Ecology and environmental protection: laws and realities in the USA, Russia and the European Union

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Лазарь Брославский ◽  
Lazar Broslavskiy
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Legislation ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
University Professors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa

The monograph is devoted to the comparative analysis of the current environmental legislation and the practice of its application in Russia, the USA and the European Union. The paper proposes a number of theoretical provisions and proposals for improving the legal protection of the environment in Russia. The book is intended for researchers, University professors, students, graduate students; politicians; employees of Federal, regional and municipal authorities and management, regulatory and law enforcement agencies, advocacy; specialists in industry, transport, construction, public services and other sectors of the economy; businessmen seeking to find new areas of business; as well as a wide range of readers interested in this problem and wishing to take an active part in the public environmental movement.

PECULIARITIES OF THE INFLUENCE OF CIVIL SOCIETY ON STATE REGULATION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY: ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Zhukova ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Public ◽  
Regulation Of Law

The peculiarities of the influence of civil society on the state regulation of law enforcement activities within the member states of the European Union are considered. A thorough analysis of regulatory and legal support and mechanisms for the practical implementation of active cooperation between civil society and law enforcement agencies of the European Union (Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Poland, Finland, France, Hungary). Possibilities of wide involvement of civil society representatives in law enforcement activities using various forms and methods within the member states of the European Union are considered. It has been proven that the opinion of civil society on the functioning of the law enforcement system is one of the key factors in strengthening ties and improving the interaction of the above structures with representatives of the public sector, including individual citizens or NGOs. It is substantiated that using the most successful forms and methods of law enforcement, provided they adapt to the conditions of our country, it is possible to ensure more effective implementation of law enforcement. It is emphasized that important factors in the development of cooperation between law enforcement agencies and civil society on the basis of cooperation should be the formation of motivation and a functioning system of incentives for civil society. It is noted that, in order to fully implement the functions of law enforcement and crime prevention, it is necessary to directly influence the representatives of civil society on law enforcement activities by increasing the level of public, social and legal activity.

scholarly journals The Principle of Sustainable Development as the Basis for Weighing the Public Interest and Individual Interest in the Scope of the Cultural Heritage Protection Law in the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3985
Author(s):  
Adam Kozień
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Individual Interest ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
Environmental Aspect ◽  
The Public

The concept of sustainable development is widely used, especially in social, environmental and economic aspects. The principle of sustainable development was derived from the concept of sustainable development, which appears in legal terms at the international, EU, national and local levels. Today, the value of cultural heritage that should be legally protected is indicated. A problematic issue may be the clash in this respect of the public interest related to the protection of heritage with the individual interest, expressed, e.g., in the ownership of cultural heritage designates. During the research, scientific methods that are used in legal sciences were used: theoretical–legal, formal–dogmatic, historical–legal methods, as well as the method of criticism of the literature, and legal inferences were also used. The analyses were carried out on the basis of the interdisciplinary literature on the subject, as well as international, EU and national legal acts—sources of the generally applicable law. Research has shown that the interdisciplinary principle of sustainable development, especially from the perspective of the social and auxiliary environmental aspect, may be the basis for weighing public and individual interests in the area of legal protection of cultural heritage in the European Union. It was also indicated that it is possible in the situation of treating the principle of sustainable development in terms of Dworkin’s “policies” and allows its application not only at the level of European Union law (primary and secondary), but also at the national legal orders of the European Union Member States.

METHODOLOGICAL CONCEPTS OF ENSURING THE PUBLIC SECURITY AND ORDER DURING MASS EVENTS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrii Melnyk ◽  
◽  
Mykola Gutsuliak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
The Public ◽  
Relevant Field ◽  
National Police ◽  
Mass Events

The conceptual aspects of ensuring the public safety and order during mass events in accordance with the implemented methodology of the National Police of Ukraine in the field of the realization of citizens’ rights to peaceful assembly have been analyzed in this article. The peculiarities of the organization of the activity of the police bodies and subunits within the limits of the joint performance of tasks concerning the maintenance of law and order have been defined. The main ways and methods of using police forces and means while preventing and stopping the offenses during peaceful assemblies have been analyzed for compliance with the national legislation. The authors have also compared some tactical methods used by the law enforcement agencies of Ukraine and those that are adopted from the European practice of policing and, accordingly, specified in the departmental regulations governing the relevant field of the professional duties. The statements, suggested in this scientific article, are based on the results of the interviews with the leadership of the National Police bodies and subunits that directly implement the tasks of the ensuring public safety and order during mass events and have been trained by the European Union Advisory Mission in Ukraine aiming to form a new model of securing the public order [1].

scholarly journals Facial recognition in police hands: Assessing the ‘Clearview case’ from a European perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-389
Author(s):  
Isadora Neroni Rezende
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Facial Recognition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
European Convention ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies

Since 2019, over 600 law enforcement agencies across the United States have started using a groundbreaking facial recognition app designed by Clearview AI, a tech start-up which now plans to market its technology also in Europe. While the Clearview app is an expression of the wider phenomenon of the repurposing of privately held data in the law enforcement context, its use in criminal proceedings is likely to encroach on individuals’ rights in unprecedented ways. Indeed, the Clearview app goes far beyond traditional facial recognition tools. If these have been historically limited to matching government-stored images, Clearview now combines its technology with a database of over three billion images published on the Internet. Against this background, this article will review the use of this new investigative tool in light of the European Union (EU) legal framework on privacy and data protection. The proposed assessment will proceed as follows. Firstly, it will briefly assess the lawfulness of Clearview AI’s data scraping practices under the General Data Protection Regulation. Secondly, it will discuss the transfer of scraped data from the company to EU law enforcement agencies under the regime of the Directive 2016/680/EU (the Directive). Finally, it will analyse the compliance of the Clearview app with art 10 of the Police Directive, which lays down the criteria for lawful processing of biometric data. More specifically, this last analysis will focus on the strict necessity test, as defined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the European Convention on Human Rights. Following this assessment, it will be argued that the Clearview app’s use in criminal proceedings is highly problematic in light of the EU legislation on privacy and data protection.

scholarly journals Changes in Police Calls for Service During the Early Months of the 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P J Ashby
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Calls For Service ◽  
Contingency Plans ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Multiple Challenges ◽  
Service Data

Abstract The coronavirus pandemic poses multiple challenges for policing, including the need to continue responding to calls from the public. Several contingency plans warned police to expect a large and potentially overwhelming increase in demand from the public during a pandemic, but (to the author’s knowledge) there is no empirical work on police demand during a major public health emergency. This study used calls-for-service data from 10 large cities in the USA to analyse how calls for service changed during the early months of the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak, compared to forecasts of call volume based on data from previous years. Contrary to previous warnings, overall the number of calls went down during the early weeks of the pandemic. There were substantial reductions in specific call types, such as traffic collisions, and significant increases in others, such as calls to dead bodies. Other types of calls, particularly those relating to crime and order maintenance, continued largely as before. Changes in the frequency of different call types present challenges to law enforcement agencies, particularly since many will themselves be suffering from reduced staffing due to the pandemic. Understanding changes to calls in detail will allow police leaders to put in place evidence-based plans to ensure they can continue to serve the public.

INTRODUCTION OF HIGHLY MORAL ASPECTS OF THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE NATIONAL SYSTEM OF INFLUENCE OF SOCIETY ON ACTIVITY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilya Kiva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The Political ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Member States ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
National System

The article considers the peculiarities of the introduction of high moral aspects of the political and social system of the European Union in the national system of public influence on the activities of law enforcement agencies. It is established that the implementation of legislative norms and provisions of the European Union in the legal system of Ukraine is the basis of the European course and further effective application of the principles of state regulation of law enforcement. It is substantiated that the activity of the police is subject to clear regulation both in the member states of the European Union and in Ukraine. Therefore, the organizational and legal support of public authorities in determining the procedure for recruitment, dismissal, receiving incentives for professional tasks corresponds to the principles of civil society. The public and its influence on law enforcement are correlated with law-centrism. It is noted that the influence of the community on the activities of law enforcement agencies is identified with respect for legal norms and regulatory framework. It is emphasized that decentralization, which is being introduced in the member states of the European Union, aims at equal distribution of powers between police bodies and, as a consequence, improvement of public law enforcement communication. In Ukraine, on the other hand, there are similar transformations in the legal framework of civil society cooperation with the police: the idea of decentralization corresponds to the Euro-Atlantic course, which is the guiding one, in the context of shaping state policy for Ukraine. It is pointed out that the process of perception by the police and structural units of law enforcement agencies of the European Union member states of the influence of civil society on the style of their functioning is a process of democratization of the socio-political system.

LEGAL PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL DESIGN IN AZERBAIJAN AND EUROPEAN UNION

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (04) ◽  
pp. 174-177
Author(s):  
Gunay Mustafa Mammadova Gunay Mustafa Mammadova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Industrial Design ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Design Protection ◽  
Product Industry

Industrial design plays an important role in the field of intellectual property. There is no doubt that design is crucial to the success of a product. For this reason, companies use intellectual property laws to protect industrial design. This article covers one of the most important areas of intellectual property, legal protection of industrial designs, legal regulation of industrial design in Azerbaijan and the European Union. There should be accessible, modern and effective legal protections for design rights to encourage manufacturers to invest in designs. There is currently a wide range of legal tools available to protect designs at the national and European Union levels. Key words: industrial design, intellectual propert law, design protection, product, industry

POLICE COOPERATION OF POLAND AND GREAT BRITAIN IN SCOPE OF BREXIT

2021 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-268
Author(s):  
Agata Furgała
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Cooperation Agreement ◽  
Police Cooperation ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
The United Kingdom

Leaving the UE by the UK has brought a number of consequences for bilateral Polish-British police and justice cooperation. The subject of the article was to present legal regulations, which provide the basis for international cooperation for British law enforcement agencies. The author analyzed and then evaluated the effectiveness of instruments of mutual cooperation. The articles focuses also on the assessment of Brexit consequences and its possible impact on the Polish-British police cooperation. It is worth emphasising that cross-border law enforcement cooperation - which includes police, customs, secret services and other law enforcement agencies, mainly concerns the most serious threats such as terrorism, organised crime, human traffi cking, money laundering, drug traffi cking or cybercrime. The article shows that the most unfavourable changes result from dropping the Schengen acquis by the United Kingdom - is disconnection from the second generation Schengen Information System. The article includes also information about The Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which has retained a number of important mechanisms for effective police cooperation between EU Member States and the United Kingdom. But although, as mentioned in the article, the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom provides upgrades of the tools of police and judicial cooperation, it is a matter of practise to verify these as sufficient.

scholarly journals Food Chemistry: a Kazakhstan Perspective on the Maillard Reaction and Acrylamide Formation in Common Foods

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Zh. Kudiyarova ◽  
Zh. Lesova ◽  
T.Y. Curtis ◽  
N. Muttucumaru ◽  
J. Postles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Maillard Reaction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Food Chemistry ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Regulatory Limits ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa

The Maillard reaction is largely responsible for the colour, flavour, aroma and texture of fried, baked and roasted foods, including bread, biscuits, breakfast cereals and other foods made from wheat grain, French fries and crisps made from potato and a wide range of other popular foods. However, it also results in the<br />formation of undesirable products, including the neurotoxin and probable carcinogen, acrylamide, and furans. Kazakhstan is a major wheat producer and exports wheat grain to many countries, including countries within the European Union. The European Commission has already issued "indicator levels" for the presence of acrylamide in food products. Although these are not regulatory limits, food producers strive to keep the levels<br />of acrylamide in their products beneath the indicator levels in order to avoid intervention from food safety authorities and the associated bad publicity. Sourcing raw material with low acrylamide forming potential would enable food producers to achieve this without expensive changes to processesand this is likely to be an increasingly important issue for suppliers. This review describes the Maillard reaction, the evolving regulatory<br />scenarios in Europe and the USA and the implications for Kazakhstan as a grain exporter.

Policing in a pandemic: how law enforcement communicates with the public

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley K. Farmer ◽  
Allen Copenhaver
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Police Departments ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The Usa

PurposeThis study, a content analysis, aims to analyze general communications from law enforcement via agency websites about the COVID-19 pandemic and how this affected police roles. The authors study the extent to which police departments used their websites to inform the public about COVID-19, changes to their policies and additional information they felt necessary to give members of the public. This is important for understanding how the police inform the public during a pandemic and how the pandemic affected their police role.Design/methodology/approachThe data gathered for this project came from a content analysis of the official websites of the largest municipal police departments in the USA. The researchers collected quantitative data from the official websites of law enforcement agencies who serve the 200 largest cities in the USA in March 2020 and coded the information from the websites to determine what themes were most prevalent.FindingsThe messages most often provided on department websites included information about COVID-19 (52% of websites included this information), modifications to services (33%) and informing users that services such as fingerprinting would be altered (42%). Websites also reminded the public of restrictions on public gatherings (25%) and stay-at-home orders (38%). Further logistic regression analyses explored significant associations among these variables to understand how police/public communications influenced the role of law enforcement during the pandemic.Originality/valueLittle is known about how law enforcement communicates online with the public during a global pandemic like COVID-19 or how this might affect the police role. Police departments can use their websites to communicate important information to citizens and keep communities updated. Policy implications suggest that agencies continue to update websites with important information and be direct about expectations from the public regarding compliance while also being transparent about how police roles might change.

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