scholarly journals Skilled we-intentionality: Situating joint action in the living environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Julian Kiverstein ◽  
Erik Rietveld
Keyword(s):  
Joint Action ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Ways Of Thinking ◽  
Over Time

There is a difference between the activities of two or more individuals that are performed jointly such as playing music in a band or dancing as a couple, and performing these same activities alone. This difference is sometimes captured by appealing to shared or joint intentions that allow individuals to coordinate what they do over space and time. In what follows we will use the terminology of we-intentionality to refer to what individuals do when they engage in group ways of thinking, feeling and acting. Our aim in this paper is to argue that we-intentionality is best understood in relation to a shared living environment in which acting individuals are situated. By the “living environment” we mean to refer to places and everyday situations in which humans act. These places and situations are simultaneously social, cultural, material and natural. We will use the term “affordance” to refer to the possibilities for action the living environment furnishes. Affordances form and are maintained over time through the activities people repeatedly engage in the living environment. We will show how we-intentionality is best understood in relation to the affordances of the living environmentand by taking into account the skills people have to engage with these affordances. For this reason we coin the term ‘skilled we-intentionality’ to characterize the intentionality characteristic of group ways of acting, feeling and thinking.

scholarly journals Skilled we-intentionality:  Situating joint action in the living environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Julian Kiverstein ◽  
Erik Rietveld
Keyword(s):  
Joint Action ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Ways Of Thinking ◽  
Over Time

There is a difference between the activities of two or more individuals that are performed jointly such as playing music in a band or dancing as a couple, and performing these same activities alone. This difference is sometimes captured by appealing to shared or joint intentions that allow individuals to coordinate what they do over space and time. In what follows we will use the terminology of we-intentionality to refer to what individuals do when they engage in group ways of thinking, feeling and acting. Our aim in this paper is to argue that we-intentionality is best understood in relation to a shared living environment in which acting individuals are situated. By the “living environment” we mean to refer to places and everyday situations in which humans act. These places and situations are simultaneously social, cultural, material and natural. We will use the term “affordance” to refer to the possibilities for action the living environment furnishes. Affordances form and are maintained over time through the activities people repeatedly engage in the living environment. We will show how we-intentionality is best understood in relation to the affordances of the living environment.

scholarly journals Joint Action without Mutual Beliefs

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Figà Talamanca
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Joint Action ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cooperative Hunting ◽  
Mutual Awareness ◽  
Shared Practice ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Joint action among human beings is characterized by using elaborate cognitive feats, such as representing the mental states of others about a certain state of affairs. It is still debated how these capacities evolved in the hominid lineage. I suggest that the consolidation of a shared practice over time can foster the predictability of other’s behavior. This might facilitate the evolutionary passage from inferring what others might know by simply seeing them and what they are viewing towards a mutual awareness of each other’s beliefs. I will examine the case for cooperative hunting in one chimpanzee community and argue that it is evidence that they have the potential to achieve common ground, suggesting that the consolidation of a practice might have supported the evolution of higher social cognition in the hominid lineage.

scholarly journals Climate and plant community diversity in space and time

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (9) ◽  
pp. 4464-4470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Harrison ◽  
Marko J. Spasojevic ◽  
Daijiang Li
Keyword(s):  
Plant Community ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Niche Conservatism ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Drying Trend ◽  
Functional And Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Over Time

Climate strongly shapes plant diversity over large spatial scales, with relatively warm and wet (benign, productive) regions supporting greater numbers of species. Unresolved aspects of this relationship include what causes it, whether it permeates to community diversity at smaller spatial scales, whether it is accompanied by patterns in functional and phylogenetic diversity as some hypotheses predict, and whether it is paralleled by climate-driven changes in diversity over time. Here, studies of Californian plants are reviewed and new analyses are conducted to synthesize climate–diversity relationships in space and time. Across spatial scales and organizational levels, plant diversity is maximized in more productive (wetter) climates, and these consistent spatial relationships are mirrored in losses of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity over time during a recent climatic drying trend. These results support the tolerance and climatic niche conservatism hypotheses for climate–diversity relationships, and suggest there is some predictability to future changes in diversity in water-limited climates.

scholarly journals Korelacje między religijnością a poczuciem sensu życia młodzieży szkół ponadgimnazjalnych w Poznaniu w świetle koncepcji Viktora E. Frankla i Dirka Hutsebauta

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-77
Author(s):  
Jędrzej Machalski
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Meaning Of Life ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Existential Analysis ◽  
Christian Religion ◽  
Ways Of Thinking ◽  
Over Time

Viktor Emil Frankl is considered to be a pioneering researcher into the issue of the meaning of life. He carried out a thorough analysis of the theories of his predecessors, and coined his own existential analysis and logotherapy, which have become some of the most popular trends in psychotherapy. Searching for the sources of the motivation for human action, one cannot ignore the phenomenon of religiosity. Over time, due to progressive secularization, it has become impossible to describe the religiosity of man through the existing categories. David M. Wulff laid the theoretical foundation for a new way of looking at religion. On the basis of Wulff’s theories, Dirk Hutsebaut distinguished four approaches to the Christian religion. His model of religiosity enables us to distinguish the types of faith and the ways of thinking about religion, also taking into account non-believers. This article, shows the correlation between religiosity and the sense of meaning of life in adolescents.

scholarly journals Dynamics and variability in the pleiotropic effects of adaptation in laboratory budding yeast populations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher W Bakerlee ◽  
Angela M Phillips ◽  
Alex N Nguyen Ba ◽  
Michael M Desai
Keyword(s):  
Budding Yeast ◽  
Pleiotropic Effects ◽  
Evolutionary Adaptation ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Constant Environment ◽  
Fluctuating Environments ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Multiple Environments ◽  
Over Time

Evolutionary adaptation to a constant environment is driven by the accumulation of mutations which can have a range of unrealized pleiotropic effects in other environments. These pleiotropic consequences of adaptation can influence the emergence of specialists or generalists, and are critical for evolution in temporally or spatially fluctuating environments. While many experiments have examined the pleiotropic effects of adaptation at a snapshot in time, very few have observed the dynamics by which these effects emerge and evolve. Here, we propagated hundreds of diploid and haploid laboratory budding yeast populations in each of three environments, and then assayed their fitness in multiple environments over 1000 generations of evolution. We find that replicate populations evolved in the same condition share common patterns of pleiotropic effects across other environments, which emerge within the first several hundred generations of evolution. However, we also find dynamic and environment-specific variability within these trends: variability in pleiotropic effects tends to increase over time, with the extent of variability depending on the evolution environment. These results suggest shifting and overlapping contributions of chance and contingency to the pleiotropic effects of adaptation, which could influence evolutionary trajectories in complex environments that fluctuate across space and time.

Aligning Adaptation Studies with Translation Studies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Raw
Keyword(s):  
Translation Studies ◽  
Ecological Models ◽  
Adaptation Studies ◽  
Cultural Policies ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Creative Workers ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way

The relationship between translation and adaptation has remained problematic despite the appearance of two books on the subject. The difficulty lies in understanding how both terms are culturally constructed and change over space and time. Chapter 28 suggests that there is no absolute distinction between the two; to look at the relationship between translation and adaptation requires us to study cultural policies and the way creative workers respond to them, and to understand how readers over time have reinterpreted the two terms. The essay considers the lessons ecological models of learning in collaborative micro-cultures have to offer adaptation scholars and translation scholars alike.

The Bar-Cross-Ellipse Illusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon P. Caplovitz ◽  
Alex Boswell ◽  
Kyle Killebrew
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Motion Information ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Ground Segmentation ◽  
Uniform Background ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Over Time

This chapter describes a multistable stimulus that reveals the complexity of visual processing that underlies the determination of an object’s form and motion. The stimulus is constructed by placing an ellipse on a uniform background and then partially occluding it with four squares, each with the same color as the background. When the ellipse is made to rotate, it can be perceived in any of four distinct ways, and, over time, the percept will switch between them. Each percept corresponds to a distinct figure-ground segmentation that is determined on the basis of contour ownership and how different sources of motion information are assigned to contours and integrated over space and time.

An Insight into the global ‘spreading’ of a disease amid an epidemic with ‘mutation’ and ‘prevention’ parameters

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deep Bhattacharjee
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Calculation ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Probability Functions ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Over Time

We are all connected globally. Communication, transportation and convenience have made the notion of distance very small irrespective of large barriers through space and time. However, the time has come for the humans to realize the ‘pitfall’ of this global connectedness as this opens a doorway paving the humans vulnerable to a lot of deadly diseases some of which can be triggered into a new human by just a tiny touch or physical contact. Humans should be aware of this connectedness as because it is this connectedness which can ensure the spreading of deadly diseases unbounded. Irrespective of checking every means of physical communications, it has been found that its quite difficult to control the spreading of diseases globally and this results in an epidemic with uncontrolled deaths and sickness. In this paper what exactly I have been trying to show is that, a simple numerical calculation yields the spread and flow of diseases as well as a means of control of the same if can be implemented correctly. However, I’m saying that this is not totally accurate but accurate to some extent which is within the boundary of implementation of human beings. Therefore, the main objective of this paper lies in a mere mathematical extent of the physical world of the spreading of diseases showing how a ‘non-exponential growth’ can lead to ‘exponential growth’ which again subsides to ‘non-exponential growths’ in a particular duration of time. The prevention parameters have also been computed mathematically at the end. Amid an outbreak, it has been the ability of a virus to mutate over time by resisting against the known medicines and immunities. Therefore, the virus can jump from ‘one level’ to a ‘higher level’, if the epidemic lasts for long. Therefore, in case of mutation, there are probabilities or ‘more probabilities’ of the virus getting stronger in time, however we can’t ignore the idea of 2 similar probabilities that the virus can ‘either remain in a same state or level, or may become weaker’ in time. This needs to be addressed while writing a paper about ‘an outbreak amid an epidemic and its parameters for precautions’ and this will be reflected in this paper as a probability functions.

Properties

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Daly
Keyword(s):  
Quality Attribute ◽  
Secondary Qualities ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Categorical Properties ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Ways Of Thinking ◽  
Rival View

Asked to describe a given tomato, you might cite its redness, its size, and its age. In doing so, some philosophers would claim, you have cited some of the tomato’s properties. A property is what is variously called a feature, quality, attribute, or (as some philosophers put it) a way that something is. A property is supposed to be an entity that things (including particulars, such as tomatoes or people) have. The topic of properties is part of ontology (the study of what there is). The topic involves two key issues. The first issue concerns the nature of properties. That is, it concerns what sorts of entities properties are. One important question here is whether properties are located in space and time. Some philosophers follow Plato in thinking that properties are located in neither space nor time. Others follow Aristotle in thinking that properties are located in space and time. Another question is whether distinct individuals can literally have one and the same property. The view that they can takes properties to be repeatable entities, or universals. A rival view takes properties to be non-repeatable entities, or particulars. The second issue concerns the existence of properties. Given a view about the nature of properties – a view about what properties are supposed to be – there is then an issue about whether there are any such entities. The traditional debate typically took properties to be universals. Realists about universals argued that universals exist, whereas Nominalists argued that they do not. With greater recognition emerging during the last century of other ways of thinking of properties, the debate about the existence of properties has become many-sided. Philosophers who agree both about what properties are, and that properties so understood exist, may find other grounds for disagreement. This raises a subsidiary class of issues. For instance, do particulars exist in addition to properties? A given apple is edible, sweet to taste, and so on. Some philosophers argue that the apple is only a ‘bundle’ of these and other properties. Other philosophers disagree, and take the apple to be a ‘bare particular’ which has various properties, but is distinct from them. Other disagreements concern which properties exist, and how to classify them. For instance, is there a genuine distinction between so-called primary and secondary qualities? Again, is there a genuine distinction between so-called dispositional and non-dispositional (or categorical) properties?

scholarly journals Can a quantum state over time resemble a quantum state at a single time?

2017 ◽  
Vol 473 (2205) ◽  
pp. 20170395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Horsman ◽  
Chris Heunen ◽  
Matthew F. Pusey ◽  
Jonathan Barrett ◽  
Robert W. Spekkens
Keyword(s):  
Tensor Product ◽  
Quantum State ◽  
Hilbert Spaces ◽  
Composite System ◽  
Hermitian Operator ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Single Time ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Joint State

The standard formalism of quantum theory treats space and time in fundamentally different ways. In particular, a composite system at a given time is represented by a joint state, but the formalism does not prescribe a joint state for a composite of systems at different times. If there were a way of defining such a joint state, this would potentially permit a more even-handed treatment of space and time, and would strengthen the existing analogy between quantum states and classical probability distributions. Under the assumption that the joint state over time is an operator on the tensor product of single-time Hilbert spaces, we analyse various proposals for such a joint state, including one due to Leifer and Spekkens, one due to Fitzsimons, Jones and Vedral, and another based on discrete Wigner functions. Finding various problems with each, we identify five criteria for a quantum joint state over time to satisfy if it is to play a role similar to the standard joint state for a composite system: that it is a Hermitian operator on the tensor product of the single-time Hilbert spaces; that it represents probabilistic mixing appropriately; that it has the appropriate classical limit; that it has the appropriate single-time marginals; that composing over multiple time steps is associative. We show that no construction satisfies all these requirements. If Hermiticity is dropped, then there is an essentially unique construction that satisfies the remaining four criteria.

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