scholarly journals Foot and mouth disease and F.M.D. outbreak in Evros Prefecture in 2000

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. DADOUSIS (Κ. ΔΑΔΟΥΣΗΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Virus Type ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
High Susceptibility ◽  
Unique Case ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely, highly contagious, acute disease of all cloven-footed animal species. From 1994 to 2000 three FMD outbreaks occurred in Evros Prefecture and caused serious economical losses to the livestock of Evros. Particularly, in 1994 22 catde and 375 small ruminants were destroyed. In 1996, 6.250 catde, 24.261 small ruminants and 647 pigs were destroyed. Finally, in 2000, 5.383 catde, 4.405 small ruminants and 359 pigs were destroyed. All outbreaks, which occurred in Evros in 1994, in 1996 and 2000, were controlled by stamping-out of infected herds and flocks and pre-emptive culling on neighbouring and contact farms. FMD virus type Ο was isolated in 1994 and in 1996 and virus type ASIAl5 in 2000. In 2000 outbreak virus predominantly affected the catde population. All infected cattle showed clinical signs and high susceptibility in this strain of type ASIAj. Sheep, goats and pigs showed registans against this type ASIAj virus and clinical signs were found in only two flocks of sheep and in one of goats and pigs. In 2000, occurred the first and unique case of ASIAj in pings. Control measures lasted 5 months. In this review, all the symptomatology of FMD and the control measures, based on the experience of all these years, are given. Also, statistics and photo images are included.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Cattle via a Contaminated Environment

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Colenutt ◽  
Emma Brown ◽  
Noel Nelson ◽  
David J. Paton ◽  
Phaedra Eblé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Environmental Transmission ◽  
Indirect Transmission ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

ABSTRACT Indirect transmission via a contaminated environment can occur for a number of pathogens, even those typically thought of as being directly transmitted, such as influenza virus, norovirus, bovine tuberculosis, or foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Indirect transmission facilitates spread from multiple sources beyond the infectious host, complicating the epidemiology and control of these diseases. This study carried out a series of transmission experiments to determine the dose-response relationship between environmental contamination and transmission of FMDV in cattle from measurements of viral shedding and rates of environmental contamination and survival. Seven out of ten indirect exposures resulted in successful transmission. The basic reproduction number for environmental transmission of FMDV in this experimental setting was estimated at 1.65, indicating that environmental transmission alone could sustain an outbreak. Importantly, detection of virus in the environment prior to the appearance of clinical signs in infected cattle and successful transmission from these environments highlights there is a risk of environmental transmission even before foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is clinically apparent in cattle. Estimated viral decay rates suggest that FMDV remained viable in this environment for up to 14 days, emphasizing the requirement for stringent biosecurity procedures following outbreaks of FMD and the design of control measures that reflect the biology of a pathogen. IMPORTANCE Effective control of a disease relies on comprehensive understanding of how transmission occurs, in order to design and apply effective control measures. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is primarily spread by direct contact between infected and naive individuals, although the high levels of virus shed by infected animals mean that virus can also be spread through contact with contaminated environments. Using a series of transmission experiments, we demonstrate that environmental transmission alone would be sufficient to sustain an outbreak. Key observations include that a risk of transmission exists before clinical signs of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) are apparent in cattle and that survival of virus in the environment extends the transmission risk period. This study highlights the role a contaminated environment can play in the transmission of FMDV and presents approaches that can also be applied to study the transmission of other pathogens that are able to survive in the environment.

Phylogenetic analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus type O circulating in the Andean region of South America during 2002–2008

2011 ◽  
Vol 152 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 74-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviana Malirat ◽  
Ingrid Evelyn Bergmann ◽  
Renata de Mendonça Campos ◽  
Gustavo Salgado ◽  
Camilo Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
South America ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Andean Region ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Disease Virus Type

scholarly journals Parameter-dependent transmission dynamics and optimal control of foot and mouth disease in a contaminated environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Mugabi ◽  
Joseph Mugisha ◽  
Betty Nannyonga ◽  
Henry Kasumba ◽  
Margaret Tusiime
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Optimality System ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Environmental Decontamination

AbstractThe problem of foot and mouth disease (FMD) is of serious concern to the livestock sector in most nations, especially in developing countries. This paper presents the formulation and analysis of a deterministic model for the transmission dynamics of FMD through a contaminated environment. It is shown that the key parameters that drive the transmission of FMD in a contaminated environment are the shedding, transmission, and decay rates of the virus. Using numerical results, it is depicted that the host-to-host route is more severe than the environmental-to-host route. The model is then transformed into an optimal control problem. Using the Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle, the optimality system is determined. Utilizing a gradient type algorithm with projection, the optimality system is solved for three control strategies: optimal use of vaccination, environmental decontamination, and a combination of vaccination and environmental decontamination. Results show that a combination of vaccination and environmental decontamination is the most optimal strategy. These results indicate that if vaccination and environmental decontamination are used optimally during an outbreak, then FMD transmission can be controlled. Future studies focusing on the control measures for the transmission of FMD in a contaminated environment should aim at reducing the transmission and the shedding rates, while increasing the decay rate.

Phylogenetic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus type O re-emerging in free areas of South America

2007 ◽  
Vol 124 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviana Malirat ◽  
José Júnior França de Barros ◽  
Ingrid Evelyn Bergmann ◽  
Renata de Mendonça Campos ◽  
Erika Neitzert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
South America ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Disease Virus Type

scholarly journals Association between meteorological factors and reported cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease from 2000 to 2015 in Japan

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (14) ◽  
pp. 2896-2911 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. SUMI ◽  
S. TOYODA ◽  
K. KANOU ◽  
T. FUJIMOTO ◽  
K. MISE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Entropy Method ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Lower Threshold ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Foot And Mouth

SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to clarify the association between hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) epidemics and meteorological conditions. We used HFMD surveillance data of all 47 prefectures in Japan from January 2000 to December 2015. Spectral analysis was performed using the maximum entropy method (MEM) for temperature-, relative humidity-, and total rainfall-dependent incidence data. Using MEM-estimated periods, long-term oscillatory trends were calculated using the least squares fitting (LSF) method. The temperature and relative humidity thresholds of HFMD data were estimated from the LSF curves. The average temperature data indicated a lower threshold at 12 °C and a higher threshold at 30 °C for risk of HFMD infection. Maximum and minimum temperature data indicated a lower threshold at 6 °C and a higher threshold at 35 °C, suggesting a need for HFMD control measures at temperatures between 6 and 35 °C. Based on our findings, we recommend the use of maximum and minimum temperatures rather than the average temperature, to estimate the temperature threshold of HFMD infections. The results obtained might aid in the prediction of epidemics and preparation for the effect of climatic changes on HFMD epidemiology.

scholarly journals Investigations into Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak among Small Ruminants in Karnataka State of India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raveendra Hegde ◽  
B.P. Shivashankar ◽  
N. Gautham ◽  
G.R. Praveenkumar ◽  
B. Rajasekar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Perivascular Spaces ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Sheep Population ◽  
Goat Population ◽  
Karnataka State ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Background: Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) remains a serious threat to the Indian livestock sector due to significant economic loss associated with it. Systematic vaccination of large ruminants over the years has lead to a gradual reduction in the number of disease outbreaks in India. However exposure to FMDV infection in small ruminants has been recorded during the past few years (Rout et al. 2013). Sheep and goat population have not been vaccinated so far against FMD under the FMD-Control program (FMD-CP). The present study highlighted the outbreak of FMD in small ruminants in Karnataka, India.Methods: During the period 2018-19, seven suspected FMD outbreaks among sheep population in Bellary and Tumakuru districts of Karnataka state were investigated. Tongue epithelium (oral swabs) and foot lesions (n=23) from clinically affected sheep and tissues such as heart, lung, liver, spleen, lymph nodes and kidneys from lambs during post mortem (n=67) were collected. All the samples were processed in the laboratory for the detection of FMD virus antigen by employing Serotype differentiating antigen detection ELISA and by multiplex PCR. Heart tissue samples were also collected in buffered formalin for histopathology study and processed by routine paraffin embedding technique and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H and E). Serum samples from the recovered animals were collected and screened by NSP-ELISA and LPB-ELISA to check the antibody status in the affected herd. Result: A total of seven suspected outbreaks of FMD involving 688 small ruminants was investigated. The outbreak of FMD due to FMDV serotype O was confirmed by ELISA and multiplex PCR assays. Clinically, the affected adult sheep showed typical signs of FMD, while mortality in young lambs was observed without apparent signs of disease. Histologically, heart tissues from FMD affected lambs showed myocardial necrosis with marked aggregations of lymphocytes and neutrophils in the myocardium and perivascular spaces. History of FMD outbreaks in cattle and common grazing land for the livestock, as well as sheep within the reach of these villages, may be the major contributing factors for the outbreaks in sheep populations.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of a Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak Control Programme in Thailand 2008–2015: Case Studies and Lessons Learned

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terdsak Yano ◽  
Sith Premashthira ◽  
Tosapol Dejyong ◽  
Sahatchai Tangtrongsup ◽  
Mo D. Salman
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
And Control

Three Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreaks in northern Thailand that occurred during the implementation of the national FMD strategic plan in 2008–2015 are described to illustrate the lessons learned and to improve the prevention and control of future outbreaks. In 2008, during a FMD outbreak on a dairy farm, milk delivery was banned for 30 days. This was a part of movement management, a key strategy for FMD control in dairy farms in the area. In 2009, more than half the animals on a pig farm were affected by FMD. Animal quarantine and restricted animal movement played a key role in preventing the spread of FMD. In 2010, FMD infection was reported in a captive elephant. The suspected source of virus was a FMD-infected cow on the same premises. The infected elephant was moved to an elephant hospital that was located in a different province before the diagnosis was confirmed. FMD education was given to elephant veterinarians to promote FMD prevention and control strategies in this unique species. These three cases illustrate how differences in outbreak circumstances and species require the implementation of a variety of different FMD control and prevention measures. Control measures and responses should be customized in different outbreak situations.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Quality Control Methods for Foot-And-Mouth Disease Vaccines by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Mun-Hyeon Kim ◽  
Seon-Jong Yun ◽  
Yeon-Hee Kim ◽  
Hyang-Sim Lee ◽  
Ji-Yeon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Standard Material ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is considered one of the highly contagious viral infections affecting livestock. In Korea, an FMD vaccination policy has been implemented nationwide since 2010 for the prevention and control of FMD. Since the vaccines are imported from various countries, standardized quality control measures are critical. In this study, we aimed to validate a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) device in the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency lab and identify an appropriate FMD vaccine pretreatment method for HPLC—a simple, reliable, and practical method to measure antigen content. Based on the analyses of specificity, linearity, accuracy, repeatability, intermediate precision, limits of detection, and limits of quantification using FMD standard samples, we validated the method using a standard material. Overall, we confirmed that the HPLC technique is effective for the quantitative assessment of the FMD virus 146S antigen in Korea. Using commercial FMD vaccines, we evaluated three separation methods and identified the method using n-pentanol and trichloroethylene as optimal for HPLC analysis. Our HPLC method was effective for the analytical detection of the antigen content in FMD vaccine, and it may be useful as a reference method for national lot-release testing.

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