scholarly journals ALLELES ASSOCIATION OF BLOOD GROUPS WITH MILK PRODUCTIVITY OF THE SAMARA TYPE OF BLACK-MOTLEY CATTLE BREED

2018 ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Алексей Грашин ◽  
Aleksey Grashin ◽  
Валерий Грашин ◽  
Valery Grashin
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Cattle Breed ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Significant Superiority ◽  
Close Corporation

The purpose of the research is the improvement of the population of the Samara type of Black-Motley breed of cattle for signs of milk production by controlling entry into the herd geomarketing desirable complexes. The evaluation of erythrocyte antigens of animals in laboratories of immunogenetic control of authenticity of origin of the animals, OAO «Samara» for 9 genetic systems by using hemolytic tests obdarena the method of the Fortieth. Allelofond analysis was carried out taking into account the classification proposed by N. Popov and G. Eskin. The data of breeding zootechnical accounting were used to study the level of productivity. Statistical data processing is performed using a computer program Microsoft Excel. The level of milk productivity in the studied cows of Samara type in farms ranged from 5899 to 6886 kg, fat content from 3.78 to 4.07 %, protein from 3.08 to 3.22 %. Herds of Samara type are significant different in the yield of milk, butterfat and alcoholocaust. All farms showed significant superiority over Close corporation «Lunacharsky» (agriculture-originator) protein content in milk is 0.05-0.14%. In the stud of the population of Samara was identified markers associated with high milk yield: Close corporation «Lunacharsky» (6045-6220 kg): G2Y2E/1Q/, O2A/2J/1K/O/, «-»; the limited liability company «Plemzavod «Druzhba» (6633-7218 kg): O4Y2A/1I//, «-»,O4Y2A/2, G2Y2E/1Q/, I2, B1O3Y2E/3G/G//, O1G1, O4D/E/3F/2G/O/; SPK (kolkhoz) named Kuibyshev (6131-6881 kg): G2Y2E/1Q/, I2, B1O3Y2E/3G/G//, «-», O4Y2A/1I//, O1G1; PSK named Kirova (5876-6210 kg): B1O3Y2E/3G/G//, E/3F/2G/O/G//, G2Y2E/1Q/, «-»; joint stock company «Plemzavod «Kryazh» (5045-6217 kg): O4Y2A/1I//, E/3F/2G/O/G//, G2Y2E/1Q/, O1G1, «-».

scholarly journals Share capital in the Polish simple joint-stock company in light of the existing law and proposed European legislation

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 77-94
Author(s):  
Iwo Jarosz
Keyword(s):  
Limited Liability ◽  
Regulatory Reform ◽  
Capital Requirements ◽  
Regulatory Competition ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Share Capital ◽  
European Legislation ◽  
Legislative Changes

In recent years we have witnessed an almost unprecedented effort of legislators and legal academics in Europe to make limited liability companies in various jurisdictions more modern, simpler and more accessible. These endeavors are usually related to the liberalization of statutory requirements regarding the minimum share capital amounts. Lively debates among academics and practitioners, as well as regulatory competition, seem to be the factors making the legislative changes dynamic and evolutionary. The issue of limited liability companies’ regulatory reform were also the subject of proposed European legislation, including the now abandoned proposal of a harmonised single-member limited liability company model known as Societas Unius Personae SUP. In Poland there has also been, for  almost a decade, a discussion on whether and how to follow the example of Germany and its Unternehmergesellschaft and other European countries and liberalize the capital requirements for the Polish limited liability company. Lately the Polish legislator has introduced the so-called simple joint-stock company prosta spółka akcyjna, which had been drafted to be an attractive offer for start-ups, aiming, in the perception of its proponents, to achieve the modernization and simplification desired by contemporary legislators and supposedly accomplished in other jurisdictions, all the while maintaining serious levels of creditor protection. The author employs formal-dogmatic and comparative methods to describe the capital structure of the new company type and to confront it with certain other statutory developments, especially the Societas Unius Personae as a serious and well-thought-out, nonetheless failed venture, to try to assess the solutions set forth by the Polish legislator.Kapitał zakładowy prostej spółki akcyjnej w świetle dotychczasowych przepisów i projektów prawodawstwa europejskiegoW ostatnich latach europejscy ustawodawcy i przedstawiciele nauki prawa podejmowali nieomalże bezprecedensowe wysiłki w kierunku modernizacji, uproszczenia i zwiększenia dostępności spółek z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością. Działania te zazwyczaj zmierzały do liberalizacji ustawowych wymogów dotyczących minimalnych kwot kapitału zakładowego. Czynnikami dynamizującymi zmiany legislacyjne wydają się żywe dyskusje w środowisku akademickim oraz na łonie praktyki, a także konkurencja regulacyjna. Kwestie reformy spółek z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością były również przedmiotem projektów prawodawstwa europejskiego, w tym projektu dyrektywy w sprawie zharmonizowanego modelu spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością jednoosobowej znanego jako Societas Unius Personae SUP. Także w Polsce od prawie dekady toczy się dyskusja w przedmiocie zmian dotyczących spółek z o.o., w szczególności tego, czy polskie ustawodawstwo powinno podążyć za przykładem Niemiec i znanej z niemieckiego porządku prawnego Unternehmergesellschaft oraz innych krajów europejskich i zliberalizować wymogi kapitałowe dla tego typu spółek. Sejm przegłosował niedawno ustawę wprowadzającą tak zwaną prostą spółkę akcyjną. Ten nowy typ spółki ma w założeniu stanowić atrakcyjną propozycję dla start-upów, prowadząc — zdaniem jej zwolenników — do modernizacji i uproszczenia pożądanego przez współczesnych prawodawców przy jednoczesnym utrzymaniu stosownego poziomu ochrony wierzycieli. Autor próbuje ocenić rozwiązania zaproponowane przez polskiego ustawodawcę w zakresie struktury kapitałowej nowego typu spółki, konfrontując je z innymi rozwiązaniami, w tym w szczególności z projektem Societas Unius Personae — przedsięwzięciem ostatecznie nieudanym, choć przemyślanym i zasługującym na uwagę.

THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF A SIMPLE JOINT-STOCK COMPANY COMPARED TO OTHER CAPITAL COMPANIES IN POLAND

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-172
Author(s):  
Paweł Łojek
Keyword(s):  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Professional Experience ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Business Activity ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Great Opportunity

The aim of the article is to present a new form of business activity which is P.S.A. (Prosta Spółka Akcyjna). The provisions of the Commercial Companies Code, provisions of the balance sheet and tax law as well as the author’s professional experience were used for the analysis. Research results: A simple joint-stock company may be a competitive form of running a business in relation to a limited liability company. The discussed provisions constitute a great opportunity for a simple joint-stock company and a likely high percentage of establishing this type of business activity. The SWOT analysis was used as the research method. Contribution to the development of the discipline: review of the current legal regulations in Poland, comparison of forms of business activity and analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of a simple joint-stock company.

scholarly journals Kadłubowe organy spółki kapitałowej wobec zasad reprezentacji osób prawnych

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 47-60
Author(s):  
Jan Ciaptacz
Keyword(s):  
Limited Liability ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Corporate Body ◽  
Commercial Company ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Corporation Law ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between corporate body without required number of members and general rules of representation of a legal entityThe point of this paper is to answer the question what are the consequences of representing the commercial company by a corporate body without the required number of members. The author analyses this problem considering the general rules of representation of Limited Liability Company and Joint-Stock Company. The Polish legal system does not contain clear regulation relating to consequences of acting in the name of the company without appropriate entitlement, that is why it is thought to be one of the most controversial problems in Polish corporation law. This paper contains critical analyses of different views formed in the doctrine and in the judicial practice and it is an attempt to solve the dilemma connected with companies’ relations with third parties, when the corporate body do not have the minimal required number of members.

scholarly journals Pravo na obaviještenost u društvima kapitala

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-291
Author(s):  
Edita Čulinović Herc ◽  
Dionis Jurić ◽  
Sara Madžarov Matijević
Keyword(s):  
Judicial Review ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Open Issues

The paper analyzes similarities and differences regarding the shareholder's information right in joint stock company and limited liability company. After explaining the importance of this (individual) membership's right and its function, the similarities and differences are systematized, focusing on reasons for (legitimately) withholding it. The paper also questions, whether in ex post judicial review of the legitimacy of the denied right, legal solutions applicable to a joint stock company could be analogously applied for a limited liability company. In order to ascertain real boundaries of the information right in practice and to define its open issues, the relevant Croatian case law was analyzed, as well as respective case law of the countries sharing similar legal solutions. A review of examined court practices shows the limits of applying analogous solutions and detects open issues in practice.

scholarly journals The French «Société Par Actions Simplifiée - SAS», All Purpose Vehicle!

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Laurent Grosclaude
Keyword(s):  
Limited Liability ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Business Organisation ◽  
The Public ◽  
French Experience ◽  
Limited Company ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
Legal Entities

The Société à Responsabilité Limitée or the limited liability company (SARL) and the Société Anonyme or the public limited company (SA) were perceived as relatively rigid or inadequate company types. Besides the reform of these traditional types of company forms, in 1994, a new company type was created as a flexible vehicle for businesses: the Société par Actions Simplifiée – the SAS (simplified joint stock company). Further changes in 1999 and 2008 made businesses even more adaptable. In 2019, more than 65% of newly created legal entities were established as a SAS; SARL around 30%, and SA less than 2%. SAS has a single member variant, the SASU (U for unipersonnel – one person). The French experience showed that the simplified joint stock company responded to a real economic and organisational need. The new company form based on limited liability has become widely accepted and useful. The simplified joint stock company was introduced by Poland as a new company form in 2019. Other states may also consider the French experience based on the comparative advantages of this peculiar business organisation.

scholarly journals Wyrażanie zgody przez walne zgromadzenie akcjonariuszy spółki akcyjnej na zbycie składników jej majątku

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 141-152
Author(s):  
Magdalena Stopiak
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
General Meeting ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Practical Point

The consent of the general meeting of the shareholders of a joint stock company for the sale of assets of this companyThe aim of the article is to analyze the disputable issues regarding the requirement of consent passed by ownership entities the shareholders’ meeting and the general meeting of shareholders, respectively in a limited liability company and a joint-stock company. The author indicates results of infringement of article 393 and 288 Code of Commercial Companies, as well as the practical problems on the ground of those regulation of presented issues are considered on the basis of actual states, which are relevant from a practical point of view. Thorough analysis helps to identify a view which is better in the light of the binding legal status.

Joint-Stock Company As a Focus of Trends in the Formation of Private Wealth

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
Vladimir Galanov ◽  
A. Galanova
Keyword(s):  
Limited Liability ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Private Capital ◽  
Organizational Forms ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Natural Forms ◽  
Legal Forms

Joint-stock company is the most developed form of private capital association historically and logically growing out of the previous organizational forms of the existence of market organizations. A joint stock company is the result of the development of two interrelated processes. From the standpoint of economic content, a joint-stock company is the result of the development of the relations of production themselves from its natural forms to the commodity form and then to the form of the capitalist economy. From the point of view of the forms in which this content develops, in the form of a joint-stock company, the process of improving organizational forms that allow uniting private capital to achieve a single goal – making a profit – finds its "logical conclusion". Unlike the legal forms of a general partnership and a limited liability company, the form of a joint-stock company allows to combine a potentially unlimited number of investors and their capital on terms that most contribute to the maximization and preservation of private wealth, potentially for all members of modern society.

scholarly journals THE SUBJECT OF ASSETS VALUATION CONTRIBUTED CAPITAL TO BUSINESS UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF BUSINESS LAW IN 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (28) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Thao Thi Phuong Ngo ◽  
Thu Thi Mai Do
Keyword(s):  
Limited Liability ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Business Law ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

The article refers to the legal provisions of Business Law in 2014 on the subject of assets valuation contributed capital to the types of businesses: limited liability  company, partnership, joint-stock company. This article does not discuss businesses with foreign elements and State businesses. From the analysis of legal  provisions, this article has pointed out the limitations of the law on the subject of assets valuation contributed capital to business, and proposed the ways to improvement of the law on this issue.

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