scholarly journals Полицентричне стандардизованє русинского язика

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 143-158
Author(s):  
Михайло П. Фейса
Keyword(s):  
Literary Language ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The Status

The Polycentric Standardization of the Rusyn Language Pursuant to the conclusions of the First Rusyn Language Congress held in Bardejovske Kupele (Slovakia) in 1992 Rusyn language planners are advised to follow the so-called Romansh model of the construction of a literary language (the Romansh language is spoken in five standardized idioms in South-Eastern Switzerland). This implies that each country inhabited by Rusyns should codify its own variant of the literary language based on the live local Rusyn language. Thus there emerge four variants of the Rusyn language: the Bačka-Srem variant (in Serbia and Croatia), the Prešov variant (in Slovakia), the Lemko variant (in Poland), and the Trans-Carpathian variant (in Ukraine; used in Romania and Hungary as well). The paper brings attention to the status and perspectives of the four variants of the Rusyn language. The Rusyn language codification process may be viewed as polycentric standardization.

The Status of the School Shark Fishery in South-Eastern Australian Waters

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
The Mean

The maximum yield of the school shark fishery in south-eastern Australian waters was 4.09 million lb in 1949. The catch has fluctuated since then about a declining trend to 3.18 million lb in 1956. In 1944, 7.3 hooks were required to catch a shark of mean weight 14.7 lb. In 1956 the number of hooks required was almost doubled: 13.6 hooks were needed to catch sharks of mean weight 13.7 lb; the catch per hook dropped from 2.01 to 0.99 lb. Whereas the catch per boat-month remained relatively stable at 4765 lb for 1944 and 4643 for 1956, the number of hooks used per boat-month increased from 2366 to 4668 hooks in 12 years. Throughout this period the mean weight of sharks in eastern Bass Strait remained fairly steady (11-13 lb) whereas there was a drop of 3 lb from a mean weight of 17-20 lb in the predominantly mature portion of the stock in western Bass Strait. Fishermen in South Australia have reported a comparable drop in the mean weight of sharks in their catches. During the period 1941-46 there was unrestricted inshore fishing of juveniles and pregnant females with a consequent severe drop in the inshore population. The subsequent decline in the annual total catch is believed to be due not only to a too intensive offshore fishery but also to the resultant reduced recruitment and depressed reproductive potential caused by the earlier destruction of juveniles and pregnant females. In the data presented in this paper there is evidence that the school shark fishery, which is operating on a single stock of sharks with a slow growth rate, a late sexual maturity, and a low fecundity, shows trends which are suggestive of depletion. Because similar trends in the soupfin shark fishery of California and in the dogfish fishery of British Columbia were followed by depletion, it has been inferred that regulations to protect the vulnerable phases of the life history of the school shark of Australia may be required. Measures for conservation are discussed.

scholarly journals Pottery from the Vak-Kur cemetery of the Yudina Culture (based on materials from excavations 3–6)

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-97
Author(s):  
N.P. Turova
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
The South ◽  
Significant Similarity ◽  
Funeral Ritual ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Right ◽  
Archeological Artifacts

Researchers associate the medieval archeological artifacts of the Middle Trans-Urals, whose pottery bears cord impressions, with the Chiyalik, Molchanvo and Yudina Cultures. Despite the large number of artifacts that have been studied, many questions remain open. These include the status, chronology, and interaction of the Molchanovo and Yudina antiquities, as well as the evolution and specifics of their pottery complexes. Publication and analysis of the ceramic collections from Vak-Kur, the largest burial ground of the Yudina Culture, contribute to addressing some problems related to «the Corded Ware cultures». The Vak-Kur burial ground is dated to the 10th–11th centuries based on the assemblage of the associated goods. It is located in the south-eastern part of the Yudina Culture areal, on the right shore of the Tobol River. For all the time of excavations in the area of the ne-cropolis, 220 burials have been studied. The dead were buried in shallow pits according to the ritual of inhuma-tion, on their backs. A specific feature of the funeral ritual is breaking of a part of the accompanying equipment and use of funerary masks. Decorative and morphological features of 143 Yudina vessels have been examined. The tableware has been categorized according to four topographic groups after excavations 3 to 6. It has been noted that, despite the similar shapes of pots, and ornamental proportions and patterns, the pottery from excava-tions 3 to 6 demonstrates a different frequency in use of such elements in the décor as the cord and figured stamps. The biggest differences were detected between the ceramic artifacts found in excavations 4 and 6. It was suggested that the differences in décor between pottery from different excavations are determined not by their asynchronous nature, but by the existence of several tribal sites in the area of the Yudina necropolis. The com-parison of ceramic collections from the Vak-Kur burial ground with those from the medieval burial and settlement sites of the Yudina Culture showed that the pottery from the necropolis is most closely related to collections from the Plamya Sibiri 6 and 7, and Antonovo 1 settlements located in the Tura River basin. These sites were dated by their investigator to the earlier period (6th to 9th centuries) and attributed to the Molchanovo Culture. Based on the significant similarity between the pottery of the named sites and the dishware of the 10th to 11th centuries from excavation 4 of the Vak-Kur burial ground, a revision of the chronology and cultural attribution of these sites has been proposed.

FOLK TEXT IN DIALOGIC MODE: ON THE STATUS OF THE LANGUAGE OF FOLKLORE

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-87
Author(s):  
Victoria A. Chervaneva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fairy Tales ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Folklore Studies ◽  
The Status ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Folk Tradition

The status of the language of folklore is a theoretical problem of Folklore Studies that has a long history, but it has become even more relevant recently due to the expansion of the Folklore Studies research field. Traditionally, characteristic features of the language of folklore were defined in relation to dialect and literary language, and the researchers supposed that the language of folklore is supradialectical phenomenon, like the literary language of dialect speakers. However, observations of linguistic organization of oral prose with a focus on reliability (mythological stories, etc.) show that these theoretical approaches are not applicable to such texts. The language of these texts is the colloquial (dialect, vernacular, or literary) speech existing in a dialogic mode and possessing all the structural features of spontaneous colloquial speech. The article suggests to distinguish between “the language of folklore” and “the language of folk tradition”, that is, the language of the genres of traditional folklore (songs, epics, fairy tales, etc.) – structurally ordered, “polished” by numeroius repetitions in the process of transmission, with a clearly expressed aesthetic function, and the language of everyday communication in which texts expressing traditional knowledge emerge and exist.

Revision of Mesothymbris Evans, 1956, from the Late Triassic of Mount Crosby, Queensland (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Hylicelloidea: Hylicellidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4629 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-396
Author(s):  
KEVIN J. LAMBKIN
Keyword(s):  
Basal Cell ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
Nominal Species ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
Generic Composition ◽  
The Status

New specimens and a re-examination of their holotypes have clarified the status of five species of the extinct cicadomorphan family Hylicellidae from the Late Triassic (Norian) Mount Crosby Formation of south-eastern Queensland. All were found to be conspecific, resulting in the following synonymies: Mesothymbris Evans, 1956 (= Triassoscytina Evans, 1956, syn. nov. = (in part) Triassoscytinopsis Evans, 1956, syn. nov.), Mesothymbris perkinsi Evans, 1956 (= Mesothymbris woodwardi Evans, 1956, syn. nov. = Triassoscytina incompleta Evans, 1956, syn. nov. = Triassoscytinopsis stenulata Evans, 1956, syn. nov. = Triassoscytinopsis aberrans Evans, 1956, syn. nov.). The Hylicellidae is still poorly defined as is its generic composition. Mesothymbris, however, is clearly distinct from the other Mount Crosby hylicellids, Hylicella Evans, 1956, and Triassocotis, Evans, 1956, in the quite distal primary fork of R, the angled RA at the point of separation of RA1 with RA2 directed towards the apex of the tegmen, the upright RA1, the shape of the intra-medial cell, and CuA just distal to the basal cell strongly curved and very closely approximating the claval suture. The new synonymies further clarify the composition of the cicadomorphan fauna of the Mount Crosby Formation, which as a result of this and other recent revisions, now comprises 16 nominal species in the Dysmorphoptilidae, Hylicellidae and Mesojabloniidae, as well as three species incertae sedis. In the presence of Dysmorphoptilidae and Hylicellidae, the Mount Crosby cicadomorphan fauna is similar to that of the younger Late Triassic Blackstone Formation at nearby Denmark Hill and Dinmore. It differs significantly, however, in the absence, after 90 years of collecting of 100s of specimens, of any representatives of the Dunstaniidae, Mesogereonidae, or Tettigarctidae, families so characteristic of the Denmark Hill/Dinmore fauna. Whether this difference is biogeographical, ecological, or simply as a result of differential preservation is unknown. 

scholarly journals National-cultural specificity of Austrian German in the spheres of economy, policy and law

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-137
Author(s):  
T. A. Yakovleva
Keyword(s):  
German Language ◽  
Pedagogical Practice ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Linguistic Development ◽  
Cultural Specificity ◽  
The Status ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Politics And Law ◽  
Political Vocabulary

The article is devoted to the study of the national-cultural specifics of the German language in Austria in the fields of economics, politics and law. The introduction examines the pluricentric and pluriareal approaches to considering the status of Austrian German, which differ in understanding the language and the way it is described, emphasizes the role of the Bavarian-Austrian dialects in the formation of the German literary language and gives factors that influenced the linguistic development of Austria. The author introduces the typology of culturally-marked vocabulary. The study provides examples of full equivalents in German German and Austrian German, Austrian tokens, which serve to express concepts that are not in German culture and are denoted by the term ‘equivalent vocabulary’ and partially equivalent lexemes having a mismatch in the volume of denotative meaning. The main content of the study is to analyze the national-cultural specifics in the Austrian national version of the German language in the framework of the thematic groups “Economic vocabulary”, “Socio-political vocabulary” and “Legal vocabulary”. The results of this study may be of interest for use in linguistic studies courses in German-speaking countries and in pedagogical practice, as well as find application in lexicography.

scholarly journals Graiurile poloneze din Poiana Micului şi Bulai (Bucovina de Sud) – o perspectivă sociolingvistică de tip comparativ pe baza ALAB

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-78
Author(s):  
Florin-Teodor Olariu ◽  
Veronica Olariu
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Polish People ◽  
The Status

The Polish communities from Bukovina have been studied in the last period through several research projects, initiated by both Polish and Romanian researchers. One of them is the Audiovisual Linguistic Atlas of Bukovina (ALAB), which aims to realize a radiography in multimedia format of the ethnolinguistic diversity of Bukovina. Regarding the Polish ethnic minority, in 2016 two field studies have been carried out in two localities: Bulai and Poiana Micului. Following the analysis of the material thus obtained, we managed to capture some characteristics both at the linguistic and the sociolinguistic level that individualize the two communities. Thus, from a linguistic point of view, the two dialects are different both at phonetic and lexical level, the Bulai dialect being more similar to the Polish literary language. At the sociolinguistic level has been observed the presence of a strong epilinguistic component in the Polish people speech, based on the representations and the attitudes that the Polish ethnic groups have regarding the status and the vitality of their own dialects.

scholarly journals On the Syntax of Kožičić’s MISAL HRUACKI

Slovene ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-142
Author(s):  
Ivana Eterović ◽  
Jozo Vela
Keyword(s):  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Syntactic Features ◽  
Special Place ◽  
Slavonic Language ◽  
Reliable Model ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Impact

Šimun Kožičić Benja’s Misal hruacki (1531) holds a special place amongst the Croatian Glagolitic missals. Namely, recent studies have shown it to be the first comprehensive Croatian redaction of Bible readings according to the Vulgate, and to execute this redaction, Kožičić probably made use of some contemporary Latin missal of Venetian provenance. Since the syntax has largely remained outside the range of previous studies, it is thoroughly explored in this paper. While relying on Latin syntax, Kožičić ended up using forms and structures which to some degree deviate from the Croatian Church Slavonic language tradition. At the same time, he occasionally deviates from both Latin and Croatian Church Slavonic in favor of Old Croatian forms and constructions. Thus the analysis of the syntax also confirms the presence of planning in his conception of literary language, where the status of Croatian Church Slavonic and Old Croatian (Čakavian) elements is defined and to some extent standardized. While the analysis of the selected syntactic features, as expected, affirms the strong dependence of the Misal hruacki on its Latin template, it also shows that the impact of this template should not be overstated. Kožičić does not blindly copy Latin constructions in order to adhere to his source, but rather takes Latin as an incentive and a reliable model on which he can construct a literary language based on clear syntactic principles.

The Effects of Contact with Europeans on the Status of Pondo Women

Africa ◽  
1933 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Group Living ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Great Emphasis ◽  
Eastern Group ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Married Men ◽  
The Status ◽  
Southern Border ◽  
The Right ◽  
Drinking Milk

The AmaMpondo are a Bantu tribe of the south-eastern group, living in a native reserve on the southern border of Zululand, and speaking a dialect of Xosa. They depend for their subsistence upon cattle farming and hoe culture. They have a typical Bantu ‘cattle complex’, cattle not only being of economic importance, but being a centre of men's interests and emotions and playing a large part in religion and marriage. They live in patrilineal kinship groups imizi (sing, umzi) which are scattered about the country at distances varying from some hundreds of yards to two or three miles. The average umzi now contains four to five adults, but formerly, when danger from man and beast made concentration necessary for defence, it is said that it was common for twenty married men, together with their wives and children, to live together in one umzi. Both chiefs and commoners practise polygyny, and a union is legalized by the passage of cattle from the groom's group to the bride's (ukulobola). Administration was organized on a territorial basis. There was a powerful paramount chief with district chiefs and sub-chiefs under him. Each sub-chief had a court, from which there was the right of appeal to his immediate superior and finally to the paramount. Cutting across the territorial groupings (amabandla) are patrilineal clans, iziduko (sing, isiduko). Iziduko are strictly exogamous, and the sense of difference between them, and oneness within them, is marked by the taboo on drinking milk, or eating sacrificial meat, of a strange isiduko, but the acceptance of either from a member of the same isiduko. Great emphasis is laid on the respect for elders, living and dead. Deceased ancestors, amatongo, are believed to have the power of blessing, or of sending sickness and poverty, and sacrifices of meat and beer are made to them. Besides being sent by ancestral spirits, sickness is thought to be caused by sorcerers, abatakati. Murder by sorcery is regarded as the worst possible crime, and was punished with torture and death. The fear of sorcery is ever present in the minds of AmaMpondo. The most powerful specialists in the society are the diviners, amagqira, who discover sorcery and who also treat sick persons.

scholarly journals Current status and distribution of diurnal raptor species in the south-eastern Anatolia Region, Turkey

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-113
Author(s):  
Recep Karakaș
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Agricultural Intensification ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Eastern Anatolia ◽  
The South ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Wintering Birds ◽  
The Status ◽  
Migratory Status

Abstract The status and distribution of diurnal raptor bird species were analysed in the south-eastern part of Turkey based on studies and records between 1994 and 2014. Our information about raptor species is very limited in the south-eastern Anatolia Region. The study showed that of 42 diurnal raptor species listed in Turkey, 37 of these species were found in the studied region; 9 of them are certainly, 4 probably and 1 possibly breeding in the area - according to the breeding criteria of the EBCC - while 17 of them were transitory migrating or wintering birds for the region, and the breeding/migratory status of 6 is unknown. Habitats lost and fragmentation related to agricultural intensification together with pesticide applications are the main hazards threatening wildlife including raptors in the region. So as to increase knowledge on raptors in south-eastern Anatolia and evaluate their populations, a coordinated education and research program is essential.

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