scholarly journals FREEDOM OF SPEECH IN FOOTBALL STADIUMS. ARE FOOTBALL SUPPORTERS ALLOWED TO DO MORE OR LESS THAN AN ORDINARY CITIZEN?

2020 ◽  
pp. 273-288
Author(s):  
Wojciech Kiełbasiński ◽  
Mateusz Brzeziński
Keyword(s):  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Ordinary Citizen ◽  
Football Fans ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Football Stadiums

Football fans support their teams and prepare tifo. They present their points of view in football stadiums. They refer to the history, politics, their opponents and current activities of the club. Unfortunately, often they insult and swear a lot. Sometimes fans preach fascist or racist ideas. Are football fans often allowed to do more or less than an ordinary citizen? How does their behaviour relate to restrictions on freedom of speech? Why do they sometimes avoid punishment? Where is the borderline between freedom of speech and unauthorized tifo? The authors analyse issues related to the behaviour of football fans in the context of freedom of speech and try to answer these questions. 

Groundhopping: alternativní forma cestovního ruchu

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Smolík
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Sociology Of Sport ◽  
Football Fans ◽  
Sports Tourism ◽  
Theoretical Paper ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Football Stadiums

The article presents one of the alternative and popular forms of sports tourism - groundhopping. Groundhopping is carried out by football fans who want to get to know specific regions, locations or football stadiums they consider important or interesting. The aim of this theoretical paper is to define groundhopping in the context of sports tourism. The text is compiled on the basis of foreign literature and Czech experience with this phenomenon. The data are also based on interviews with Czech groundhoppers. As the main result of the text can be considered the definition of groundhopping and identified activities associated with this unusual form of tourism. Groundhopping may have significant impact (economic, social, cultural) on particular locations in the Czech Republic, which mainly refers to the specific football stadiums. The conclusions of this text can be used not only in regional development, but also in the sociology of sport or tourism. It can be assumed that groundhopping will develop dynamically also with regard to the fact that this activity is presented on social networks or specialized websites of football fans.

Advertisements and the Public Discourse in a Democracy

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoav Hammer
Keyword(s):  
Political Discourse ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Campaign Finance ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Political Support ◽  
The Political ◽  
Democratic Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Law

Modern advertisements contain little information and expose few arguments. They rarely describe the product and its usage or compare it to similar products. Yet, advertisements convey many messages—they attach meaning to products, suggest values, and spread a particular view of life. Advertisements create a failure in the democratic process; through advertising, commercial corporations intervene in the democratic discourse. Citizens are intensively exposed to the consumerist worldview while alternative points of view are scarcely presented in the communicative sphere.But commercial corporations are not legitimate participants in the public discourse in a democracy since they do not represent the political support of citizens. Presently, courts grant advertisements freedom of speech protection based on the importance of providing information for viewers. But by doing this, courts ignore the value suggesting messages prevalent in modern advertisements.For many years the law in the domain of campaign finance has restricted the speech of corporations in order to prevent distortion of the political discourse prior to elections. Similarly, we should allow the State to intervene to repair the failure in the public discourse created by advertisements. The law regarding informative messages and value-suggesting messages contained in advertisements should treat each separately, and advertisers should not be permitted to convey messages of the latter.

scholarly journals The role of football in the Yugoslav crisis. “Nationalisation” of the football fandom in the former Yugoslavia

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 925
Author(s):  
Ivan Đorđević
Keyword(s):  
Political Influence ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
Political Capital ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Political Space ◽  
Strong Connection ◽  
Football Fans ◽  
Political Agents ◽  
Football Stadiums

The strong connection between everyday politics and football fandom represents a distinctive characteristic of a football culture in contemporary Serbia. This paper focuses on the issues related to strong political influence of “nationalised” political space in the former Yugoslavia that caused specific politicisation of football supporters in the country. I argue that political capital of the football fans derives from the specific social and political environment that characterised the process of disintegration of the former Yugoslavia. The aim of this article is to emphasize the connection between growing nationalisation of politics and specific events that took place on football stadiums during the late 1980s and the early 1990s in the SFRY. Through the analysis of the particular events from that period, this article aims to analyse the causes that led to transformation of the subculture of the football fans to political agents par excellence.

PRINT, NEWSPAPERS AND AUDIENCES IN COLONIAL KENYA: AFRICAN AND INDIAN IMPROVEMENT, PROTEST AND CONNECTIONS

Africa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bodil Folke Frederiksen
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Print Culture ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Language Choice ◽  
Passive Resistance ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Political Associations ◽  
The Right ◽  
Resistance Movement

ABSTRACTThe article addresses African and Indian newspaper networks in Kenya in the late 1940s in an Indian Ocean perspective. Newspapers were important parts of a printing culture that was sustained by Indian and African nationalist politics and economic enterprise. In this period new intermediary groups of African and Indian entrepreneurs, activists and publicists, collaborating around newspaper production, captured fairly large and significant non-European audiences (some papers had print runs of around ten thousand) and engaged them in new ways, incorporating their aspirations, writings and points of view in newspapers. They depended on voluntary and political associations and anti-colonial struggles in Kenya and on links to nationalists in India and the passive resistance movement in South Africa. They sidestepped the European-dominated print culture and created an anti-colonial counter-voice. Editors insisted on the right to write freely and be heard, and traditions of freedom of speech put a brake on censorship. Furthermore, the shifting networks of financial, editorial and journalistic collaboration, and the newspapers’ language choice – African vernaculars, Gujarati, Swahili and English – made intervention difficult for the authorities. With time, the politics and ideologies sustaining the newspapers pulled in different directions, with African nationalism gaining the upper hand among the forces that shaped the future independent Kenyan nation.

scholarly journals Role of football scouts in player transformation process: From talented to elite athlete

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-79
Author(s):  
Snežana Lazarević ◽  
Jelena Lukić ◽  
Vladimir Mirković
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Elite Athlete ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
Football Clubs ◽  
Football Fans ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Football Stadiums

Revenues generated by football clubs belonging to one of the socalled "The Big Five" leagues (England, Germany, Spain, Italy and France) give a strong argument by claiming that modern football has become a very organized, but also profitable business. In the football clubs of the mentioned European countries, the most famous players of today are "super heroes" and they are the reason why massive numbers of football fans visit football stadiums. All players, who today identify themselves as elite athletes, were at the beginning of their sports careers merely talented individuals with more or less pronounced psycho-physical predispositions for playing sports. This paper will present the basic characteristics of the profession of professional scouts as one of the key persons in recognizing talents and their transformation into top athletes. Also, the paper emphasizes the necessary skills that these sports experts should possess, but also points out the importance of decisionmaking in terms of often difficult and complicated decisions in the process of identifying talented individuals in sports.

scholarly journals Fifty Shades of Tolerance: Human Rights Argumentations concerning Family Models and Hate Speech

Iuris Dictio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lóránt Csink
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
The State ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Public Opinions ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Right

The protection of human rights is one of the main obligations a state has in order to fulfill its duties. Therefore, the right of freedom of expression shall be protected, especially because it relates directly to the defense of the democratic of a society. Although there are different points of view regarding an issue, especially same-sex marriage, the state is obligated to stay neutral towards public opinions. Consequently, public opinions might end up transforming into hate speech which creates an even larger confrontation within people and the state. This is why, the state must establish fair limits for human rights. Finally, it is essential to understand that promoting tolerance is the most important aspect to safeguard the rights of people to freely speak their minds in order to exercise their right of freedom of speech.

High Resolution Specimen Area Imaged Under Negligible Field Aberrations

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 540-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Yanaka ◽  
K. Shirota
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Field Distribution ◽  
Image Space ◽  
Beam Deflection ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Resolution Limit ◽  
Leakage Flux ◽  
Specimen Area ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Aberration Theory

It is significant to note field aberrations (chromatic field aberration, coma, astigmatism and blurring due to curvature of field, defined by Glaser's aberration theory relative to the Blenden Freien System) of the objective lens in connection with the following three points of view; field aberrations increase as the resolution of the axial point improves by increasing the lens excitation (k2) and decreasing the half width value (d) of the axial lens field distribution; when one or all of the imaging lenses have axial imperfections such as beam deflection in image space by the asymmetrical magnetic leakage flux, the apparent axial point has field aberrations which prevent the theoretical resolution limit from being obtained.

Crystal structure images of large gold clusters and growing crystals by HRTEM

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
L.R. Wallenberg ◽  
J.-O. Bovin ◽  
G. Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Close Packing ◽  
Gold Clusters ◽  
Molecular Weight Determination ◽  
Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nucleation And Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Points Of View

Metallic clusters are interesting from various points of view, e.g. as a mean of spreading expensive catalysts on a support, or following heterogeneous and homogeneous catalytic events. It is also possible to study nucleation and growth mechanisms for crystals with the cluster as known starting point.Gold-clusters containing 55 atoms were manufactured by reducing (C6H5)3PAuCl with B2H6 in benzene. The chemical composition was found to be Au9.2[P(C6H5)3]2Cl. Molecular-weight determination by means of an ultracentrifuge gave the formula Au55[P(C6H5)3]Cl6 A model was proposed from Mössbauer spectra by Schmid et al. with cubic close-packing of the 55 gold atoms in a cubeoctahedron as shown in Fig 1. The cluster is almost completely isolated from the surroundings by the twelve triphenylphosphane groups situated in each corner, and the chlorine atoms on the centre of the 3x3 square surfaces. This gives four groups of gold atoms, depending on the different types of surrounding.

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