and precipitating acute coronary syndromes (ACS); and (iii) responding to cardiomyocyte necrosis in myocardial infarction (MI). Despite an evolving understanding of these biologic processes, successful clinical translation into effective therapies has proven challenging. Realizing the promise of targeting inflammation in the prevention and treatment of ASCVD will likely require more individualized approaches, as the degree of inflammation differs among cardiovascular patients. A large body of evidence has accumulated supporting the use of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) as a clinical measure of inflammation. Appreciating the mechanistic diversity of ACS triggers and the kinetics of hsCRP in MI may resolve purported inconsistencies from prior observational studies. Future clinical trial designs incorporating hsCRP may hold promise to enable individualized approaches. The aim of this Clinical Review is to summarize the current understanding of how inflammation contributes to ASCVD progression, destabilization, and adverse clinical outcomes. We offer forward-looking perspective on what next steps may enable successful clinical translation into effective therapeutic approaches—enabling targeting the right patients with the right therapy at the right time—on the road to more individualized ASCVD care.

scholarly journals Plant-Derived Natural Compounds for Tick Pest Control in Livestock and Wildlife: Pragmatism or Utopia?

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo G. Quadros ◽  
Tammi L. Johnson ◽  
Travis R. Whitney ◽  
Jonathan D. Oliver ◽  
Adela S. Oliva Chávez
Keyword(s):  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Wild Animal ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
The Road ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
The Right ◽  
Promising Avenue

Ticks and tick-borne diseases are a significant economic hindrance for livestock production and a menace to public health. The expansion of tick populations into new areas, the occurrence of acaricide resistance to synthetic chemical treatments, the potentially toxic contamination of food supplies, and the difficulty of applying chemical control in wild-animal populations have created greater interest in developing new tick control alternatives. Plant compounds represent a promising avenue for the discovery of such alternatives. Several plant extracts and secondary metabolites have repellent and acaricidal effects. However, very little is known about their mode of action, and their commercialization is faced with multiple hurdles, from the determination of an adequate formulation to field validation and public availability. Further, the applicability of these compounds to control ticks in wild-animal populations is restrained by inadequate delivery systems that cannot guarantee accurate dosage delivery at the right time to the target animal populations. More work, financial support, and collaboration with regulatory authorities, research groups, and private companies are needed to overcome these obstacles. Here, we review the advancements on known plant-derived natural compounds with acaricidal potential and discuss the road ahead toward the implementation of organic control in managing ticks and tick-borne diseases.

Field Determination of Cargo-Deck Friction Coefficients

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jos A. Romero ◽  
Miguel Marti´nez ◽  
Alejandro Lozano
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Point ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Road Segment ◽  
Friction Coefficients ◽  
The Road ◽  
Kinematical Analysis ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
On The Road

Friction between cargo and vehicle’s deck has been considered among the supplemental means for securing cargo. Although friction coefficients have been determined as a function of different influencing factors, such measurements have been performed under laboratory controlled conditions that simplify vehicle vibration and cargo-deck stiffness and contact characteristics. In this paper a methodology is proposed to quantify cargo-deck friction coefficients under realistic field conditions throughout the kinematical analysis of the stopping of the cargo-carrying vehicle by effects of dragging the cargo on the vehicle’s platform. The vehicle is located on an inclined road segment while the cargo is lashed to a fixed point on the road, in such a manner that the vehicle can travel a certain distance before the lashing becomes tensioned and the cargo starts stopping the vehicle. While average values for friction coefficients correlated well with those reported in the literature, standard deviations represented up to 33% of such average values.

Vehicle Association and Tracking in Image Sequences Using Feature-Based Similarity Comparison

2014 ◽  
Vol 536-537 ◽  
pp. 176-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Du Hyung Cho ◽  
M. Naushad Ali ◽  
Seok Ju Chun ◽  
Seok Lyong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Image Sequences ◽  
Similarity Comparison ◽  
Current Frame ◽  
The Road ◽  
Multiple Vehicles ◽  
Feature Based ◽  
The Difference ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Difference Operation ◽  
Object Association

Object association and tracking have attracted great attention in the computer vision. In this paper, we present an object association and tracking method for monitoring multiple vehicles on the road based on objects' visual features and the similarity comparison between them. First, we identify vehicles using the difference operation between the current frame in CCTV image sequences and the referential images that are stored in a database, and then extract various features from the vehicles identified. Finally, we associate the objects in the current frame with those in the next frames using similarity comparison, and track multiple objects over a sequence of CCTV image frames. Empirical study using CCTV images shows that our method has achieved the considerable effectiveness in tracking vehicles on the road.

scholarly journals On the determination of the difference of longitude, by means of the magnetic telegraph. By Elias Loomie, Esq., in a letter to Lieut.-Col. Sabine, R. A., For. Sec. R. S. Communicated by Lieut.-Col. Sabine, R. A., For. Sec. R. S

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 787-789
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Usual Manner ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Right ◽  
Time Pieces ◽  
Right Ascension ◽  
Source Of Error

The writer first refers to a series of experiments made under the direction of Professor Bache, for the determination of the difference of longitude between New York, Philadelphia and Washington, by means of the magnetic telegraph. By this series of experiments he considers it established that, by means of Morse’s telegraph, two clocks distant from each other 200 miles, can be compared together with the same precision as if they were placed side by side; and that the difference of longitude of two places can be determined with the same precision as the relative error of the clocks. These results were so satisfactory that Professor Bache determined to pro­secute them more extensively, and during the past summer comparisons have been made between New York and Cambridge observatory near Boston. The plan of operation this season was more matured than during the former. The comparisons were all made between a solar chronometer at Cambridge and a sidereal clock at New York. At ten o’clock in the evening, the two observatories having been put in telegraphic communication, when the seconds hand of the solar chronometer came round to 60 s , a signal was given at Cambridge, by pressing the key of the telegraph-register; at the same instant a click was heard at New York, and the time was recorded according to the sidereal clock. At the end of 10 s a second signal was given, which was also recorded at New York; at the end of another 10 s a third signal was given, and so on for sixty seconds. The Cambridge astronomer then commenced beating seconds by striking the key of the telegraph-register in coincidence with the beats of his chronometer. The New York astronomer compared the signals received with the beats of his clock, and waited for a coincidence. When the beats were sensibly synchronous the time was recorded, and the astronomer waited six minutes for another coincidence of beats. The Cambridge astronomer continued beating seconds for fifteen minutes , during which time the New York observer was sure of two coincidences, and might obtain three. When these were concluded, the New York astronomer in the same manner gave signals for one minute at intervals of 10 s , and then beat seconds for fifteen minutes, during which time the Cambridge astronomer obtained four or five coincidences upon his chronometer. This mode of comparison was practised every night, and it is considered that the uncertainty in the comparison of the time-pieces cannot exceed two or three hundredths of a second on any night; and in a series of comparisons the error may be regarded as entirely eliminated. Another mode of comparison which was practised is that of telegraphing star transits. A list of stars which culminate near our zenith at intervals of five or six minutes was prepared, and the observers, both at New York and Cambridge, were furnished with a copy. They then proceeded as follows: Cambridge selected two stars from the list, which we wall call A and B, and struck the key of his register at the instant when the star A passed each of the seven wires of his transit. These signals were heard at New York, and the times recorded. Cambridge then observed the transit of star B in the ordinary manner without telegraphing. New York then observed the transit of star A on his meridian in the usual manner; and struck his key at the instant the star B passed each of the seven wires of his transit, which signals were heard and recorded at Cambridge. The difference of longitude between New York and Cambridge is nearly twelve minutes, affording ample time for all these observations. Thus New York obtained upon his own clock the times of transit of star A over the meridians of Cambridge and New York; and Cambridge obtained upon his chronometer the times of transit of star B over the same meridians. The difference of these times gives the difference of longitude independent of the right ascension of the stars. Both observers then reversed the axis of their transit instruments; Cambridge selected a second pair of stars from the list, and the same series of observations was repeated as with the first pair. The error of collimation was thus eliminated, and by confining the observations to stars within about five degrees of the zenith, the influence of azimuthal error was avoided. The level being read at every reversal, the correction for it was applied by computation. In this manner it is hoped to eliminate every possible source of error, except that which arises from the personal habits of the observers. In order to eliminate this error, a travelling observer worked for a time at Cambridge and compared with the Cambridge astronomer; then came to New York and compared with the New York astronomer; then returned to Cambridge again, and so on as often as was thought necessary. Finally, at the conclusion of the campaign all the observers were to meet at Cambridge and make a general comparison of their modes of observation.

A Tryst with Reality: Child Labor in the Heart of India, New Delhi

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rewa Singh
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Social Evil ◽  
The Road ◽  
The People ◽  
The Government ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Right

“Why do we have to pay the price of poverty? We didn’t create poverty, adults did.” This might be the sentiment of every child who is forced to work at an age when he or she deserves to go to school unlike the fellow kids who are born in a family that can afford to give them a decent childhood. Child Labor is the single most damaging impediment on the road to achieving the goal of development and the purpose of this paper is to show the obstacles that this social evil poses in the path to development. The study used Exploratory, rather unstructured research design and instruments such as case studies and life histories. The study indicates that the government of India has taken some strict measures to eradicate this evil such as the passing of the Right to Education Bill, illegalization of employment of children under the age of 14 years, schemes like “Sarva Siksha Abhiyan” (Education for all campaign), free afternoon meal and so on. But on the ground level their implementation is shoddy due to (as bureaucrats would put it) practical problems. The problem is of course, in the system but it has more to do with the mindsets of the people too. There are people who speak against child labor in India and back at their own house or office, many of them will have at least one child working for them. People need to realize that what a waste of talent and a major obstacle to a country’s development, Child Labor is.   Keywords - Children. Child labor India. Social evil. Illegal employment.

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