scholarly journals Pressure ulcers and support surfaces

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Labrini Labro ◽  
Olga Margazi ◽  
Georgia Marouli ◽  
Georgios Vasilopoulos

In health area pressure ulcers remain until today a major problem, especially in critically ill patients in whom the incidence is increasing due to their prolonged detention. An important part in the appearance of pressure sores is prevention. Prevention can be achieved in several ways such as by changing patient position or using specialized support surfaces which reduce the pressure in the areas most commonly created the pressure sores. Equally important part in pressure sores problem is manage the problem and it can mainly achieved by the use of specific pads or the use of new, alternative methods to help them heal faster. The support surface is a specialized pressure redistribution device (pressure redistribution) which is designed to support tissue, and/or other therapeutic functions. The optimal supportive surface relieves the pressure, the fragmentation and friction and maintains a constant temperature in the human body. Such a supportive surface redistributes body weight on a possibly largest surface of the body, thereby reducing the pressure at specific parts of the body and therefore tissue damage is prevented.

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley Henrique Bueno de Camargo ◽  
Rita de Cassia Pereira ◽  
Marcos T. Tanita ◽  
Lidiane Heko ◽  
Isadora C Grion ◽  
...  

Purpose. To analyze whether a viscoelastic mattress support surface can reduce the incidence of stage 2 pressure injuries compared to a standard hospital mattress with pyramidal overlay in critically ill patients. Method. A randomized clinical trial with intention-to-treat analysis was carried out recruiting patients with Braden scale ≤14 on intensive care unit admission from April 2016 to April 2017. Patients were allocated into two groups: intervention group (viscoelastic mattress) and control group (standard mattress with pyramidal overlay). The level of significance adopted was 5%. Results. A total of 62 patients were included in the study. There was a predominance of males (53%) and the mean age was 67.9 (SD 18.8) years. There were no differences in clinical or severity characteristics between the patients in the control group and the intervention group. Pressure injuries occurred in 35 patients, with a median time of 7 days (ITQ 4–10) from admission. The frequency of pressure injuries was higher in the control group (80.6%) compared to the intervention group (32.2%; p<0.001). Conclusions. Viscoelastic support surfaces reduced the incidence of pressure injuries in moderate or higher risk critically ill patients when compared to pyramidal support surfaces.


2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
Nikolay Mikhailovich Vladimirov ◽  

Skeletal muscles are the largest organ in the human body, making up 40–50% of the total human body weight. This work is devoted to the study of physical activity on the athlete’s body. Given that the muscular system is more multifunctional than previously thought, and is able to aff ect many systems of the body through the synthesis and secretion of cytokines-classical regulators of the immune system, classifi ed as myokines. In this review article, we summarize our current knowledge of the main identifi ed and characterized myokines, focusing on their biological activity and functions. Through regular exercise, muscle-induced factors called myokines can exert and play an important role in protecting against many diseases.


2022 ◽  
pp. 170-180
Author(s):  
Esra Dogru Huzmeli ◽  
Ozden Gokcek

The trunk is the part of the human body that provides basic mechanical stabilization. It provides strength transmission between the upper and lower body regions. Body control is the ability of the body muscles to maintain the upright posture, to adapt to weight transfers, and to maintain selective trunk and limb movements by maintaining the support surface in static and dynamic postural adjustments. Good proximal trunk control provides better distal limb movements, balance, and functional motion. There are many evaluation methods, devices, and scales for trunk function and performance. 3D kinematic, electromyography, hand-held dynamometer, isokinetic dynamometer, trunk accelerometer are some devices that measure trunk function. The motor assessment scale-trunk subscale, the stroke impairment assessment set- trunk control subscale, trunk control test, trunk impairment scale are the most used scales. This chapter explores the effect of strokes on the trunk.


1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 1369-1381 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. Horak ◽  
L. M. Nashner

We studied the extent to which automatic postural actions in standing human subjects are organized by a limited repertoire of central motor programs. Subjects stood on support surfaces of various lengths, which forced them to adopt different postural movement strategies to compensate for the same external perturbations. We assessed whether a continuum or a limited set of muscle activation patterns was used to produce different movement patterns and the extent to which movement patterns were influenced by prior experience. Exposing subjects standing on a normal support surface to brief forward and backward horizontal surface perturbations elicited relatively stereotyped patterns of leg and trunk muscle activation with 73- to 110-ms latencies. Activity began in the ankle joint muscles and then radiated in sequence to thigh and then trunk muscles on the same dorsal or ventral aspect of the body. This activation pattern exerted compensatory torques about the ankle joints, which restored equilibrium by moving the body center of mass forward or backward. This pattern has been termed the ankle strategy because it restores equilibrium by moving the body primarily around the ankle joints. To successfully maintain balance while standing on a support surface short in relation to foot length, subjects activated leg and trunk muscles at similar latencies but organized the activity differently. The trunk and thigh muscles antagonistic to those used in the ankle strategy were activated in the opposite proximal-to-distal sequence, whereas the ankle muscles were generally unresponsive. This activation pattern produced a compensatory horizontal shear force against the support surface but little, if any, ankle torque. This pattern has been termed the hip strategy, because the resulting motion is focused primarily about the hip joints. Exposing subjects to horizontal surface perturbations while standing on support surfaces intermediate in length between the shortest and longest elicited more complex postural movements and associated muscle activation patterns that resembled ankle and hip strategies combined in different temporal relations. These complex postural movements were executed with combinations of torque and horizontal shear forces and motions of ankle and hip joints. During the first 5-20 practice trials immediately following changes from one support surface length to another, response latencies were unchanged. The activation patterns, however, were complex and resembled the patterns observed during well-practiced stance on surfaces of intermediate lengths.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)


2019 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 299-304
Author(s):  
Sai Saran ◽  
Mohan Gurjar

AbstractCrosstalk between various organs exists in the human body. This can be part of physiological reflexes such as cardiac reflexes that protect the organs during stressful stimuli or can be part of pathological conditions where an insult to an organ releases cytokines that cause distant effects on other organs. In critically ill patients, these crosstalks are independent of pre-existing common risk factors or the presence of new risk exposure during the treatment. Crosstalk can manifest in series or parallel. The human brain, being a control center of the human body, does crosstalk with almost every organ in the body. In this narrative review, crosstalk of the brain with various organs and systems such as the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, gut, muscle, bone, skin, adipose tissue, and immune system is being discussed along with clinical manifestations and management. Future research might help to target these pathological processes in preventing progression of single-organ dysfunction to multi-organ failures in critically ill patients.


2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 282-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taro Kemmoku ◽  
Katsuro Furumachi ◽  
Tadashi Shimamura

Background: Most posture problems encountered in persons who use wheelchairs in a seated posture for extended periods are related to sacral sitting due to posterior pelvic tilt. Posterior pelvic tilt places pressure and shearing force on the sacrococcygeal area that can lead to pressure ulcers, but the relationship between pelvic tilt and force applied to the sacrococcygeal and ischial tuberosity areas has not yet been investigated. Objective: To investigate the relationships of posterior pelvic tilt in a seated posture with vertical force and horizontal force on the sacrococcygeal and ischial tuberosity areas. Study Design: Repeated measures design. Methods: Thirty male and female subjects aged ≥60 years sat in a measurement chair at varying pelvic tilt angles, and force on the sacrococcygeal and ischial tuberosity areas was measured. Results: The pressure on the sacrococcygeal area increased with pelvic tilt in all subjects, with vertical force averaging 19% of the body weight at a pelvic tilt angle of 30°. The horizontal force on the sacrococcygeal area increased in 93% of the subjects, with an average increase equal to 3% of the body weight. Conclusions: We confirmed changes in vertical and horizontal forces on the sacrococcygeal and ischial tuberosity areas with a change in seated posture (pelvic tilt). Clinical relevance: We propose guidelines for rehabilitation practitioners working with wheelchair users to suggest improved ways of sitting in wheelchairs that avoid pelvic tilt angles that might promote pressure ulcers on the buttocks.


Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Malindu Ehelagastenna ◽  
Ishan Sumanasekara ◽  
Hishan Wickramasinghe ◽  
Indrajith D. Nissanka ◽  
Gayani K. Nandasiri

This paper presents a study on design and development of an alternating pressure overlay consists of inflatable mini air bladders, which could be used in relieving and reducing tissue pressure for the treatment of pressure ulcers. Pressure ulcers, which are predominant in the bony prominences of the body, is a skin deformity due to the limitation of blood circulation to the muscle tissues as a result of high pressures applied on the skin for longer duration. This research aims to design miniaturised air bladders which could provide alternating pressure sequences for the treatment of the pressure ulcers. The optimally designed air bladders provide proper envelopment of the patient’s body and create a high resolution of pressure distribution. The optimum geometry and the 3-D deformation profile of the air bladders are analysed using the finite element method. Based on the interface pressure the pressure overlay has been divided into five pressure zones. Furthermore, the real-time interface pressure profile between the body and the overlay is mapped by using the back pressure of mini air bladders. The actuator system includes an integrated control unit that regulates the internal pressures via electropneumatic valves operated based on the back pressure sensor feedback. This actuator system provides the alternating pressure patterns required for inflation and deflation of the mini air bladders controlling the airflow of the support surface, providing proper pressure distributions to heal the ulcers.


2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 98-104
Author(s):  
Enie Novieastari Mukti

Luka dekubitus adalah suatu masalah endemic bagi populasi pasien yang dirawat di rumah atau rumah perawatan lainnya. Pasien-pasien tersebut memiliki resiko untuk mengalami terjadinya luka dekubitus selama perawatan. Insiden dan prevalensi terjadinya luka dekubitus pada populasi ini di Amerika Serikat cukup tinggi untuk mendapatkan perhatian dari kalangan tenaga kesehatan. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi luka dekubitus bervariasi, tetapi secara umum dilaporkan bahwa 5% sampai 11% terjadi di tatanan perawatan akut (“acute care”), 15% sampai 25% di tatanan perawatan jangka-panjang (”longterm care”), dan 7% sampai 12% di tatanan perawatan rumah (“home health care”).Berdasarkan panduan praktek klinik yang dikeluarkan oleh AHCPR, intervensi keperawatan yang digunkan untuk mencegah terjadinya luka dekubits terdiri dari tiga kategori yaitu: perawatan kulit dan penanganan dini, penggunaan berbagai matras atau alas, dan edukasi pasien.Tinjauan pustaka terpadu ini bertujuan untuk menggali hasil penelitian yang dilakukan berkaitan dengan intervensi keperawatan untuk mencegah terjadinya luka dekubitus pada populasi orang dewasa, dan hasilnya akan dibandingkan dengan panduan praktek klinik yang dikeluarkan oleh AHCPR.Dalam penelusuran kepustakaan dengan menggunakan fasilitas CINAHL pada tahun 1990-1995, didapatkan 12 artikel penelitian yang berkaitan dengan intervensi keperawatan untuk mencegah terjadinya luka dekubitus, yang terdiri dari 8 penelitian tentang penggunaan matras, 2 penelitian tentang pengaturan posisi baring, dan 2 penelitian tentang edukasi pasien.Penelitian dalam kurun waktu lima tahun terakhir terlihat lebih berfokus pada efek dari berbagai matras untuk mengurangi penekanan jaringan dan perkembangan luka dekubitus. Sedangkan penelitain tentang perawatan kulit dan posisi tubuh, dan edukasi pasien terbatas.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan dalam kurun waktu lima tahun terakhir didapatkan bahwa 1) penggunaan matras yang mereduksi penekanan jaringan dapat menjadi tindakan yang efektif untuk mencegah terjadinya luka dekubitus, 2) intervensi dengan melakukan pengangkatan bagian tubuh tertentu sebagai tambahan jadual dari perubahan posisi yang rutin membantu dalam mencegah terjadinya luka dekubitus, 3) interval perubahan posisi setiap dua jam mungkin dapat merugikan integritas kulit pada populasilanjut usia, 4) perawata yang terlibat didalam edukasi pasien agar lebih menyadari bahwa tindakannya dalam upaya meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan pasien untuk mencegah terjadinya luka dekubitus akan sangat mempengaruhi sikap dan perilaku pasien dalam melakukan tindakan-tindakan untuk mencegah terjadinya luka dekubitus.Untuk peneliti selanjutnya direkomendasikan agar lebih memperhatikan area penelitin yang berhubungan dengan perawatan kulit, pengaturan posisi dan edukasi pasien karena kategori intervensi keperawatan ini masih sangat terbatas diteliti. Dan suatu penelitian replikasi perlu dilakukan untuk melihat efektifitas dari interval perubahan posisi baring yang secra tradisional dilakukan setiap dua jam.  Pressure ulcers are an endemic problem in hospitalization, institutionalized, and debilitated patient populations. Patients are at risk for the development of pressure ulcers. The incidence and prevalence of pressure ulcers among these populations in the United States are high enough to warrant concern of health care providers. Studies indicate that the prevalence of pressure ulcers varies, but it has been generally reported to be 5% to 11% in acute care settings, 15% to 25% in long term settings, and 7%-12% in home healthy settings.Based on the AHCPR’s clinical practice guideline, preventive nursing interventions for the development of pressure ulcers were categorized into skin care and early treatment, use of mechanical loading and support surface, and patient education.The purpose of this paper  is to explore research study has been conducted in area of nursing interventions to prevent the development of pressure ulcers among adult populations within the last five years, and to compare the result with the clinical practice guideline of predicting and prevention of pressure ulcers by AHCPR.In reviewing the literatures by using the CINAHL in 1990 through 1995, there were twelve research projects related to the subject has been found consisting of eight studies related to the use of various support surfaces, two studies related to body positions, and other two studies related to patient education.Literature within the last five years has appeared to focus on the effects of various support surface on pressure reduction and pressure sore development. Whereas, studies on skin care and body position and patient education have been limited.Based on the findings from the studies being conducted the last five years, the following can be concluded: 1) the utilization of pressure-reducing support surfaces could be an effective measure to prevent the development of pressure ulcers, 2) the small shift intervention in conjunction with routine turning schedules aids in the prevention of pressure ulcers, 3) the traditional two-hour turning intervention may be detrimental to the skin integrity of older adults, 4) nurses engaged most frequently in educational encounters with the client in the prevention of pressure ulcers; therefore, nurses need to remember that their actions can influence the attitudes of clients towards the acquisition of pressure ulcers prevention knowledge and skill.For the researcher it is recommended that the area of skin care interventions and patient education should be more considered, due to the limitations of studies have been conducted in these areas. A replication study to explore the effectiveness of specified turning intervals should be conducted. It is also recommended that a one and half hour turning policy be established with using a larger sample than a study conducted by Knox et al (1994).


Author(s):  
David A. Bender

About 14 per cent of the human body is protein, so a growing child, or pregnant woman must have protein intake to increase the total amount of protein in the body, or foetus, as it grows. But why does an adult, whose body weight does not change, require protein in the diet? ‘Protein nutrition’ explains that proteins contain the element nitrogen in their constituent amino acids. Nitrogen balance is the difference between the intake of nitrogen-containing compounds in the diet and the excretion of nitrogen-containing compounds from the body. There is a requirement for dietary protein as the continual breakdown of tissue proteins in the body needs replacement by newly synthesized protein.


Author(s):  
Laura Crawford ◽  
Ruth Kleinpell

A pressure ulcer, defined by the National Pressure Advisory Panel and European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panels as localized injury to the skin or tissue as the result of pressure or pressure in combination with shear, can be an adverse complication of a hospital stay, especially for acute and critically-ill patients. Factors that can contribute to pressure ulcer development include the intensity and duration of pressure, tissue tolerance, shear, and friction. Common anatomical sites for pressure ulcers development are over bony prominences. The National Pressure Advisory Panel and European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panels define pressure ulcers in six stages according to the degree of tissue damage present in the wound. A risk assessment should be performed to identify the vulnerability of pressure ulcer development and provide guidance for the implementation of preventative interventions. For the critically-ill patient, several specific measures are advocated for preventing pressure ulcers.


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