scholarly journals The Causal Priority of Form in Aristotle

2015 ◽  
pp. 113-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Koslicki
Keyword(s):  
Final Cause ◽  
Causal Contribution ◽  
Causal Responsibility ◽  
Causal Priority ◽  
Direct Support ◽  
Form Compound ◽  
Primary Substance

In various texts (e.g., Met. Z.17), Aristotle assigns priority to form, in its role as a principle and cause, over matter and the matter-form compound. Given the central role played by this claim in Aristotle's search for primary substance in the Metaphysics, it is important to understand what motivates him in locating the primary causal responsibility for a thing's being what it is with the form, rather than the matter. According to Met. Theta.8, actuality [energeia/entelecheia] in general is prior to potentiality [dunamis] in three ways, viz., in definition, time and substance. I propose an explicitly causal reading of this general priority claim, as it pertains to the matter-form relationship.  The priority of form over matter in definition, time and substance, in my view, is best explained by appeal to the role of form as the formal, efficient and final cause of the matter-form compound, respectively, while the posteriority of matter to form according to all three notions of priority is most plausibly accounted for by the fact that the causal contribution of matter is limited to its role as material cause.  When approached from this angle, the work of Met. Theta.8 can be seen to lend direct support to the more specific and explicitly causal priority claim we encounter in Met. Z.17, viz., that form is prior to matter in its role as the principle and primary cause of a matter-form compound's being what it is.

scholarly journals Human cell transformation by combined lineage conversion and oncogene expression

Oncogene ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biswajyoti Sahu ◽  
Päivi Pihlajamaa ◽  
Kaiyang Zhang ◽  
Kimmo Palin ◽  
Saija Ahonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Human Cell ◽  
Genetic Disease ◽  
Cell Transformation ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Driver Mutations ◽  
Primary Hepatocytes ◽  
Direct Support

AbstractCancer is the most complex genetic disease known, with mutations implicated in more than 250 genes. However, it is still elusive which specific mutations found in human patients lead to tumorigenesis. Here we show that a combination of oncogenes that is characteristic of liver cancer (CTNNB1, TERT, MYC) induces senescence in human fibroblasts and primary hepatocytes. However, reprogramming fibroblasts to a liver progenitor fate, induced hepatocytes (iHeps), makes them sensitive to transformation by the same oncogenes. The transformed iHeps are highly proliferative, tumorigenic in nude mice, and bear gene expression signatures of liver cancer. These results show that tumorigenesis is triggered by a combination of three elements: the set of driver mutations, the cellular lineage, and the state of differentiation of the cells along the lineage. Our results provide direct support for the role of cell identity as a key determinant in transformation and establish a paradigm for studying the dynamic role of oncogenic drivers in human tumorigenesis.

Abstract T MP102: Hotline Use for Recruitment Support in Acute Stroke Trials: Lessons learned To Date in Antihypertensive Treatment of Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage (ATACH)-II

Stroke ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn A France ◽  
Mushtaq Qureshi ◽  
Jessy Thomas ◽  
Emily Abbott ◽  
Logan Brau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Stroke ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Local Network ◽  
Drug Management ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Clinical Support ◽  
Direct Support ◽  
Protocol Compliance

Background: Use of hotline services for clinical support and safe operation of a research trial is common and important. The value of such services has not been objectively assessed within the context of a large acute stroke clinical trial. Methods: The use of three different hotline services have been tested, and cell and Email- options have also been explored for their advantages. US and Non-US sites are provided access to central hotline services, but for efficiency a local network for managing calls is established in each region. All sites may access both data management and the trial PI via hotline services when needed and this is supported by other technologies in addition. A means for supporting overall trial communications in light of these interactions has been developed and valuable insights are gained. Results: Data gathered from 211 calls logged at the Clinical Coordinating Center through the course of the ATACH-II trial have been summarized: Total Calls Reviewed: 211; Year 2 of trial: 92 calls, Year 3 of trial: 100 calls. Calls received midnight to 8 AM: 19 (9.0%), 8 AM - 5 PM 130 (61.6 %) 5 PM - 12:00 PM 65 (30.8%). Issues Resolved in < 5 min 143/211 (67.8%) Taking > 30 min to resolution 51/211 (24.2%). Purpose of calls: Eligibility 89 (42.2%). protocol compliance including drug management: 77 (36.5%%), randomization/emergency randomization: 16 (7.6%), protocol deviation:13 (6.2%), technological difficulties: 12 (5.7%), AE/SAE: 9 (4.3%), Subject enrollments directly associated with calls: 57 (20.8% of domestic subjects); excluded candidates directly associated with calls: 46 (% not available). Conclusions: In an international trial requiring rapid enrollment of subjects with intracerebral hemorrhage, the role of direct support via a hotline and other immediate communications means has proven to be instrumental in maintaining good protocol compliance and supporting enrollment by site team members .

The roles of friends and neighbours in providing support for older people

2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW NOCON ◽  
MAGGIE PEARSON
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Social Services ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Frail Older People ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The People ◽  
Direct Support ◽  
Published Research

Most published research on informal care for older people focuses on the support provided by relatives. The role of non-kin carers can, however, also be significant in supporting older people in their own homes. In this paper, we report the findings from an exploratory study of the support provided by friends and neighbours who are the main carers of frail older people. It draws on interviews with an opportunistic sample of friends, neighbours and older people, which explored their views about the support arrangements, the reasons why help was provided and any difficulties experienced. Several friends and neighbours provided intensive and frequent help, and some played a key role in co-ordinating other services. One of the main forms of direct support related to older people's quality of life, at a broader level than the practical help provided by statutory services. The flexibility of such support, and the friends' and neighbours' concern for older people as individuals, were particularly important to the people they helped. Nevertheless, such help was not provided without costs to the carers. The study highlights the need for policy-makers and practitioners not to take help from friends and neighbours for granted and, in line with the White Paper Modernising Social Services, to provide the support services they need.

Workforce: Goals for Research and Innovation

Inclusion ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen McLaughlin ◽  
Lori Sedlezky ◽  
Harolyn Belcher ◽  
Abby Marquand ◽  
Amy Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Family Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Competency Development ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Direct Support ◽  
Direct Support Professionals

Abstract Across the United States, there is growing demand for a competent and stable workforce able to effectively support the health and community lives of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) throughout the lifespan. This article describes national goals for research and innovation to advance the IDD workforce. The research goals outlined address important workforce topics that include increasing capacity and sustainability, competency development and quality support, the use of technology, family support, and the vital role of direct support professionals in helping people with IDD to become fully included and valued members of their communities.

The Perceived Role of Direct Support Professionals in the Health Promotion Efforts of Adults With Developmental Disabilities Receiving Support Services

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendall A. Leser ◽  
Phyllis L. Pirie ◽  
Amy K. Ferketich ◽  
Susan M. Havercamp ◽  
Mary Ellen Wewers
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Support Services ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Community Agency ◽  
Direct Support ◽  
Direct Support Professionals ◽  
Qualitative Focus Groups ◽  
Future Work

Abstract Direct support professionals (DSPs) play a large social role in the lives of people with developmental disabilities (DD) and have the potential to influence their health behaviors. Six qualitative focus groups (n = 48) were conducted with DD community agency administrators, DSPs, family members and adults with DD to better understand the perceived role of DSPs in the health promotion efforts of those with DD. Findings from this study suggest that DSPs experience several barriers when trying to promote the health of those with DD, one of which is fear of violating the rights of people with DD. Future work should identify ways to overcome the barriers experienced by DSPs, so that they can better assist people with DD with health promotion efforts.

The role of direct support professionals in asthma management

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon R. Davis ◽  
Seeta Durvasula ◽  
Diana Merhi ◽  
Paul M. Young ◽  
Daniela Traini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Asthma Management ◽  
Direct Support ◽  
Direct Support Professionals

scholarly journals Electrophysiological Evidence for Two Transduction Pathways Within a Bitter-Sensitive Taste Receptor

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 734-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
John I. Glendinning ◽  
Thomas T. Hills
Keyword(s):  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Aristolochic Acid ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Extracellular Recording ◽  
Transduction Pathway ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Electrophysiological Evidence ◽  
Direct Support ◽  
Cross Adaptation

Glendinning, John I. and Thomas T. Hills. Electrophysiological evidence for two transduction pathways within a bitter-sensitive taste receptor. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 734–745, 1997. Among the sapid stimuli, those that elicit bitter taste are the most abundant and structurally diverse. To accommodate this diversity, animals are thought to use multiple bitter transduction pathways. We examined the role of individual taste receptor cells (TRCs) in this transduction process by focusing on one of the taste organs, or chemosensilla, of a caterpillar ( Manduca sexta). This chemosensillum (the lateral styloconicum) contains four functionally distinct TRCs: the salt, sugar, inositol, and deterrent TRCs, which are known to respond strongly to, in respective order, salts, sugars, inositol, and compounds humans describe as bitter. Using an extracellular recording technique, we tested three hypotheses for how a structurally diverse array of bitter compounds (salicin, caffeine, and aristolochic acid) could excite the same chemosensillum: several TRCs within the lateral styloconica respond to the bitter compounds; only the deterrent TRC responds to the bitter compounds, through a single transduction pathway; and only the deterrent TRC responds to the bitter compounds, but through multiple transduction pathways. To discriminate among these hypotheses, we tested five predictions. The first addressed how many TRCs within the lateral styloconica responded to the bitter compounds. Subsequent predictions were based on the results of the test of the first prediction and assumed that only the deterrent TRC responded to these compounds. These latter predictions addressed whether the bitter compounds acted through one or multiple transduction pathways. We obtained evidence consistent with the third hypothesis: only the deterrent TRC responded to the bitter compounds; the temporal patterns of firing and concentration-response curves elicited by caffeine and salicin were similar to each other, but different from those elicited by aristolochic acid; the patterns of sensory adaptation and disadaptation elicited by caffeine and salicin were similar to each another, but different from those elicited by aristolochic acid; reciprocal cross-adaptation occurred between caffeine and salicin, but not between aristolochic acid and caffeine or aristolochic acid and salicin; and the responsiveness of individual deterrent TRCs to caffeine and salicin correlated significantly, whereas that to aristolochic acid and caffeine or aristolochic acid and salicin did not. Taken together, these results indicate that the deterrent TRC contains at least two excitatory transduction pathways: one responds to caffeine and salicin and the other to aristolochic acid. To our knowledge, this is the first direct support for the existence of two bitter transduction pathways within a single TRC.

scholarly journals Role of Focus and Managerial Ownership in Financial Performance of REITs: An Empirical Examination

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-105
Author(s):  
Turki Badi Al-Shimmiri ◽  
Rafiqul Bhuyan ◽  
Wafaa Sbeiti
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Managerial Ownership ◽  
Agency Conflicts ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Agency Conflict ◽  
Direct Support ◽  
Focus Strategy

In this research, we examine the effect of focus and managerial ownership on the financial performance of REITs. Results demonstrate a positive relationship between focus and financial performance in this sector that are consistent with the findings in current literature. Impact of managerial ownership, however, seems weak on REITs performance. Our findings provide direct support for the convergence-of-interests hypothesis. We also examine the curvilinear relationship between firm performance and managerial ownership already documented in the literature. Our results show that this relation is not supported in the REITs sector. Our results do not support the entrenchment hypothesis.  In addition, when agency conflicts drive the increase in focus strategy is investigated, we find that the agency conflict explanation for increase in focus strategy is warranted.

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