scholarly journals Vom officium zum beneficium: Lokale Verwaltungsstrukturen im Johanniter-Priorat Alamania während des 13. und frühen 14. Jahrhunderts

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 9-41
Author(s):  
Karl Borchardt
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Religious Orders ◽  
Southern Germany ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Secular Clergy ◽  
One Year

From officium to beneficium: Local government structures in the Hospitaller Priory of Alamania during the 13th and early 14th century   The paper is about the appointment of commanders for Hospitaller houses in southern Germany during the second half of the thirteenth and the first half of the fourteenth century (until c. 1330). No written documents about such appointments are extant from the time and region. The names of the commanders are only known from local charters. Some commanders were changed almost annually. Others stayed on more or less for life. The Hospitaller rule, statutes and consuetudines concerning such appointments are not clear. In the fourteenth century commanders were entrusted their houses either for ten years or for life. Earlier on shorter periods are probable, five years or even only one year, until the next regional chapter. Further research should be devoted to the question whether military-religious orders started with an office whose officers was ad nutum amovibilis, and then changed to procedures known from ecclesiastical benefices held by non-religious, secular clergy for life and from fiefs held by secular knights that were also held for life.

Rivals for Ministry? Ordinations of Secular and Regular Clergy in Southern England c. 1300–1500

1989 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
Virginia Davis
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Religious Orders ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Southern England ◽  
Secular Clergy ◽  
Pastoral Role ◽  
Late Medieval Literature ◽  
Changing Patterns

At the beginning of the fourteenth century ecclesiastical recruitment AA was flourishing in England. Hundreds of men turned up to be ordained at the four Ember seasons each year at which major ordinations were permitted to be held. The majority of these men were secular clergy; only a small proportion were members of religious orders. Of the scores of people in the diocese of Winchester who came at the stipulated time to be ordained to the major orders at this date only about one fifth were members of religious orders and of those, only a handful were mendicants. However, by the end of the century, after the ravages of the Black Death, although the total numbers of men being ordained had declined dramatically a greater percentage of these were regular rather than secular clergy. A similar pattern can be seen all over Southern England. It was a trend which persisted throughout much of the fifteenth century. This paper will investigate the changing patterns of secular and regular ordinations to the priesthood in southern England in the period between 1300 and 1500. In the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries extensive anti-mendicant feeling was expressed both in late medieval literature and in rivalry between the secular clergy and the friars over the pastoral role of the latter. Was this, in fact, a reflection of a reality which meant that, compared to the position in the early fourteenth century, far more ordained friars were on the streets and in the parishes?

scholarly journals A longitudinal study on emotional distress among local government staff seven years after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunge Fan ◽  
Lili Guan ◽  
Hu Xiang ◽  
Xianmei Yang ◽  
Guoping Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Wenchuan Earthquake ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
2008 Wenchuan Earthquake ◽  
The 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake ◽  
One Year ◽  
Self Reporting Questionnaire ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background The current study examined the change in local government staff’s emotional distress over 7 years after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, and the influence of earthquake exposure and professional quality of life (ProQOL) on emotional distress. Methods This longitudinal study assessed 250 participants at 1 year after the earthquake; 162 (64.8%) were followed up at 7 years. Emotional distress was assessed with the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) at both time points. We assessed ProQOL, including compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress, and earthquake exposure at 1 year. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were performed to test longitudinal changes in emotional distress. Hierarchical multiple regression was conducted to examine the effect of earthquake exposure and ProQOL. Results The positive screening rate of emotional distress (SRQ ≥ 8) was 37.6 and 15.4% at one and 7 years, respectively. Emotional distress scores declined over time (p < 0.001). Earthquake exposure and ProQOL predicted one-year (ps < 0.05) but not seven-year emotional distress, whereas burnout predicted both one-year (p = 0.018) and seven-year (p = 0.047) emotional distress. Conclusions Although emotional distress can recover over time, it persists even 7 years later. Actions to reduce burnout during the early stage of post-disaster rescue have long-term benefits to staff’s psychological outcomes.

VI.—Royal Sergeants-at-Arms and the Royal Maces

Archaeologia ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 203-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. W. Sitwell
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
The City

The local government in this country and most countries in Europe is carried out by Corporations of Cities and Boroughs, the head of which is a mayor or corresponding official. One of the most important duties of local government is the preservation of law and order, and for this purpose, in former times, the mayor was usually authorized by charter to enlist men or ‘sergeants’ as they were called, later to be called ‘sergeants-at-mace’. These men were armed with a mace which was both a weapon and a staff of office. Originally a weapon only, it was later replaced by a ceremonial equivalent. There was usually also, from the fourteenth century and probably earlier, a ‘Great’ or mayor's mace, carried by the mace-bearer, usually a sergeant, which represented the authority of the mayor and was carried before him on formal occasions. Both of these types of mace exist in their ceremonial form today and are carried on formal occasions, although the sergeant's former duties have to a great extent now been taken over by the police. The sergeant's maces are small, averaging about one pound: the mayor's are larger, usually about ten pounds. The powers of these sergeants were, of course, limited to within the boundary of the city or borough to which they belonged.

scholarly journals Classical elements in the Serbian painting of the fourteenth century

2007 ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjana Gligorijevic-Maksimovic
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
14Th Century

In the early 14th century influences of a new style emanating from Constantinople contained reminiscences of classical ideas and forms (contents of compositions, the painted landscape, the human figures, genre scenes based on everyday life, classical figures, personifications and allegorical figures). Towards the end of the century classical influences in painting began to wane.

scholarly journals MANAJEMEN ERA OTONOMI DAERAH: PEMERINTAH DAERAH SEBAGAI VALUE CREATING SYSTEM

2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eko Walujo Suwardyono
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Local Autonomy ◽  
Public Accountability ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Strategic Implementation ◽  
Local Government Management ◽  
One Year

Since local autonomy regulation have been implemented efectively in one year, but empirically it still has many euphoria coming from institution process and Local Government management. Weak commitment and unclear strategic implementation of Local Government for value creating system cause poor quality of good governance and public accountability. This article presents an idea for a paradigm of Local Government strategic role through value creating system.

Kings’ Courts and Bishops’ Administrations in Fourteenth-Century England: A Study in Cooperation

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 152-164
Author(s):  
Alison K. McHardy
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Church Conflict ◽  
Religious Orders ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Everyday World ◽  
Royal Courts ◽  
Considerable Work

Behind the rhetoric and theory of crown-church conflict there was much cooperation in the everyday world, where practice and pragmatism often overrode legal and theoretical rules. This article examines the ways in which fourteenth-century English bishops and their clerks responded to the demands made of them by the royal courts. Bishops were bombarded with commands from the crown, with a resulting impact on diocesan records. The crown sought historic information about finance and rights, and commanded bishops to collect clerics’ debts and to enforce their attendance before the lay courts in both civil and criminal cases. Enquiries about the current status of individuals, whether professed in religious orders or legitimate, made considerable work for bishops. How enthusiastically and efficiently these orders were carried out is also evaluated and discussed.

scholarly journals Diliges proximum tuum sicut te ipsum: Nature and Love as Foundations of Human Society in the Preaching of Giordano de Pisa (14th Century)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Aléssio Alonso Alves
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Human Society ◽  
First Line ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Augustine Of Hippo ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The City ◽  
Positive Character

The purpose of this article is to analyse how nature and love were presented and employed as foundations of human society by the Dominican friar Giordano de Pisa (c. 1260- 1311) in his preaching in the early fourteenth-century Florence, Italy. It will be analysed the reportationes of three of his sermons preached on the same liturgical date (Eighteenth Sunday after Trinity Sunday), between 1303 and 1305, which adopts as thema the verse Diliges proximum tuum sicut te ipsum (Love your neighbour as yourself); a model-sermon of the same liturgical date (c. 1267-1286) by the also Dominican Iacopo de Varazze (1228-1298); and a homily of Augustine of Hippo (354-430) from the early fifth century. Thus, it is stressed that Giordano approached the subject both by the use of an Aristotelian-naturalist theory as well as by an Augustinian-voluntarist conception, and it is concluded that the greater emphasis given to the first line of thought is due to its more positive character as regards the city, which allowed a treatment more consistent with the preaching thema and with its internal composition mechanisms.

scholarly journals Pojęcie karalnego usiłowania w doktrynie oraz ustawodawstwie miast włoskich (XIII–XIV wiek)

Prawo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 332 ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Wojciech Rudnik
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Criminal Offence ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
The Past ◽  
Statutory Law

The notion of punishable attempt in doctrine and statutory law of Italian cities (13th–14th century) The purpose of the article is organising the past knowledge about criminal liability of the intent to commit a criminal offence. The legal construction of first offences formed in the statutes passed by Italian cities from the thirteenth to the fourteenth century. The possibility of an unfettered enactment of these legal acts was related to the autonomy of peculiar state structures — urban communes. In statutory law the elements of Roman and Lombard law articulated one another. However, these previous legal systems did not yet know the liability for attempting to commit crime as a general rule. A major influence on the activity of urban legislators was exerted by the notions framed by contemporary jurists, concerning themselves with the theoretical grounds for the institution of attempted crime. The author gives instances of legal rules, originating from the statutes of various communes, which proclaim that the intent to commit an unlawful act was punishable, despite the act itself not being committed. Der Begriff eines strafbaren Versuchs in der Doktrin und in der Gesetzgebung der italienischen Städte (13.–14. Jahrhundert) Ziel des Beitrags ist, das bisherige Wissen über die strafrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit des Vorsatzes zur Begehung einer Straftat zu organisieren. Die Konstruktion des Versuchs ein Verbrechen zu begehen, erschien zum ersten Mal in den im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert durch die italienischen Städte erlassenen Statuten. Die Möglichkeit einer ungehinderten Entstehung dieser Rechtsakte war auf die Autonomie der eigenartigen institutionellen Form — der Stadtkommunen zurückzuführen. In der Satzungsgesetzgebung verbanden sich Elemente des römischen und des langobardischen Rechts miteinander. Diese früheren Rechtssysteme kannten jedoch grundsätzlich die Verantwortlichkeit für verbrecherischen Vorsatz noch nicht. Großen Einfluss auf die Tätigkeit der städtischen Gesetzgeber übten die Ansichten der damaligen Juristen aus, die sich mit der theoretischen Begründung der Institution des Versuchs befassten. Der Autor stellt Beispiele der Vorschriften dar, die den Statuten verschiedener Kommunen zu entnehmen sind und die von der Strafbarkeit eines Versuchs, eine Straftat zu begehen, ohne dass diese vollendet wurde, zeugen.

Overseer of the Poor

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-56
Author(s):  
Gabriel J. Loiacono
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
George Washington ◽  
Poor Laws ◽  
Early American ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Tax Levies ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Ancillary Benefit

The year George Washington was finishing his first term as president, 1792, William Larned was beginning his first term as overseer of the poor for Providence, Rhode Island. Larned would be reelected for another thirty-five one-year terms and arguably exercised more authority over locals than any president could. Larned’s long career in this little-known but powerful local government position illustrates several aspects of early American poor laws. Overseers of the poor could be lifesavers to locals in need. They could also upend lives, forcing families out of town. They controlled the largest portion of local tax dollars, which dwarfed state and federal tax levies from the individual taxpayer’s perspective. Overseers used these tax dollars to provide food, housing, healthcare, and other necessaries to people in need. An ancillary benefit was that these dollars also buoyed the incomes of local government relief contractors.

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