scholarly journals What You Need to Know When Estimating Impact Functions with Panel Data for Demographic Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker Ludwig ◽  
Josef Brüderl
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Demographic Research ◽  
Impact Function ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Biased Estimates

The estimation of impact functions – that is the time-varying causal effect of a dichotomous treatment (e.g., marriage, divorce, parenthood) on outcomes (e.g., earnings, well-being, health) – has become a standard procedure in demographic applications. The basic methodology of estimating impact functions with panel data and fixed-effects regressions is now widely known. However, many researchers may not be fully aware of the methodological subtleties of the approach, which may lead to biased estimates of the impact function. In this paper, we highlight potential pitfalls and provide guidance on how to avoid these in practice. We demonstrate these issues with exemplary analyses, using data from the German Family Panel (pairfam) study and estimating the effect of motherhood on life satisfaction.   * This article belongs to a special issue on “Identification of causal mechanisms in demographic research: The contribution of panel data”.

scholarly journals Managerial Entrenchment and Firm Value: A Dynamic Perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 1083-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Chang ◽  
Hong Feng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Firm Value ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Omitted Variables ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Managerial Entrenchment ◽  
Endogenous Variables ◽  
Dynamic Perspective ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Biased Estimates

AbstractWe examine the impact of managerial entrenchment on firm value using a dynamic model with firm fixed effects. To estimate the model, we employ the long-difference technique, which is shown by our simulation to deliver the least biased estimates. Based on a large sample of U.S. companies, we document a significantly negative and causal effect of managerial entrenchment on firm value after taking into account omitted variables, reverse causality, and highly persistent endogenous variables. Additional analysis suggests that the causality running from managerial entrenchment to firm value is more pronounced than that for reverse causality.

scholarly journals Exploring the Effects of Types of Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity on Subjective Well-Being

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojca Svetek ◽  
Mateja Drnovsek
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
National Level ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
The Impact

AbstractEntrepreneurial activity has been seen as the single most important activity of individuals due to its role in the economic development of nations. However, little is known about the impact of entrepreneurial activity on the subjective well-being of nations beyond its economic impact. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of different types of entrepreneurial activity – total entrepreneurial activity, opportunity-driven entrepreneurial activity and innovative entrepreneurial activity – on subjective well-being across nations. We consider three distinct mechanisms by which entrepreneurship may influence subjective well-being at the national level. Our panel data includes representative country-level data from 2008 to 2015 from five different data sources for 31 European countries. We employ four econometric models for analyzing the panel data: pooled OLS regression (POLS), fixed effects model (FE), random effects model (RE), and simultaneous equations model (3SLS). Our results suggest that opportunity-driven entrepreneurial activity has a positive impact on subjective well-being. In addition, we find that subjective well-being affects the level of opportunity-driven and innovative entrepreneurial activity. These findings have implications for policy-makers seeking to promote not only economic development but also subjective well-being in the nation.

scholarly journals The impact of poly-traumatization on treatment outcomes in young people with substance use disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidsel Karsberg ◽  
Morten Hesse ◽  
Michael Mulbjerg Pedersen ◽  
Ruby Charak ◽  
Mads Uffe Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Treatment Entry ◽  
Trauma Types ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Drug Use Disorder

Abstract Background It is believed that clients with psychological trauma experiences have a poor prognosis with regard to treatment participation and outcomes for substance use disorders. However, knowledge on the effect of the number of trauma experiences is scarce. Methods Using data from drug use disorder (DUD) treatment in Denmark, we assessed the impact of having experienced multiple potentially traumatic experiences on DUD treatment efficacy. Baseline and follow-up data from 775 young participants (mean age = 20.2 years, standard deviation = 2.6) recruited at nine treatment centers were included in analyses. Results Analyses showed that participants who were exposed multiple trauma experiences also reported a significantly higher intake of cannabis at treatment entry, and a lower well-being score than participants who reported less types or no types of victimization experiences. During treatment, patients with multiple types of trauma experiences showed a slower rate of reduction of cannabis than patients with few or no trauma experiences. The number of trauma types was not associated with number of sessions attended or the development of well-being in treatment. Conclusion Overall, the results show that although traumatized youth in DUD treatment show up for treatment, helping them to reduce substance use during treatment is uniquely challenging. Trial registration ISRCTN88025085, date of registration: 29.08.2016, retrospectively registered.

Assessing the Impact of the Factors in the Digital Transformation on the Regional Economic Growth

REGIONOLOGY ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 486-510
Author(s):  
Tatyana V. Mirolyubova ◽  
Marina V. Radionova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Regional Economic Growth ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Regional Product ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Regions Of Russia

Introduction. The scientific problem under consideration is of particular relevance due to the need to assess the impact of the factors in the digital transformation of the regional economy and in the economic growth on the economic development of the regions of the Russian Federation. Based on the research conducted, the article presents an econometric assessment of the dependence of the level of the gross regional product per capita in the regions of Russia on such factors as digital labor and digital capital. Materials and Methods. The authors analyzed panel data from the Federal State Statistics Service covering 87 regions of Russia for the period from 2010 to 2018. The research methodology is based on the use of the Cobb–Douglas production function, statistical and correlation data analysis, as well as on econometric methods for studying panel data. Results. To analyze the impact of the digital transformation of the economy on the regional economic growth of the regions of Russia, various models based on panel data have been considered, such as the pooled model, fixed effects models, random effects models, as well as time-varying effects models using dummy variables. Based on statistical criteria, the best model has been chosen and conclusions have been drawn about the nature of the impact of the digital transformation indicators on the gross regional product per capita in the regions of Russia. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of econometric modeling have demonstrated that digital factors in economic growth (digital labor, digital capital), along with common factors in economic growth (labor and capital), affect the regional economic growth. According to the regional data for the period from 2010 to 2018, the time fixed effects model has proved to be the best model of the impact of the factors in economic growth and digital transformation on the economic development of the regions of the Russian Federation. The research results can be used when developing a public policy aimed at stimulating the digital transformation of the regional economy.

scholarly journals The Impact of Teachers Unions on Teachers’ Well-Being Under Various Legal Institutions: Evidence From District–Teacher Matched Data

AERA Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 233285841986729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunice S. Han
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Legal Environment ◽  
Legal Institutions ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Teachers Unions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Matched Data ◽  
The Impact

This article examines how teachers unions affect teachers’ well-being under various legal institutions. Using a district–teacher matched data set, this study identifies the union effects by three approaches. First, I contrast teacher outcomes across different state laws toward unions. Second, I compare the union–nonunion differentials within the same legal environment, using multilevel models and propensity score matching. Finally, unexpected legal changes restricting the collective bargaining of teachers in four states form a natural experiment, allowing me to use the difference-in-difference estimation to identify the causal effect of weakening unionism on teacher outcomes. I find that (a) many teachers join unions even when bargaining is rarely or never available, and meet-and-confer or union membership rate affects teachers’ lives in the absence of a bargaining contract; (b) how unions influence teacher outcomes vary greatly by different legal environment; and (c) the changes in public policy limiting teachers’ bargaining rights significantly decrease teacher compensation.

scholarly journals Maternal Mortality in Ghana: Impact of the Fee-Free Delivery Policy and the National Health Insurance Scheme

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
Seidu Sofo ◽  
Emmanuel Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
National Health Insurance ◽  
National Health ◽  
Data Model ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Panel Data Model ◽  
Skilled Delivery ◽  
The Impact

<p>Maternal mortality (MMR) is the second largest cause of female deaths in Ghana. Yet, many households cannot afford the cost of skilled delivery The study utilized the Panel Data Model to examine the impact of the fee-free delivery (FDP) and the National Health Insurance Policy (NIP) exemptions on MMR in Ghana. The Demographic and Health Survey reports on Ghana from 2002 to 2009 served as the main data source. Data were analyzed using Panel data model with within group fixed effects estimator. MMR declined significantly over the period studied. Both FDP and NIP positively impacted MMR at a 5% level of significance. In addition, skilled delivery was a significant predictor of MMR. Stakeholders would do well to ensure NIP is adequately funded in order to sustain the decline in MMR.</p><p> </p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENYEDERHANAAN STRUKTUR TARIF CUKAI SPESIFIK TERHADAP KONSUMSI ROKOK

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Indah Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Rate Structure ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Structure Simplification ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Unbalanced Panel Data

ABSTRACT:  This study is conducted to estimate the impact of the increase in regular and specific excise rates structure simplification on cigar's consumption through its price. Using data in 2015 and applying random effect model for unbalanced panel data on Sigaret Kretek Mesin-type and Sigaret Kretek Tangan-type of the cigar, this study compares the impact of price increases due to both specific excise rate structure simplification and regular increase on the excise rate in cigar’s consumption. The results indicate that increase in the specific excise rate structure simplification has a lower impact on raising cigar’s prices than regular excise rate increases. Furthermore, the impact of price increases due to the specific excise rate structure simplification is greater in reducing cigar’s consumption than the price increases due to regular excise rate increases. In addition, it is found that the average price of Sigaret Kretek Mesin-type is lower and has an average consumption that is much higher than Sigaret Kretek Tangan-type. Overall, this result suggests that the specific excise rate structure simplification's policy should be continued in order to reduce cigar's consumption.Keywords: specific excise rate structure simplification, cigar’s consumption, random effects modelABSTRAK:  Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kenaikan tarif cukai biasa maupun spesifik terhadap konsumsi rokok melalui harga jual ecerannya. Rokok yang digunakan adalah rokok jenis Sigaret Kretek Mesin (SKM) dan Sigaret Kretek Tangan (SKT). Dengan menggunakan data tahun 2015 dan menerapkan random effect pada unbalanced panel data, penelitian ini membandingkan pengaruh kenaikan harga jual eceran akibat penyederhanaan struktur tarif cukai spesifik dan kenaikan tarif cukai biasa terhadap konsumsi rokok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyederhanaan struktur tarif cukai spesifik berpengaruh lebih rendah terhadap kenaikan harga jual eceran rokok dibandingkan dengan akibat kenaikan tarif biasa. Lebih lanjut, pengaruh kenaikan harga jual eceran akibat penyederhanaan struktur tarif cukai spesifik lebih besar dalam mengurangi konsumsi rokok dibandingkan kenaikan harga jual eceran akibat kenaikan tarif cukai biasa. Selain itu ditemukan bahwa harga jual eceran rata-rata rokok jenis Sigaret Kretek Mesin (SKM) lebih rendah dan mempunyai rata-rata konsumsi yang jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan rokok jenis Sigaret Kretek Tangan (SKT). Secara menyeluruh, temuan ini menyarankan agar kebijakan penyederhanaan struktur tarif cukai perlu dilanjutkan karena efektif untuk mengurangi konsumsi rokok. Kata kunci: Penyederhanaan struktur tarif cukai spesifik, konsumsi rokok, random effects model.   

Estimating the Impact of Avian Flu on International Tourism Demand Using Panel Data

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsiao-I Kuo ◽  
Chia-Lin Chang ◽  
Bing-Wen Huang ◽  
Chi-Chung Chen ◽  
Michael McAleer
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Pandemic Influenza ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Data Models ◽  
International Tourism ◽  
Panel Data Models ◽  
Tourism Demand ◽  
Avian Flu ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
The Impact

This paper investigates the impacts of avian flu on global and Asian tourism using panel data procedures. Both static and dynamic fixed effects panel data models are adopted to estimate the impacts of this infectious disease. The empirical results from static and dynamic fixed effects panel data models are consistent and indicate that the number of affected poultry outbreaks has significant impacts on the international tourism of global and Asian affected countries. The high mortality rate among humans, the potential of a global flu pandemic and some media frenzy with hype and speculation might adversely affect the images of these infected destinations as a safe tourist destination. Moreover, it was found that the average damage to Asian tourism was more serious, which might have been induced by an ineffective suppression in numerous Asian infected countries. In addition, Asia was the earliest affected region and the area infected most seriously by avian flu, both in humans and in poultry. Since the potential risks and damage arising from avian flu and the subsequent pandemic influenza are much greater than for previous diseases, the need to take necessary precautions in the event of an outbreak of avian flu and pandemic influenza warrants further attention and action in modelling and managing international tourism demand and risk.

Shrouded Prices and Firm Reputation: Evidence from the U.S. Hotel Industry

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bennett Chiles
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Hotel Industry ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Firm Reputation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Online Travel ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The U.S

Firms in many industries engage in price obfuscation—tactics that intentionally make prices more difficult for consumers to discern. Although existing research has focused on the short-term financial gains that motivate firms to obfuscate, reputational concerns may at least partially counteract these incentives if consumers punish deceptive firms via loss of loyalty in future transactions and/or publicly observable negative feedback. This paper addresses the latter possibility, exploring the impact of mandatory shrouded surcharges on firm reputation in the U.S. hotel industry. Using data collected from two major online travel sites, I exploit differences in surcharge disclosure across booking channels to identify the causal effect of hidden “resort fees” on traveler ratings. I find that hidden fees decrease ratings by roughly 0.15 points (on a rating scale ranging from 1 to 5). The magnitude of this effect varies based on firm characteristics, and this variation is consistent with observed heterogeneity in resort fee adoption patterns: when the expected punishment is more severe, firms are substantially less likely to adopt shrouded surcharges. Results shed light on the extent to which reputational mechanisms may act as a check against price obfuscation and other similar practices intended to exploit boundedly rational consumers. This paper was accepted by Eric Anderson, marketing.

Globalization and health: An empirical investigation

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishalkumar J Jani ◽  
Nisarg A Joshi ◽  
Dhyani J Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
The Impact

This article empirically examines the impact of globalization on the health status of countries by using panel data. Unlike previous studies, it has attempted to use three different dimensions of globalization and estimate their impact on health status measured by infant mortality rate and life expectancy. It also introduces an initial level of development status as an explanatory variable and found that it has an important role. The fixed effects panel data analysis shows that globalization has a positive impact on the health indicators. Out of the three dimensions of globalization, namely, economic, social and political, the first one has the highest influence on health for the less developed countries. However, as one moves up the ladder of development, social dimension becomes more important. Moreover, the pace of improvement in health indicators is faster in developed countries, indicating a divergence between the developed and the underdeveloped world.

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