scholarly journals Westward Dissemination of Pre-modern Chinese Book Collections to Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2(8)) ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
Zhou Yueshan
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
Book Collections ◽  
King Of France

One of the most magnificent collections of pre-modern Chinese books kept in Europe, was brought to France by Joachim Bouvet, a French missionary, in the 17th century. It is widely accepted that these 49 volumes of Chinese books were a gift from the Chinese emperor Kangxi to Louis XIV, the King of France, with Bouvet, the person who brought the books, believed to have been appointed as the Kangxi Emperor’s special envoy. However, as I intend to show here, it may be that neither was Bouvet a special envoy, nor were the books a gift from the Chinese emperor.

The Glorious Revolution and medicine in Britain and the Netherlands

1989 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-190 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Glorious Revolution ◽  
Chemical Laboratory ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
King Of France ◽  
Natural Philosophers ◽  
The Glorious Revolution

During the 17th century, the universities of The Netherlands, and especially that at Leiden, rose to dominate European medical culture. Equipped with an excellent botanical garden and anatomy theatre, established following Italian models in the late 16th century, and with an observatory and chemical laboratory, built in the mid-17th century, Leiden represented the model of the innovative academy. Its clinical course, inaugurated in 1638, was widely seen as a centre of excellence (1). For British observers, furthermore, this status was but one part of the ‘Dutch problem’, the apparently miraculous success of Dutch culture and economy. Natural philosophers joined other analysts in their attention to this issue. William Petty, who had studied medicine in the 1640s at Leiden, Amsterdam and Utrecht, subjected the problem of Dutch supremacy to his new-fangled ‘political anatomy’. While at Leiden he composed both a History of seven months practise in a chymical laboratory and also a Collection of the frugalities of Holland . Among these ‘frugalities’ he listed ‘equall representation; no gentlemen; divines, physicians and soldiers not the greatest m en; all working; toleration ’. He even cited Dutch power to illustrate the political uses of ridicule: noting that the cheese was the symbol of Holland as the Sun was that of Louis XIV, ‘saying that the Holland cheeze should eclipse the Sun as the Moone doth, would have turn’d the King of France into Ridicule, especially if the success had answer’d ’.

The Album De Colbert: The Image of Shipbuilding

2021 ◽  
Vol 163 (A3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Corradi
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
Shipbuilding Industry ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation

The Album de Colbert compiled by an anonymous author in the second half of the seventeenth century is among the most important illustrated testimonies of the art of shipbuilding. Probably commissioned by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Minister of Finance and Minister of the Navy of the kingdom of France, the Album was composed to make Louis XIV understand the complexity of shipbuilding. It was also made to support the creation of a navy with the ambition of being competitive with the Royal Navy and with the intent of modernising and expanding the French shipbuilding industry. The fifty plates that make up this illustrated treatise unravel the story of the construction of a first-rank 80-gun line vessel, from the laying of the keel to the launch. It is a unique document that has no contemporaries or precursors because it is not a didactic collection of boats, like the previous treaties that had a completely different methodological approach, more technical-descriptive than illustrative, but it wants to go beyond the scientific treatise. Its purpose was instead to measure itself with representation, showing through the strength of drawing and images the peculiar aspects of the reality of shipbuilding, using iconography as a means of transmitting knowledge related to the world of shipyards and shipbuilding in the 17th century.

Popular Song in the Age of Louis XIV

Music ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Romey
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Audience Participation ◽  
Popular Song ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
Popular Songs

Across early modern Europe popular tunes functioned as canvases for new texts and they served thereby as a tool for oral and written communication. Song enabled literate, semiliterate, and illiterate members of the population to participate in the circulation of news, gossip, and rumors and to mock both current events and individuals through satire. When performed, songs also encouraged audience participation when a tune had a refrain. In France in the 17th and 18th centuries, popular songs, often referred to as vaudevilles or pont-neufs, permeated urban and rural soundscapes. Popular tunes played an important social role in the lives of individuals from all social spheres, from singers begging for donations in the streets to members of fashionable Parisian society who gathered at salons and at the court. Mondains, members of fashionable society who frequently had literary pretensions, composed and preserved (in manuscripts, known today as chansonniers, as well as in printed publications) song texts that circulated between friends, acquaintances, and in the streets. Vaudevilles became associated with the Pont-Neuf, a spacious “new” bridge that functioned as a central thoroughfare but also a public space in which Parisians came to shop, hear the latest gossip, and be entertained by charlatans, street singers, and itinerant actors. Popular song also flourished in close connection to theater, and in the late 17th century popular songs began to play an increasingly prominent role in the Parisian theaters, namely the Comédie-Italienne and the Comédie-Française. By the early 18th century, comic opera (opéra-comique) emerged as a flexible satirical genre of popular theater. In this genre, which at first intermingled sung tunes with spoken prose, vaudevilles served as musical and structural building blocks and enabled audience participation in a manner similar to street performances. Besides the use of vaudevilles, early French comic operas continued the tradition developed in street song and in the late-17th-century theaters of parodying operas and opera airs. Some airs from Jean-Baptiste Lully’s ballets and operas, for example, became vaudevilles and survive with many new texts intended to be sung to simplified versions of his melodies. People from all social ranks, including street performers, servants, salonnières, courtiers, playwrights, and actors created and performed these parodic songs. When we discuss a body of popular songs during the reign of Louis XIV, then, we must imagine a constantly changing repertory that absorbed any tune that was, in contemporary parlance, “in the mouths” of the population. The study of French popular song, therefore, requires a broad interdisciplinary approach.

FRENCH NATURALIZATION OF THE SCOTS IN THE FIFTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH CENTURIES

1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1085-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELIZABETH BONNER
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Hundred Years War ◽  
Early Form ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
King Of France

French naturalization of the Scots appears to have evolved from lands granted to individual Scots by Charles VII during the Hundred Years War, and it would seem that the libertas testandi associated with these grants in the fifteenth century was an early form of what were later called lettres de naturalité in the sixteenth century. French naturalization was granted not only to individual Scots but to all Scottish subjects by certain French monarchs from Charles VII to Louis XIV and had its origins in the ‘Auld Alliance’, as the Scots referred to their relationship with France, and the establishment of the garde écossaise by Charles VII in 1445. The sixteenth century saw a continuation of Scottish military service to the kings of France as well as a continuation of grants of lands, pensions, titles and privileges accorded by grateful French monarchs to Scottish soldiers in the main, but other Scots as well, many of whom were, and others who became by letters patent of naturalization, loyal subjects of the king of France.

Institutional Care of the Mentally Disordered in Canada — a 17th Century Record

1981 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 274-278
Author(s):  
John D. Griffin ◽  
Cyril Greenland
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
New France ◽  
General Hospitals ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
Mentally Disordered

“General hospitals” for the care of the helpless poor, the aged and infirm, lunatics and idiots, which were developed in the mid-17th century by Louis XIV of France, soon spread to the colony in New France. Francois Charon, a wealthy businessman, built the Hôpital Général de Ville Marie, Montreal, which was opened in 1694 to care for impoverished and helpless men. The Hospital Register, discovered in the Archives of the Soeurs Grises, Montreal, provides details of the patients’ names, dates of and reasons for admission and the dates of discharge or death. An analysis of the Register, covering the 45 years of the Charon period, reveals that among the 66 boys and men admitted, from 1694 to 1738, at least seven inmates suffered from some form of mental disorder or retardation. This suggests that the Hôpital Général de Ville Marie, together with the Hôpital Général de Québec, were the first Canadian institutions to provide care for the mentally disordered. Pierre Chevallier, who was retarded, lived in the hospital for 44 years until his death at the age of 85. The length of stay in the hospital indicates that the early settlers of New France were men of robust constitution and that the regime provided by the Frères Charon was physically as well as spiritually sustaining.

The architecture of William of Orange and the culture of friendship

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanneke Ronnes
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Court Culture ◽  
Louis Xiv

The grand houses and gardens of William of Orange (1650–1702) and his courtiers in Britain and the Netherlands are strongly influenced by the French style, itself associated with Louis XIV, who was actually William’s arch-rival. This paper explores that paradox by probing ideas of power and friendship in 17th-century court culture.

scholarly journals Francuski Kodeks procedury cywilnej z 1806 roku - kodeks Napoleona Bonaparte czy Ludwika XIV?

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Anna Klimaszewska
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Civil Procedure ◽  
Drastic Change ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
The Law ◽  
The French Revolution

The French Code of Civil Procedure of 1806 remained binding on the Polish territories for about 70 years and it exerted a significant influence on, among others, the shaping of the contemporary Polish terminology in this area.The present publication analyzes the issue of the nature of Code de procédure civile which – despite the extremely strong pressure during the French Revolution to introduce drastic change in the court procedure – in large part reproduced the solutions put forward in the ordinance by Louis XIV from April 1667 (Ordonnance civile touchant la réformation de la justice). On its basis, this branch of the law had been already codified in 17th century. Thus Code de procédure civile was certainly not the first code pertaining to civil procedure in France. Furthermore, the extent of the borrowings described in the article justifies the assumption that it was more of an amendment to the 1667 ordinance rather than a separate codification.

scholarly journals De Zonnekoning en de Republiek. De uitbeelding van de Nederlanden in de Spiegelzaal van Versailles

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 139-163
Author(s):  
Andreas Nijenhuis-Bescher
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Dutch Republic ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
Counter Example ◽  
Annual Activity ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Charles Le Brun

Nowadays, Versailles is mainly a tourist attraction, which draws 8.1 million visitors per year (figure 2018, Versailles Annual Activity Report). However, it was built in the second half of the 17th century to serve as the centre of the French monarchy and exemplifies a symbolic vision of the ideal monarchy, according to Louis XIV. The Hall of Mirrors is the focal point of the political representation displaying the French wealth and power of the Grand Siècle. The Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678) is the main subject of the historical decoration, painted by Charles Le Brun. The Dutch Republic is an essential part of the political theory depicted here, and serves as a counter-example to the idealised absolute monarchy embodied by the Sun King himself. Hence, the small Dutch Republic, then in its heyday, is a crucial partner to France in this elegant albeit conflictual pas de deux. The manner of portraying the Republic is significant for the understanding of the royal credo of Louis’s France, and emphasises the essential role of the Dutch Republic in 17th-century Europe.

Several Words on Fragments from Earlier Book Collections in the Library of the Monastery of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin in Roudnice nad Labem

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 20-34
Author(s):  
Richard Šípek
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Book Collections ◽  
Monastic Libraries

The monastery of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin was founded in Roudnice by members of the Roudnice branch of the Lobkowicz family at the beginning of the 17th century, when also its library was established. With its approximately 1,800 volumes, it ranks among smaller, unexplored monastic libraries. Nevertheless, it contains a number of interesting and valuable fragments of earlier private book collections, coming from early modern aristocratic libraries as well as libraries of clergymen from nearby parishes. This article presents the most important of them. Particular attention is devoted to the fragment of the library of Ladislav Zejdlic of Schönfeld, originally placed at Encovany Castle in North Bohemia, and to book donations by members of the Roudnice branch of the Lobkowicz family, the main sponsors of the monastery.

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