scholarly journals Metsepole Livonians from the 14th to the 17th century

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-60
Author(s):  
Aldur Vunk
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Population History ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Linguistic Identity ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
History Of

The topic of this paper is the history of Metsepole Livonians (later called Salaca Livonians) from the 14th to the 17th century. The paper refers to academic works from the 17th (by Thomas Hiärn) and later centuries dealing with the linguistic borders of Livonians in Salaca Parish. Also considered are rarely used papers such as the research by Manfred von Vegesack, who has investigated the population history of Livonians in the northern part of Vidzeme through place names found in church registers, ploughland revisions, revenue district registers etc. Information from some sources that have not been used before is presented here as well. As a result of different historical processes, the identity of Metsepole Livonians gradually weakened from the 14th to the 17th century. Livonian linguistic identity faded due to both the loss of its ancient status and the area of communication that expanded in the Middle Ages and the modern age. The number of language users became a strong precondition for the expansion of the area of use of a language, and there was not a vast number of Livonians. The history of these Finno-Ugric people is unusual due to the historical background of Livonia, but there are similarities in the rules of preservation of languages worldwide.Kokkuvõte. Aldur Vunk: Metsepole liivlased 14.–17. sajandil. Artikli teemaks on Metsepole liivlaste (hiljem tuntud kui Salatsi liivlased) ajalugu 14.–17. sajandil. Käesoleva artikli maht ei võimaldanud kirjeldada Metsepole maakonna kujunemist ja selle ümberkujundamist Riia peapiiskopkonna kui riigi rajamise käigus 13. sajandil. Samuti kirjalike allikate kaudu paremini dokumenteeritud Salatsi liivlaste viimaste keelesaarte kahanemist 18. ja eriti 19. sajandil. Need teemad koos Salatsi liivlaste nimede teemaga on osadeks juba ettevalmistamisel olevale terviklikumale käsitlusele. Artikkel toetub akadeemilistele kirjutistele alates 17. sajandist (T. Hiärn) ja hilisemast ajast, kus kirjeldatakse liivlaste keelepiiri Salatsi kihelkonnas, samuti harvakasutatud Manfred von Vegesacki tööle, kes uuris Vidzeme põhjaosa rahvastikulugu kirikuraamatute, adramaarevisjonide, vakuraamatute ja muude omaaegsete allikate põhjal. Artikli koostamisel on kasutatud ka allikaid, mis seni olid läbi töötamata. Mitmesuguste ajalooliste protsesside tulemusel on Metsepole liivlaste identiteet 14. sajandist 17. sajandini oluliselt nõrgenenud. Põhjused keelelise identiteedi hääbumiseks on olnud nii liivlaste muinasaegse staatuse kadumine kui ka keskajal ja uusajal avardunud suhtluspiirkond, mille tõttu keelte kasutajate arv muutus oluliseks teguriks. Liivlasi polnud kuigi arvukalt ja nad olid oma tegevusaladest tulenevalt valmis omandama teisi keeli. 16. ja 17. sajandil alanud kirjakeelte loomise ja talurahvakoolide võrgu rajamise ajaks oli liivi keel jäänud vähemuskeeleks. Samuti ei leidunud piisavalt haritlasi, kes selles keeles kirjavara oleksid loonud. Selle soomeugri hõimu ajalugu on küll omapärane Liivimaa ajaloolise tausta tõttu, kuid keele hääbumise põhjustanud asjaolud on sarnased teistegi kadunud keelte omadega palju laiemas kontekstis.Märksõnad: Metsepole liivlased, Salatsi liivlased, liivi keel, Vana-Liivimaa, Vidzeme, Lemsalu, Vainiži, koolid, maakeelsed trükised, Salatsi kihelkonna mõisad, 17. sajandi vakusedKubbõvõttõks. Aldur Vunk: Metsepole līvlizt 14.–17. āigastsadā āigal. Kēra temātõks um Mõtsāpūol līvlizt (obbõm tundtõd kui Salāts līvlizt) istōrij 14.–17. āigastsadā āigal. Kēra alīzõks ātõ akādēmilizt kēratõkst 17. āigastsadāst (T. Hiärn) ja obāzõmõst āigast, kus kēratõb iļ līvlizt kīeležā Salāts pagāsts. Nei īž um kēra alīzõks Manfred von Vegesack tīe, mis tuņšliz Vidzeme pūojrov luggõ pivākuodārōntõd, addõrmōrevīzijd, vakrōntõd ja munt ovātõd abkõks. Sīe kēra kubbõpanmizõks attõ kȭlbatõd ka seļļizt ovātõd, mis attõ siedaigsōņõ īenõd tuņšlõmõt. Setsuglimizt istōrij suggimizt pierāst um Mõtsāpūol līvlizt eņtštīedami 14.–17. āigastsadā āigal nõŗkõn. Kīelliz eņtštīedamiz vōrgimiz pūojõks vȯļțõ nei līvlizt muinizaigiz kȭrda mȭitantimi kui ka kubsõkēmizarā ovārtimi sidāmtāigal ja ūžāigal. Līvlizt lug iz ūo sūr ja ne vȯļțõ vaļmõd oppõm mūḑi kēļi. Kērakīeld lūomiz ja talrovskūolõd võrgõ pūojtimiz īrgandõksõks 16. ja 17. āigastsadā āigal vȯļ līvõ kīelstõ īend veitimit kīelkõks. Nei īž iz täut opātõd rovžti, kis vȯlkstõ sīes kīels lūond kēravillõ. Sīe sūomõ-ugrõ rov istōrij um set Līvõmō istōrijs eņtšvīți.

scholarly journals Russian Pilgrims of the 12th–18th Centuries on “The sweet land of Cyprus”

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-80
Author(s):  
Svetlana V. Bliznyuk
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Russian People ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Political Relationships ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
History Of

The era of the Crusades was also the era of pilgrims and pilgrimages to Jeru­salem. The Russian Orthodox world did not accept the idea of the Crusades and did not consider the Western European crusaders to be pilgrims. However, Russian people also sought to make pilgrimages, the purpose of which they saw in personal repentance and worship of the Lord. Visiting the Christian relics of Cyprus was desirable for pilgrims on their way to Jerusalem. Based on the method of content analysis of a whole complex of the writings of Russian pil­grims, as well as the works of Cypriot, Byzantine, Arab and Russian chroniclers, the author explores the history of travels and pilgrimages of Russian people to Cyprus in the 12th–18th centuries, the origins of the Russian-Cypriot reli­gious, inter-cultural and political relationships, in addition to the dynamics of their development from the first contacts in the Middle Ages to the establish­ment of permanent diplomatic and political relations between the two coun­tries in the Early Modern Age. Starting with the 17th century, Russian-Cypriot relationships were developing in three fields: 1) Russians in Cyprus; 2) Cypri­ots in Russia; 3) knowledge of Cyprus and interest in Cyprus in Russia. Cyp­riots appeared in Russia (at the court of the Russian tsars) at the beginning of the 17th century. We know of constant correspondence and the exchange of embassies between the Russian tsars and the hierarchs of the Cypriot Ortho­dox Church that took place in the 17th–18th centuries. The presence of Cypri­ots in Russia, the acquisition of information, the study of Cypriot literature, and translations of some Cypriot writings into Russian all promoted interactions on both political and cultural levels. This article emphasizes the important histori­cal, cultural, diplomatic and political functions of the pilgrimages.

Sources for the History of the Jews of Majorca

Traditio ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 334-341
Author(s):  
J. N. Hillgarth
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Detailed History ◽  
Preliminary Work ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

In my view it will not be possible to write the detailed history of the Jewish community in Majorca until a great deal more preliminary work has been done on the sources for that history. The following sketch of the subject is limited to the period before 1500, and, except for some references to conversos, to the time before 1391. It seems best to begin with a brief discussion of the context within which the Jewish community of Majorca emerged in the later Middle Ages and of the historical background which gave it its peculiar importance.

scholarly journals Eric Voegelin's History of political ideas. The bones of contention of the political animal

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-112
Author(s):  
Mendo Castro-Henriques
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
End Of History ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eric Voegelin ◽  
Christian Understanding ◽  
First World

The History of Political Ideas by the German-American philosopher Eric Voegelin (1901-1985) is a monumental work of around 2,600 pages. It remained unpublished during his lifetime, and it came to light through the American edition (1997-1999) and the now completed Portuguese edition (2012-2018). Being the author of the first world edition of an abridged version of the History of Political Ideas ; the translator of the first three volumes of the 2012-2018 Portuguese edition; and the author of The civil philosophy of Eric Voegelin (my 1990 Ph. D diss.) I consider that the History of Political Ideas challenges the present climate of opinion: it subverts the dominant corrosive forces of moral relativism, intolerant neo-positivism, end-of-history obsessions, postmodernist deconstructions, agnosticism, nihilism, new age religions, and the all-pervasive ideology of money. Eric Voegelin achieves all this leading his readers from Antiquity to Modern Age. His monumental work begins with the “spiritual disintegration” of the Greek world, after the peak of Plato and Aristotle, a disintegration that ushered a long process of transition in the self-understanding of man in the Mediterranean world. The series goes through Middle Ages , R enaissance and Reformation as Voegelin analyzes the collapse of imperial Christianity, which led to the rise of autonomous reason and sectarian revolts that reached full development in later centuries. A new form of modern human consciousness replaced the Christian understanding of a divinely created closed cosmos. The collection ends - in a suspensive way - with “The Crisis and the Apocalypse of Man” focused on thinkers such as Comte, Bakunine and Marx; although they experienced true epiphanies, they become self-obsessed to the detriment of the world to which they refer. Such “Apocalypse of Man” must now be challenged, albeit with methodologies and hermeneutic principles other than those that Voegelin himself abandoned some decades ago.

scholarly journals THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LEGAL AND REGULATORY LEGISLATION ON PRESERVATION OF HEALTH IN QUARANTINE CONDITIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 465-468
Author(s):  
Oksana Shukatka ◽  
Illya Kryvoruchko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
First World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First World

The article raises an issue of preservation and strengthening health in pandemic conditions, because self-isolation and restrictions on the movement of people cause the loss of physical activity and the emergence of chronic diseases. It is known that all quarantine restrictions and rules are being created and regulated by the state at the legislative level. We appeal to the primary sources of quarantine legislation for deeper understanding of the issue. The purpose of the article is to investigate the historical background of legal and regulatory legislation on preservation of health in quarantine conditions. The following methods of analysis have been used: comparison and synthesis of theoretical data. The period of formation of quarantine legislation is divided into 3 phases: the period of the Middle Ages, the period before the First World War (the 19th century) and the postwar period. The article investigates the history of conduction of the first quarantine measures in Europe during the Middle Ages and the history of creation of the first quarantine legislation in Venice, Hetmanshchyna and the Russian Empire during the 14th – 18th centuries. It has been revealed that the rules of the fight against the spread of epidemiological diseases were established in the 19th century, the first international sanitary conventions and medical authorities in the Russian and Ottoman Empires were created to slow the spread of such dangerous diseases as cholera, plague and yellow fever, not harming the free international trade at that time. The article analyses the results of the first (1851), the fourth (1874) and the seventh (1892) International Sanitary Conferences and the positive and negative consequences of them. It also describes the creation of the first international medical organisations, such as the Office International d'Hygiène Publique (L'Office International d'Hygiene Publique), established in 1907, the Health Organization of the League of Nations, established in 1923 after the First World War, the Hygiene Committee of the League of Nations, established in 1926, and the World Health Organisation (WHO), established in April, 7, 1948 as the medical authority of the United Nations Organisation. The article generalizes the aims of the above-mentioned organisations and their contribution to the combat against the epidemiological diseases of the first half of the 20th century. It has been concluded that we should adhere to the classical principles of the preservation of health in the conditions of coronavirus pandemic to effectively withstand the spread of this virus.

scholarly journals La disuguaglianza economica in area marchigiana: uno studio di lungo periodo (1400-1800)

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-63
Author(s):  
Francesco Ammannati
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
The Political ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Fiscal Capacity ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Long Run ◽  
History Of

The research aimed at bringing new data to the study of inequality in the distribution of wealth in the long run using the fiscal documentation available to many communities of the Marches region over a period covering the late Middle Ages and the full modern age. The political-administrative history of this territory, progressively incorporated into the Papal State, was reflected in an evolution of the methodologies for assessing wealth for tax purposes. Their characteristics have been carefully taken into account and criticized in order to ensure compatibility in time and space. Land registers, “estimi”, "libre", as well as books of “collette”, will be used to describe the fiscal capacity of taxpayers enrolled in these registers and to estimate the dynamics of economic inequality.

Lainasanatutkimus Virittäjässä ja muualla

Virittäjä ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sampsa Holopainen ◽  
Santeri Junttila ◽  
Petri Kallio
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
European Studies ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Peripheral Part ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Structuralist Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
Classical Age

Artikkelissa käsitellään suomen kielen lainasanakerrostumien tutkimushistoriaa Suomessa, erityisesti Virittäjän sivuilla, vuodesta 1869 (jolloin Vilhelm Thomse­nin Den gotiske sprogklasses indflydelse på den finske julkaistiin) nykypäivään. Kir­joituksessa keskitytään suomen vanhimpien (esihistoriallisten) lainasanojen käsit­telyyn. Lainasanatutkimus voidaan jakaa kolmeen aikakauteen: nuorgrammaattiseen klassiseen kauteen, pimeään keskiaikaan (äännelaittomuuksien aikaan) sekä strukturalistiseen renessanssiin  (uuteen aikaan). Nuorgrammatiikan aika alkoi Thomsenin myötä, ja se oli Virittä­jässä produktiivisen ja korkeatasoisen lainasanatutkimuksen aikaa. Tämä päättyi vä­hitellen 1920- ja 1930-luvulle tultaessa, kun suomalaiset tutkijat ryhtyivät vieroksu­maan lainaetymologioita, joita pidettiin epäisänmaallisina osassa tutkijayhteisöä. Tänä ”omaperäisiä” etymologioita suosineena aikana julkaistiin kuitenkin yksittäisiä laadukkaita lainasanatutkimuksia myös Virittäjän sivuilla. Vuodesta 1970 alkaen Jorma Koivulehto ja seuraajansa veivät lainasanatutkimuksen uuteen aikaan, ja myös Virittäjässä esitettiin useita uusia germaanisia ja balttilaisia sekä joitakin arjalaisia ja muita indoeurooppalaisia lainaetymologioita. Tästä lähtien lainasanatutkimukselle on ollut ominaista strukturalistinen lähestymistapa ja jo Thomsenin painottamien äännesubstituutioiden merkityksen korostaminen. Kuitenkin 2000- ja erityisesti 2010-luvulla lainasanatutkimus on jäänyt Virittäjässä varsin vähäiseen asemaan, vaikka yksittäisiä hyviä lainaetymologioita lehden sivuilla on viime vuosikymmeninäkin julkaistu. Loanword research in Virittäjä and elsewhere The article discusses the history of Finnish loanword research in Finland, especially in the journal Virittäjä, from 1869 (the year when Vilhelm Thomsen’s Den gotiske sprogklasses indflydelse på den finske was published) to the present day, concentrating on the earliest (prehistoric) loanwords in Finnish. The history of loanword research can be split to three distinct periods: the neogrammarian classical age, the dark middle ages (the age of ‘sound lawlessness’) and the structuralist renaissance (the modern age). The classical age started with Thomsen, and in Virittäjä this was a fruitful period featuring many high-quality loan etymologies. This period gradually came to an end during the 1920s and 1930s, when Finnish researchers became more wary of loan etymologies, which were considered by some to be unpatriotic. However, during this period when ‘native’ etymologies were preferred, a number of accomplished loanword studies were published in Virittäjä. From 1970 onwards, Jorma Koivulehto and his colleagues began a revival of loanword research, and Virittäjä too saw the publication of many new Germanic and Baltic etymologies, in addition to several Indo-Iranian and other Indo-European studies. The structuralist approach and the emphasis on sound substitution (already explored by Thomsen) became characteristic of loanword research during this period. However, throughout the 2000s and notably the 2010s, loanword research has become a more peripheral part of Virittäjä’s content, though some good etymologies have been published in the journal during the last two decades.

Nizhny Novgorod Crown Villages of the 16–17th Century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia V. Sokolova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Service Organization ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Crown Lands

Studying the Nizhny Novgorod crown villages of the 16-17th century allows to get a more complete understanding of one of the main categories of land ownership in the late Middle Ages and the early Modern Age, of crown land ownership and economy, and on the economic situation and social status of the Russian agrarian social stratum usually denoted in historiography as “crown peasants”. A long, painstaking identification of sources, their priority over interpretations existing in the literature, a multilevel, systematic analysis of a complex of various historical documents, supplemented by retrospective mapping, led to a revision of some well-established and seemingly unshakable views on the history of the crown villages in the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region. The introduction of the ancient Nizhny Novgorod scribal books by M.A. Zhedrinsky and scribe Karp Ignatiev (1533) into the scientific circulation revealed some local features of the formation of the so-called crown volosts, which are considered by the author within the framework of the grand prince “service organization” concept. A certain conservation of the mechanisms inherent to the “service organization” in this territory, apparently, was due to its border position. The frontier largely determined the main tendencies and specifics of agrarian settlement on the grand prince / tsar (later — crown) lands of the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region before its transformation into a “hinterland” region. The influence of the frontier should be studied in historical retrospective, since it was during the period under review that the border was significantly moved to the east. If earlier its proximity that was the main factor of agrarian settlement, now the soil-geographical and natural-climatic conditions, which differ in different parts of the Balakhninsky, Kurmyshsky and Nizhny Novgorod districts, came to the fore. A representative description of the Nizhny Novgorod crown villages required a comprehensive consideration of a number of interrelated problems of the crown land tenure and economy. The most significant are issues related to the nature of land ownership, changes in the composition of the fund of grand prince / tsar / crown lands and methods of their use, the structure and functioning of the crown economy, transformations in the management system of crown estates, forms of rent extraction, as well as the peculiarities of the relationship of the crown prikaz with various social groups living in the Nizhny Novgorod crown lands - peasants, bobs, “serving men”, “serving Mordovians”. The analysis of sources shows that the so-called crown economy in the 17th century ensured the satisfaction of the needs of not only (and not so much) the royal family, but the state and the ruling class as a whole, i.e. it was not exclusively domain. A deeper understanding of the social nature of the crown villages, the specifics of economic life and the peculiarities of the social organization of the crown peasants became an important result of the study. A mass peasant colonization of the region, which became relatively safe after the annexation of Kazan and Astrakhan, led to a gradual erasure of differences in status between, on the one hand, the lower stratum of the grand prince “service organization” (unprivileged “servants under the court”, beekeepers, salters and woodworkers), “service Mordovians” and peasants on quitrents, and on the other - peasants-farmers of the old grand-prince villages and the “newcomers” who moved there from the uezds of the Central and Northwestern Russia. Prerequisites were made for their convergence and amalgamation in the seventeenth century into a single category of the crown peasantry. An important consequence of peasant agricultural settlement was the expansion of the territory with a polyethnic population, for the most part composed of the Russians and the Mordovians-Erzya. The study of the various categories of the rural population, their living conditions and the specifics of their economy, made it possible to fill our understanding of the peasant life (and, more broadly, the rural mir) of the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region of the 16-17th century with concrete content, historical everyday life. Contrary to the point of view expressed in historiography, pogosts as social and religious centers of crown volosts existed throughout the period under consideration both in the Trans-Volga region and on the right bank of the Oka and Volga. Sources related to the territories of the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region provide a unique opportunity to trace the processes of the formation of a obschina-volost here. In the 17th century, the rural “world” on the Uzola river is formed, as, probably, in other places of the Nizhny Novgorod frontier, from “service beekeepers” and migrant peasants, for a long time continuing to remain an open social structure, open to non-agricultural elements. Its gradual transformation into a peasant community-volost, homogeneous in its social composition, takes place in the second half of the 16th century. The territorial prevalence of obschina in the Nizhny Novgorod crown estates in the 16-17th century is certain. Peasant self-government, usually hardly perceptible in the sources of this period, is recorded in the Nizhny Novgorod crown villages at the level of both the volost and the rural obschina. In general, the genesis of the peasant obschina-volost in the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region was typologically close to that known from the sources on the Russian North and Siberia. The observations and conclusions of this study obviously outgrow the local level, organically fitting into the all-Russian context, opening up new opportunities for studying the history of an agrarian society which Russia was in the late Middle Ages and the early Modem Age.

Nicolas of Clairvaux and the Twelfth-Century Sequence with Special Reference to Adam of St. Victor

Traditio ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 149-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Benton
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Close Connection ◽  
Modern Drama ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
The Way

The vast number and variety of sequences, those liturgical interpolations which in the middle ages commonly followed the repetition of the Alleluia in the Mass, and the freedom of their development, show that they were an outlet for the creative talents of musicians and poets. A sample of sequences from successive periods allows the literary historian to trace the development of rhyme and accentual meter, and a musicologist has described the sequence ‘as the parent of oratorio and the grandparent of modern drama.’ But while a view which encompasses centuries reveals to us variety and change, the compositions of any given time were largely shaped by inherited traditions. Not the least value of studies on the early history of the sequence is their demonstration of the close connection between various Alleluia melodies and their sequences and the way in which appropriate texts were fitted to melodies for specific feasts.

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