MISTAKE AND SURETYSHIP: AVOIDING THE SPECTRE OF BRINK V HUMPHRIES & JEWELL (PTY) LTD

The nettlesome matter of operative mistake and suretyships tucked away in credit applications tends to find its way into the law reports on a rather frequent basis. This phenomenon is hardly surprising because in the cut and thrust of modern commerce, and even more so in lean times, individuals are keen to apply for credit on behalf of the corporate entities which they represent, but less eager to stand in for these debts when they cannot be serviced. From the contractual perspective of mistake, these cases tend tofollow a familiar pattern. Commonly, a member of a close corporation or director of a private company applies on behalf of the close corporation or company, as the case may be, for some or other form of credit from another party. Usually, within a business context, credit will not be granted without some form of security, and in these instances more often than not the representative is required to agree to a personal suretyship in favour of the creditor, which is often embodied in the credit application form itself. Oncethe representative has appended him or her signature to the application form, he or she inexorably finds himself or herself simultaneously bound as surety and co-principal debtor, the formal requirements for a suretyship agreement having been complied with (as prescribed by s 6 of the General Law Amendment Act 50 of 1956). On the whole older case law displays a reluctancy on the part of the judiciary to excuse a surety on the basis of material mistake in such circumstances, but in Brink v Humphries & Jewell (Pty) Ltd (2005 2 SA 419 (SCA)) the Supreme Court of Appeal adopted a far more lenient approach in favour of the surety, and perhaps heralded a not too subtle change in the law. This note examines the way in which the courts have adjudicated similar cases, and specifically whether more recently they have reinforced the generally stricter approach of old or been prepared to follow the path which Brink seemed to have cleared.

RELIANCE, FORMALITIES AND THE MODE OF ACCEPTANCE OF AN OFFER Pillay v Shaik 2009 4 SA 74 (SCA)

In Pillay v Shaik (2009 4 SA 74 (SCA)), the Supreme Court of Appeal was confronted with a situation which tends to feature in the law reports more frequently than one would expect, and that is where a party to a transaction involving the sale of immovable property reneges on an apparent agreement by invoking some form of technicality (in casu the lack of a signature on a contractual document) as a bar to the proper conclusion of the contract. Usually, where immovable property is sold directly to a purchaser, section 2(1) of theAlienation of Land Act 68 of 1981 applies and provides that no alienation of land will be of any force or effect unless contained in a deed of alienation signed by the parties, or by their agents acting on their written authority. Failure to comply with this provision renders an alienation of land void. Where, however, immovable property is held in the name of a close corporation or private company merely the members’ interests or shares are transferred to the purchaser, but the purchaser still indirectly gains control over the property owned by the juridical entity. The present matter dealt with the latter type of situation and the legal question was whether the sellers had accepted a signed, written offer made by the purchasers despite the fact that the sellers had not in turn signed the contractual documents. The Natal Provincial Division (Shaik v Pillay 2008 3 SA 59 (N)) found that contractual liability did not lie for want of compliance with a party-imposed signature formality, whereas the Supreme Court of Appeal applied the reliance theory to reach the opposite conclusion in the circumstances. The respective approaches of these two courts are diametrically opposed giving rise to some interesting issues on doctrinal as well as policy levels.

Совершенствование системы питания при выращивании отечественных гибридов капусты белокочанной

Агрохолдинг Поиск предлагает отечественным овощеводам гибриды капусты белокочанной, позволяющие организовать конвейер производства овощной продукции. Одновременно с этим на базе ВНИИО филиала ФГБНУ ФНЦО и ЗАО Куликово идет разработка и совершенствование технологий их выращивания. В 2019 году овощеводам предложена технология выращивания ряда гибридов на примере ЗАО Куликово , позволяющая получать урожай на уровне лучших зарубежных аналогов. В статье представлены результаты испытания отечественных гибридов в Московской области на базе ВНИИО филиала ФГБНУ ФНЦО на различных фонах минерального питания: контроль без удобрений, N120P120K180, N180P180K270. Почва опытного участка относится к типу аллювиальных луговых насыщенных почв: среднесуглинистая, окультуренная. Погодные условия в годы проведения исследований были не совсем благоприятны для роста и развития капусты белокочанной, особенно 2018 год, характеризующийся жарким летом и небольшим количеством осадков. Дефицит влаги компенсировали дополнительными поливами. В 20152019 годах изучены следующие гибриды: F1 Княгиня, F1 Герцогиня, F1 Континент (селекции Агрохолдинга Поиск ), F1 Идиллия, F1 Дмитровский (совместные селекционные достижения ФГБНУ ФНЦО и Агрохолдинга Поиск ), F1 Флагман (селекции Агрохолдинга Поиск и ООО Селекционная станция им. Н.Н. Тимофеева ), F1 Бомонд Агро (гибрид Агрохолдинга Поиск , ФГБНУ ФНЦО и ООО Селекционная станция имени Н.Н. Тимофеева ). Урожайность товарной продукции на фоне без удобрений варьировала от 53 до 57,3 т/га, максимальная урожайность отмечена у гибрида F1 Бомонд Агро 57,3 т/га. Такую урожайность гибриды обеспечивают за счет своего генетического потенциала. При внесении удобрений в дозе N120P120K180 урожайность товарной продукции варьировала от 61,6 до 76,8 т/га, прибавка урожая составила 16,2335,21. Максимальное значение отмечено у гибрида F1 Герцогиня 76,8 т/га. При увеличении нормы полного минерального удобрения до N180P180K270 наибольшей урожайностью товарной продукции обладают гибриды F1 Идиллия и F1 Герцогиня 89,3 т/га и 84,9 т/га соответственно. Гибрид F1 Континент в 2019 году имел наибольшую урожайность среди гибридов 91,2 т/га, прибавка за счет внесения удобрений составила 70,79. Высокая урожайность объясняется высокой морфологической выравненностью, сильной корневой системой и высокой стандартностью продукции 100 по всем вариантам опыта.Poisk Agro Holding offers domestic vegetable growers hybrids of white cabbage, allowing to organize a conveyor for the production of vegetable products. At the same time, there is a development and improvement of technologies for their growing on the basis of ARRIVG branch of FSBSI FSCVG and close corporation Kulikovo. The technology for growing a number of hybrids was proposed to vegetable growers in 2019 using the example of close corporation Kulikovo, which allows you to get a crop at the level of the best foreign analogues. The results are presented in this article on the testing of domestic hybrids in the Moscow region on the basis of ARRIVG branch of FSBSI FSCVG on various backgrounds of mineral nutrition: control without fertilizers, N120P120K180, N180P180K270. The soil of the experimental plot is alluvial meadow saturated soils: medium loamy, cultivated. Weather conditions during the years of research were not entirely favorable for the growth and development of white cabbage, especially in 2018, which is characterized by hot summers and low rainfall. The moisture deficit was compensated by additional watering. In 20152019, the following hybrids were studied: F1 Knyaginya, F1 Gertsoginya, F1 Kontinent (selection of Poisk Agro Holding) F1 Idillya, F1 Dmitrovsky (joint selection achievements of the FSCVG and Poisk Agro Holding), F1 Flagman (selection of Poisk Agro Holding and Breeding Station after N.N. Timofeev Ltd) F1 Bоmond Agro (a hybrid of Poisk Agro Holding, FSCVG and Breeding station after N.N. Timofeev Ltd). Productivity of marketable products varied against 53 to 57.3 t/ha without fertilizers the maximum yield was observed for the F1 Bomond Agro hybrid 57.3 t/ha. Hybrids provide this yield due to their genetic potential. Productivity of marketable products ranged from 61.6 to 76.8 t/ha when fertilizers were applied at a dose of N120P120K180, yield increase was 16.2335.21. The maximum value was observed for the F1 Gertsoginya hybrid of 76.8 t/ha. Hybrids of F1 Idillya and F1 Gertsoginya possess the highest yield of marketable products with an increase in the rate of full mineral fertilizer to N180P180K270 89.3 t/ha and 84.9 t/ha, respectively. In 2019, the F1 Kontinent hybrid had the maximum yield among hybrids of 91.2 t/ha, the increase due to the application of fertilizers was 70.79. High productivity is explained by high morphological uniformity, a strong root system and high standard production of 100 for all variants of experience.

初探雙層股權結構於我國之運用－－以複數表決權特別股為中心

過去我國實務見解始終否認公司得發行複數表決權特別股，2015年公司法正式引進閉鎖性公司專節後，方承認閉鎖性公司得發行複數表決權特別股，更進一步，2018年修法時放寬至非公開發行之一般股份有限公司均得適用，逐步提供閉鎖性公司及非公開發行公司股權規劃上有更彈性的空間，以符合現今鬆綁管制之國際趨勢，並有利於新創事業籌集資金。本文首先介紹我國特別股規定之演進過程，並討論增訂複數表決權規定後於公司法後將發生之問題，進而介紹美國法相關制度之運作及公司實務之作法作為借鏡，最後歸納數項修正方向建議，以其複數表決制度之適用能更加完備。In the past, the opinions of the courts in Taiwan have always denied that the corporations could issue multiple voting rights shares. Until 2015, the Corporation Law in Taiwan finally amended to include “Close Corporation Section”, it was acknowledged close corporations could issue multiple voting right shares. Moreover, the rules applied to non-public corporations after the amendment of the Corporation Law in 2018, gradually providing more flexible space for the equity planning in close corporations and non-public corporations. The amendment of multiple voting right shares is also in line with the current trend of the world to ease restrictions. The article first introduces the evolution of the rules of preferred stocks, and discussed the problems that may occur after the amendment of multiple voting right shares. Furthermore, it would make a thorough inquiry into the practice of multiple voting right shares in America to conclude some suggestions for the legal system in Taiwan.

ALLELES ASSOCIATION OF BLOOD GROUPS WITH MILK PRODUCTIVITY OF THE SAMARA TYPE OF BLACK-MOTLEY CATTLE BREED

The purpose of the research is the improvement of the population of the Samara type of Black-Motley breed of cattle for signs of milk production by controlling entry into the herd geomarketing desirable complexes. The evaluation of erythrocyte antigens of animals in laboratories of immunogenetic control of authenticity of origin of the animals, OAO «Samara» for 9 genetic systems by using hemolytic tests obdarena the method of the Fortieth. Allelofond analysis was carried out taking into account the classification proposed by N. Popov and G. Eskin. The data of breeding zootechnical accounting were used to study the level of productivity. Statistical data processing is performed using a computer program Microsoft Excel. The level of milk productivity in the studied cows of Samara type in farms ranged from 5899 to 6886 kg, fat content from 3.78 to 4.07 %, protein from 3.08 to 3.22 %. Herds of Samara type are significant different in the yield of milk, butterfat and alcoholocaust. All farms showed significant superiority over Close corporation «Lunacharsky» (agriculture-originator) protein content in milk is 0.05-0.14%. In the stud of the population of Samara was identified markers associated with high milk yield: Close corporation «Lunacharsky» (6045-6220 kg): G2Y2E/1Q/, O2A/2J/1K/O/, «-»; the limited liability company «Plemzavod «Druzhba» (6633-7218 kg): O4Y2A/1I//, «-»,O4Y2A/2, G2Y2E/1Q/, I2, B1O3Y2E/3G/G//, O1G1, O4D/E/3F/2G/O/; SPK (kolkhoz) named Kuibyshev (6131-6881 kg): G2Y2E/1Q/, I2, B1O3Y2E/3G/G//, «-», O4Y2A/1I//, O1G1; PSK named Kirova (5876-6210 kg): B1O3Y2E/3G/G//, E/3F/2G/O/G//, G2Y2E/1Q/, «-»; joint stock company «Plemzavod «Kryazh» (5045-6217 kg): O4Y2A/1I//, E/3F/2G/O/G//, G2Y2E/1Q/, O1G1, «-».