scholarly journals Christfried Jakob on the cerebral cortex

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ζωή Θεοδωρίδου
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Educational Neuroscience ◽  
Late Period ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Middle Period ◽  
Broad Framework ◽  
Scientific Fields

The present dissertation examines the culmination of Christfried‟s Jakob neurobiological, neurophilosophical and neuroeducational ideas from 1890 to 1949. His work numbers 30 books and 200 articles on developmental, evolutionary, anatomical and pathological issues in neurobiology and it further includes pioneering contributions in modern scientific fields such as educational neuroscience and neurophilosophy. We have divided Jakob‟s work into three periods. During the „early‟ period (1890–1912), Jakob mostly carried out anatomical work. In his „middle period‟ (1913–1935), he elaborated psychobiological ideas. In the „late‟ period (1936–1949), he came up with synthetic neurobiological and neurophilosophical theories. His works were written in German and Spanish and a couple of papers in French. Thus, they had scarce diffusion in the English literature. Given that Jakob‟s works still provide meaningful clues on the riddle of the human brain, an objective of this study was to render his legacy accessible by a wider audience. Accordingly, an aim of my dissertation consisted in crediting Jakob for the formulation of original ideas in evolutionary, behavioral, cognitive, affective and educational neuroscience as well as in neurophilosophy. In a broad framework, I retraced the evolution of Jakob‟s avant garde thought and bridged his still timely works with the modern literature.

scholarly journals Sonic Grounding and Internalizing Structure: Themes of Continuity in the Music of John Coltrane

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-50
Author(s):  
Jason Squinobal
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
Late Period ◽  
The West ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Thelonious Monk ◽  
John Coltrane ◽  
Miles Davis ◽  
Middle Period ◽  
Recording Artist ◽  
Opening Paragraph

(Opening paragraph): Examining the musical development of John Coltrane, one often gets a deep sense of change. Respected Coltrane scholar Lewis Porter characterizes Coltrane’s career by the “fact that he was constantly developing and changing.” To account for this perception of change, the tendency is to divide Coltrane's music into segmented stylistic periods. This allows us a greater understanding of Coltrane’s developmental building blocks, and the specific elements that he focused on while creating his music. For example, Eric Nisenson divides Coltrane’s work into “Early Coltrane” including his work with Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis, and his first recordings for Atlantic, a “Middle Period” including his work with Thelonious Monk and the early Impulse recordings, and finally a “Late Period” including Coltrane’s avant-garde albums.  In The Dawn of Indian Music in the West Peter Lavezzoli states “Coltrane’s music went through more evolutionary stages during his ten years as a solo recording artist than many musicians realize in a fuller lifetime.” Historical and bibliographical references including the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians also characterized Coltrane’s development as moving from one period to the next.

scholarly journals Patient-level and hospital-level variation and related time trends in COVID-19 case fatality rates during the first pandemic wave in England: multilevel modelling analysis of routine data

2021 ◽  
pp. bmjqs-2021-012990
Author(s):  
Alex Bottle ◽  
Puji Faitna ◽  
Paul P Aylin
Keyword(s):  
Early Period ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Routine Data ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Primary Diagnosis ◽  
Hospital Death ◽  
Late Period ◽  
Hospital Level ◽  
Patient Level

BackgroundA report suggesting large between-hospital variations in mortality after admission for COVID-19 in England attracted much media attention but used crude rates. We aimed to quantify these variations between hospitals and over time during England’s first wave (March to July 2020) and assess available patient-level and hospital-level predictors to explain those variations.MethodsWe used administrative data for England, augmented by hospital-level information. Admissions were extracted with COVID-19 codes. In-hospital death was the primary outcome. Risk-adjusted mortality ratios (standardised mortality ratios) and interhospital variation were calculated using multilevel logistic regression. Early-wave (March to April) and late-wave (May to July) periods were compared.Results74 781 admissions had a primary diagnosis of COVID-19, with 21 984 in-hospital deaths (29.4%); the 30-day total mortality rate was 28.8%. The crude in-hospital death rate fell in all ages and overall from 32.9% in March to 13.4% in July. Patient-level predictors included age, male gender, non-white ethnic group (early period only) and several comorbidities (obesity early period only). The only significant hospital-level predictor was daily COVID-19 admissions in the late period; we did not find a relation with staff absences for COVID-19, mechanical ventilation bed occupancies, total bed occupancies or bed occupancies for COVID-19 admissions in either period. Just 4 (3%) and 2 (2%) hospitals were high, and 5 (4%) and 0 hospitals were low funnel plot mortality outliers at 3 SD for early and late periods, respectively, after risk adjustment. We found no strong correlation between early and late hospital-level mortality (r=0.17, p=0.06).ConclusionsThere was modest variation in mortality following admission for COVID-19 between English hospitals after adjustment for risk and random variation, in marked contrast to early media reports. Early-period mortality did not predict late-period mortality.

Genesis of the Wuxing Pt–Pd-rich Cu–Ni sulfide deposit in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: evidences from geochronology, elemental geochemistry, and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic data

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 380-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing-gui Sun ◽  
Yun-peng He ◽  
Ji-long Han ◽  
Zhong-yu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Crustal Contamination ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Orogenic Belt ◽  
Central Asian Orogenic Belt ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Sulfide Deposit ◽  
Late Period ◽  
Enriched Mantle ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
T Values

The Wuxing Pt–Pd-rich Cu–Ni sulfide deposit in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China, is located to the northeast of the Dunhua–Mishan fracture of the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The mafic–ultramafic complex consist of early-period hornblende–olivine pyroxenite, diopsidite, and hornblende pyroxenite and late-period gabbro and diabase units. An early-period hornblende pyroxenite yielded a zircon U–Pb age of 208.2 ± 2.6 Ma and a late-period diabase yielded a U–Pb age of 205.6 ± 1.1 Ma, with zircon εHf(t) values of +1.24 to +8.13. The early- and late-period lithofacies are relatively enriched in LILE (Rb, Ba, and Sr) and LREE, and variably depleted in HFSE (Nb, Ta). The whole-rock and single-mineral analyses of the early-period lithofacies yield (87Sr/86Sr)i ratios of 0.7055–0.7083 and εNd(t) ratios of −7.98–+3.10. These geochemical data suggest that the parental magmas of the Wuxing complex are high-Mg subalkaline basaltic in nature and were derived from an enriched mantle source. The magmas chamber formed after the injection of magma into the crust along with crustal contamination, producing early crystalline minerals and ore-bearing magmas. The rupturing of the magma chamber released evolved magmas, which then ascended and generated Pt–Pd-bearing lithofacies and Cu–Ni sulfide orebodies by fractional crystallization, accumulation, and liquation. During the late period, the residual magma invaded the early lithofacies and Cu–Ni orebodies. The fluids exsolved from the gabbroic magmas concentrated the mineralized metal elements and enhanced the precipitation of Pt–Pd-bearing veinlet-disseminated orebodies and Pt–Pd–Cu–Ni orebodies.

scholarly journals Utilization Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine among Fracture Patients: A Taiwan Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chu-Yao Tseng ◽  
Ching-Wen Huang ◽  
Hsin-Chia Huang ◽  
Wei-Chen Tseng
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Clinic Visit ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Late Period ◽  
Utilization Pattern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Herbal Products ◽  
Tcm Theory

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) divides fracture treatment into three stages. Many TCM herbs and formulas have been used to treat fractures for thousands of years. However, research regarding the Chinese herbal products (CHPs) that should be used at different periods of treatment is still lacking. This study aims to identify the CHPs that should be used at different periods of treatment as well as confirm the TCM theory of fracture periods medicine. We used prescriptions of TCM outpatients with fracture diagnoses analyzed using the Chang Gung Research Database (CGRD) from 2000 to 2015. According to the number of days between the date of the fracture and the clinic visit date, all patients were assigned to one of three groups. Patients with a date gap of 0-13 days were assigned to the early period group; those with a date gap of 14-82 days were assigned to the middle period group; and those with a date gap of 83-182 days were assigned to the late period group. We observed the average number of herbal formulas prescribed by the TCM doctor at each visit was 2.78, and the average number of single herbs prescribed was 6.47. The top three prescriptions in the early fracture period were Zheng-gu-zi-jin-dang, Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang, and Wu-ling-san. In the middle fracture period, the top three formulas were Zheng-gu-zi-jin-dang, Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang, and Zhi-bai-di-huang-wan. In the late fracture period, the top three formulas were Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang, Gui-lu-er-xian-jiao, and Du-huo-ji-sheng-tang. The main single herbs used in the early fracture period were Yan-hu-suo, Gu-sui-bu, and Dan-shen. From the middle to the late period, the most prescribed single herbs were Xu-duan, Gu-sui-bu, and Yan-hu-suo. We concluded that the results showed that the CGRD utilization pattern roughly meets the TCM theory at different fracture periods.

Reconsidering the concept of difference: A proposal to connect education and neuroscience in new ways

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Aronsson
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Educational Practice ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Mutual Transformation ◽  
Educational Neuroscience ◽  
Mutual Knowledge ◽  
Communication Problems ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Interdisciplinary Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Fields

Connecting neuroscience and education is a desire in contemporary society, related to the recurring calls for education to become more evidence-based. Research in educational neuroscience strives towards such interdisciplinary knowledge production and to an enhanced interaction between neuroscience research and educational practice. However, various problems and difficulties in achieving these collaborations are often reported. Discrepancies, hierarchies, misconceptions and communication problems can be described as creating a ‘discourse of difficulty’. The aim of this paper is to trace the specific difficulties that have created this discourse, and to problematize these difficulties in ways that enable new conceptions of what might be entailed by interaction and mutual knowledge development between the fields of neuroscience and education, and between academic theory and educational practice. The most significant difficulty is caused by a binary understanding of the concept of difference in relation to understanding the fields. Instead of understanding the fields in opposition to each other, I will suggest an understanding that implies difference emerging in each of the collaborating fields as the self-differing effects of the encounter. In the concluding discussion, I will argue that an understanding of the concept of difference as a process of mutual transformation can be essential for reciprocity and bi-directionality in collaborations. Instead of producing contradictions and hierarchies between scientific fields and between theory and practice, such an understanding of difference might facilitate an investigation of the polarizations that always position something as of lesser value, and ultimately, creates the gaps that collaborations want to bridge.

scholarly journals Insights into the Biology and Therapeutic Applications of Neural Stem Cells

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lachlan Harris ◽  
Oressia Zalucki ◽  
Michael Piper ◽  
Julian Ik-Tsen Heng
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Molecular Characteristics

The cerebral cortex is essential for our higher cognitive functions and emotional reasoning. Arguably, this brain structure is the distinguishing feature of our species, and yet our remarkable cognitive capacity has seemingly come at a cost to the regenerative capacity of the human brain. Indeed, the capacity for regeneration and neurogenesis of the brains of vertebrates has declined over the course of evolution, from fish to rodents to primates. Nevertheless, recent evidence supporting the existence of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult human brain raises new questions about the biological significance of adult neurogenesis in relation to ageing and the possibility that such endogenous sources of NSCs might provide therapeutic options for the treatment of brain injury and disease. Here, we highlight recent insights and perspectives on NSCs within both the developing and adult cerebral cortex. Our review of NSCs during development focuses upon the diversity and therapeutic potential of these cells for use in cellular transplantation and in the modeling of neurodevelopmental disorders. Finally, we describe the cellular and molecular characteristics of NSCs within the adult brain and strategies to harness the therapeutic potential of these cell populations in the treatment of brain injury and disease.

scholarly journals FINE STRUCTURE OF THE SURFACE OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX OF HUMAN BRAIN

1965 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen J. Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Cortical Surface ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Fluid Medium ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Human Material ◽  
Normal Rat ◽  
Fibrous Astrocytes

Evidence is presented for the existence of arborizing cytoplasmic processes extending from the surface of the cerebral cortex of human brain into the surrounding fluid medium. These originate from subpial fibrous astrocytes and contain the usual cytoplasmic organelles of those cells. They are bordered by basement membrane. Their occurrence is localized and variable over the cortical surface. They are more prevalent in pathological human material than in "normal" human brain and somewhat more prevalent in the latter than in normal rat cortex. Some additional information is presented regarding the relationship of leptomeninges to the cortical surface. The pia mater does not invariably adhere inseparably to the subjacent layer of fibrous astrocytes as generally assumed at present, nor does it always form a continuous layer over the surface of the brain in the material under study. Both collagen and cytoplasmic extensions of astrocytes intervene between these layers. These findings imply that glial elements of the cortex have direct access to the cerebrospinal fluid.

The transition and meaning of the ceremonial ornament with bird-shaped thorn(有刺괿器) from Marisan ancient tombs in Haman region

2018 ◽  
pp. 33-57
Author(s):  
Hoon-Hui Kim
Keyword(s):  
Early Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Symbolic Meaning ◽  
Close Connection ◽  
Extinction Period ◽  
Late Period ◽  
Previous Period ◽  
Important Notion

The Malisan ancient tombs in Haman region are the most important sites, as the center of Allakuk(安羅國), in the study of Gaya. In this study, the ceremonial ornament with bird-shaped thorn(有刺利器) excavated from the Malisan tombs were examined. In the analysis of the ceremonial ornament, It attracts attention to the most distinctive part of the bird-shaped decoration. It is largely classified into the old and the new style. It is set to five types of old style and three types of new style. The old and new style differ in appearance and disappearance. The set pattern is observed to change gradually from the early period to the late period. The duration is divided into five stages from the beginning of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. The scale of the wooden chamber tombs and stone chamber tombs and the main artifacts were examined, and the hierarchy was classified. The ceremonial ornament shows the hierarchical feature that is buried only in the middle grave and above. From the time of the emergence until the extinction period, the position as a superior relics was maintained. The position to be buried is changed. Artifacts what was buried near the body, it changes to the form to be placed on the vice chamber or top of the main in the late period. The ceremonial ornament excavated from the Malisan tombs is confirmed a close connection with the Gimhae region in the 4th century. The bird-shaped decoration on back of the armor excavated from the Daeseongdong No. 2 tomb is very similar to that of the earliest period in the old style of the Malisan s ceremonial ornament. From the previous period, the image of the bird-shaped decoration were identified in various artifacts as an important notion of farming rituals, worship of the sky and sun, and ceremonial rituals. It can be seen that the building group of the Malisan tombs placed the ceremonial ornament that has a symbolic meaning on the grave with a high hierarchy continuously.

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