scholarly journals On Various Porous Scaffold Fabrication Methods

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Elamparithi ◽  
V Moorthy
Keyword(s):  
Porous Structure ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Porous Scaffold ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Three-dimensional scaffolds can be fabricated by various methods. These scaffold constructs showed a major impact on various biomedical applications. The bioactive porous scaffolds should have an excellent three-dimensional architecture and interconnected porous structure for cells adhesion and migration to enhance the therapeutic potential. The porosity and interconnected porous structure can be optimized using various scaffold preparation methods. In this mini review, we discussed the advantages and disadvantages of various commonly used scaffold preparation techniques.

Fabrication of poly (1, 8-octanediol-co-Pluronic F127 citrate)/chitin nanofibril/bioactive glass (POFC/ChiNF/BG) porous scaffold via directional-freeze-casting

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 591-599
Author(s):  
Yaling Tian ◽  
Kai Liang ◽  
Yali Ji
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Glass ◽  
Porous Structure ◽  
Pore Structure ◽  
Porous Scaffold ◽  
Pluronic F127 ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Freeze Casting ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Complete Replacement

AbstractThe citrate-based thermoset elastomer is a promising candidate for bone scaffold material, but the harsh curing condition made it difficult to fabricate porous structure. Recently, poly (1, 8-octanediol-co-Pluronic F127 citrate) (POFC) porous scaffold was creatively fabricated by chitin nanofibrils (ChiNFs) supported emulsion-freeze-casting. Thanks to the supporting role of ChiNFs, the lamellar pore structure formed by directional freeze-drying was maintained during the subsequent thermocuring. Herein, bioactive glass (BG) was introduced into the POFC porous scaffolds to improve bioactivity. It was found the complete replacement of ChiNF particles with BG particles could not form a stable porous structure; however, existing at least 15 wt% ChiNF could ensure the formation of lamellar pore, and the interlamellar distance increased with BG ratios. Thus, the BG granules did not contribute to the formation of pore structure like ChiNFs, however, they surely endowed the scaffolds with enhanced mechanical properties, improved osteogenesis bioactivity, better cytocompatibility as well as quick degradation rate. Reasonably adjusting BG ratios could balance the requirements of porous structure and bioactivity.

scholarly journals Porous Geometry Guided Micro-mechanical Environment Within Scaffolds for Cell Mechanobiology Study in Bone Tissue Engineering

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feihu Zhao ◽  
Yi Xiong ◽  
Keita Ito ◽  
Bert van Rietbergen ◽  
Sandra Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Porous Scaffold ◽  
Mechanical Strain ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Pore Geometry ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Mechanical Environment ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Future Work

Mechanobiology research is for understanding the role of mechanics in cell physiology and pathology. It will have implications for studying bone physiology and pathology and to guide the strategy for regenerating both the structural and functional features of bone. Mechanobiological studies in vitro apply a dynamic micro-mechanical environment to cells via bioreactors. Porous scaffolds are commonly used for housing the cells in a three-dimensional (3D) culturing environment. Such scaffolds usually have different pore geometries (e.g. with different pore shapes, pore dimensions and porosities). These pore geometries can affect the internal micro-mechanical environment that the cells experience when loaded in the bioreactor. Therefore, to adjust the applied micro-mechanical environment on cells, researchers can tune either the applied load and/or the design of the scaffold pore geometries. This review will provide information on how the micro-mechanical environment (e.g. fluid-induced wall shear stress and mechanical strain) is affected by various scaffold pore geometries within different bioreactors. It shall allow researchers to estimate/quantify the micro-mechanical environment according to the already known pore geometry information, or to find a suitable pore geometry according to the desirable micro-mechanical environment to be applied. Finally, as future work, artificial intelligent – assisted techniques, which can achieve an automatic design of solid porous scaffold geometry for tuning/optimising the micro-mechanical environment are suggested.

Selective Laser Foaming for Three-Dimensional Cell Culture on a Compact Disc

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
JinGyu Ock ◽  
Wei Li
Keyword(s):  
Porous Structure ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Compact Disc ◽  
Laser Exposure ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
3D Scaffold ◽  
Tissue Model

A selective laser foaming process is developed to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) scaffold on a commercially available compact disc (CD) made of polycarbonate (PC). The laser-foamed 3D structure could be utilized to form high throughput perfusion-based tissue model device. In this study, effects of significant parameters and the morphology of porous structure were analyzed. As a result, laser foaming of gas saturated polycarbonate creates inverse cone-shaped wells with 3D porous structure on the surface region and the pores are tens of micrometers in diameter. The size of the well is dependent on the laser power and laser exposure time. The pore size relies on the gas concentration in the PC CD samples. The fabricated micro-scale porous scaffolds will be used to create centrifugal force driven two-chamber tissue model system arrays for high throughput drug testing.

Development of HA-PLGA Scaffold Encapsulating Intact BMP-2 Using Solid Freeform Fabrication Technology

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Hyung Shim ◽  
Jong Young Kim ◽  
Kyung Shin Kang ◽  
Jung Kyu Park ◽  
Sei Kwang Hahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Porous Scaffold ◽  
Solid Freeform Fabrication ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Prolonged Release ◽  
Cellular Activity ◽  
Freeform Fabrication

Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on restoring and repairing tissues or organs. Cells, scaffolds, and biomolecules are recognized as three main components of tissue engineering. Solid freeform fabrication (SFF) technology is required to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds to provide a 3D environment for cellular activity. SFF technology is especially advantageous for achieving a fully interconnected, porous scaffold. Bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2), an important biomolecule, is widely used in bone tissue engineering to enhance bone regeneration activity. However, methods for the direct incorporation of intact BMP-2 within 3D scaffolds are rare. In this work, 3D porous scaffolds with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) chemically grafted hyaluronic acid (HA-PLGA), in which intact BMP-2 was directly encapsulated, were successfully fabricated using SFF technology. BMP-2 was previously protected by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and the BMP-2/PEG complex was incorporated in HA-PLGA using an organic solvent. The HAPLGA/PEG/BMP-2 mixture was dissolved in chloroform and deposited via a multi-head deposition system (MHDS), one type of SFF technology, to fabricate a scaffold for tissue engineering. An additional air blower system and suction were installed in the MHDS for the solvent-based fabrication method. An in vitro evaluation of BMP-2 release was conducted, and prolonged release of intact BMP-2, for up to 28 days, was confirmed. After confirmation of advanced proliferation of pre osteoblasts, a superior differentiation effect of the HA-PLGA/PEG/BMP-2 scaffold was validated by measuring high expression levels of bone-specific markers, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC). We show that our solvent-based fabrication is a non-toxic method for restoring cellular activity. Moreover, the HAPLGA/PEG/BMP-2 scaffold was effective for bone regeneration.

Thermal Processing of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

2010 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisa Morss Clyne
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
High Pressure Processing ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽  
Thermally Induced ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Particulate Leaching

Tissue engineering requires complex three-dimensional scaffolds that mimic natural extracellular matrix function. A wide variety of techniques have been developed to create both fibrous and porous scaffolds out of polymers, ceramics, metals, and composite materials. Existing techniques include fiber bonding, electrospinning, emulsion freeze drying, solvent casting/particulate leaching, gas foaming/particulate leaching, high pressure processing, and thermally induced phase separation. Critical scaffold properties, including pore size, porosity, pore interconnectivity, and mechanical integrity, are determined by thermal processing parameters in many of these techniques. In this review, each tissue engineering scaffold preparation method is discussed, including recent advancements as well as advantages and disadvantages of the technique, with a particular emphasis placed on thermal parameters. Improvements on these existing techniques, as well as new thermal processing methods for tissue engineering scaffolds, will be needed to provide tissue engineers with finer control over tissue and organ development.

scholarly journals Design, analysis, fabrication and testing of PC porous scaffolds using rapid prototyping in clinical applications

Biomedicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-345
Author(s):  
Kumaresan Thavasiappan ◽  
Mohan Sivakumar Venkatesan ◽  
Mohamed Ariffuddeen ◽  
Onishi Ponnuchamy ◽  
Naveen Ravichandran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Porous Scaffold ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Pore Model ◽  
Artificial Bones

Introduction and Aim: Rapid prototyping is an advanced fabricating method, where three dimensional objects are built precisely from their three-dimensional computer aided design models in a very short duration. In contrast to traditional machining methods, most of the rapid prototyping techniques tend to fabricate parts based on additive manufacturing process. Fabrication of biomaterial into 3-D scaffold structures is the next vital step in the development of bone implants depending on bone injuries of individual patients, and it is highly demanding among the Indian orthopedic surgeons for treating those bone related defects. Therefore, the need for reliable and economically feasible design, better biomaterials, and efficient fabrication method for scaffold to treat musculoskeletal defects has increased in recent years. Materials and Methods: Investigation of scaffold for porous structured bone implant is a recently emerging field in medicine and is involved in developing artificial bones like structure using materials like Tri Calcium Phosphate (TCP), Polyether ether ketone (PEEK), Hydroxyapatite (HA), Polycaprolactone, polycarbonate (PC), poly (l-lactide) PLLA or Polyamide (PA) etc., by incorporating pores in the scaffold. In this research, the samples of the scaffold specimens were designed and fabricated using Stereo lithography technique with biocompatible PC resin and the strength of each sample were analyzed. Results: The porous scaffold models are structured with different designs utilizing the CAD software. The porous scaffold with various porosity and pore shape is analyzed through Finite Element Analysis (FEA). StereolithographyViperSi2 method was utilized to manufacture the polycarbonate scaffold. The manufactured rhombus pore model shows the stress value esteems around 200 MPa¸ which is nearest to the compressive strength of human bone. Subsequently the rhombus pore model gives better mechanical load bearing capacity when implanted for tissue recovery in bones. Conclusion: Bisphenol-A Polycarbonate material give better surface completion, 100% pore interconnectivity and new tissue arrangement of the fabricated porous scaffold. The SLA technique offers the more noteworthy load bearing quality and great exactness of the fabricated scaffold.  

Bioinspired nanostructured hydroxyapatite/collagen three-dimensional porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (46) ◽  
pp. 36175-36184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junjie Guan ◽  
Jun Yang ◽  
Junqi Dai ◽  
Yunhao Qin ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Porous Scaffold ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Needle Punching

A needle punching and bioinspired mineralization strategy has been developed to fabricate a collagen/hydroxyapatite porous scaffold for bone tissue engineering.

scholarly journals Label-free magnetic resonance imaging to locate live cells in three-dimensional porous scaffolds

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (74) ◽  
pp. 2321-2331 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Abarrategi ◽  
M. E. Fernandez-Valle ◽  
T. Desmet ◽  
D. Castejón ◽  
A. Civantos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Porous Scaffold ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Critical Feature

Porous scaffolds are widely tested materials used for various purposes in tissue engineering. A critical feature of a porous scaffold is its ability to allow cell migration and growth on its inner surface. Up to now, there has not been a method to locate live cells deep inside a material, or in an entire structure, using real-time imaging and a non-destructive technique. Herein, we seek to demonstrate the feasibility of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique as a method to detect and locate in vitro non-labelled live cells in an entire porous material. Our results show that the use of optimized MRI parameters (4.7 T; repetition time = 3000 ms; echo time = 20 ms; resolution 39 × 39 µm) makes it possible to obtain images of the scaffold structure and to locate live non-labelled cells in the entire material, with a signal intensity higher than that obtained in the culture medium. In the current study, cells are visualized and located in different kinds of porous scaffolds. Moreover, further development of this MRI method might be useful in several three-dimensional biomaterial tests such as cell distribution studies, routine qualitative testing methods and in situ monitoring of cells inside scaffolds.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Porous Scaffolds Derived from Bovine Cancellous Bone Matrix Promote Osteoinduction, Osteoconduction, and Osteogenesis

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 4390
Author(s):  
Alda Malagón-Escandón ◽  
Mathieu Hautefeuille ◽  
Edgar Jimenez-Díaz ◽  
Jesus Arenas-Alatorre ◽  
José Manuel Saniger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Cancellous Bone ◽  
Porous Scaffold ◽  
Bone Matrix ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Osteogenic Potential ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Bovine Bone ◽  
Tissue Repair And Regeneration

The use of three-dimensional porous scaffolds derived from decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) is increasing for functional repair and regeneration of injured bone tissue. Because these scaffolds retain their native structures and bioactive molecules, in addition to showing low immunogenicity and good biodegradability, they can promote tissue repair and regeneration. Nonetheless, imitating these features in synthetic materials represents a challenging task. Furthermore, due to the complexity of bone tissue, different processes are necessary to maintain these characteristics. We present a novel approach using decellularized ECM material derived from bovine cancellous bone by demineralization, decellularization, and hydrolysis of collagen to obtain a three-dimensional porous scaffold. This study demonstrates that the three-dimensional porous scaffold obtained from bovine bone retained its osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties and presented osteogenic potential when seeded with human Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stromal cells (hWJ-MSCs). Based on its characteristics, the scaffold described in this work potentially represents a therapeutic strategy for bone repair.

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