THE KRYVCHYTSKY MASSIF OF LVIV: IT’S SOCIO-HISTORICAL AND GEO-TOURISTICAL ATTRACTIONS, PROSPECTS OF COGNITIVE EXCURSIONS

The article describes the tourist potential of the Kryvchytsy microdistrict, located near the densely populated city of Lviv. Possibilities of combining socio-historical and natural-geographical tourist attractions in tour routes have been clarified. Socio-historical attractions related to medieval and modern sacred architecture, archeological artifacts, places of residence of famous people, the Holocaust monuments have been explored. A part of the socio-historical attractions of Kryvchytsy is connected with the heritage of the railway industry of the beginning-middle of the XX century. This is a serpentine-shaped railway, which shortly overcomes a 100 meters’ tall path that goes on top of arched bridges, through a car highway, near river flows that started their existence in the Austrian period in Lviv, some railway bridges that were built in the Polish period and the huge iron bridge that was constructed in the Soviet period. The high bridge-like structure is also valuable as a good spectating point of landscapes. The authors believe that the resumption of railway traffic on this branch of the track for tourist needs would be economically viable if we implemented appropriate advertising, gastronomic, entertainment and other attractions. We explored the natural-geographical monuments that have the value of the geo-heritage objects, compositions of geo-sites and geo-morphosites. They illustrate the geological history of the territory (a typical section of the Cretaceous-Neogene rocks), geomorphological features of the hills-remnants and varieties of modern geomorphological processes. Along with geo-tourism objects, the islands of unique phyto- and zoo-cenoses were described as a place that started it’s existence only because of the conditions of the urban region, as well as a good source of drinking water. There were also shown the needs of learning and exploring the geo-touristical objects. On the basis of the conducted scientific researches of social-historical and geo-touristical attractions two cognitive and local lore routes are formed by the Kryvchytsy massif which unites the modern traditions and tendencies of development of the local lore in excursion activity. Authors have developed a map with a trek of sightseeing tour routes for guides from Lviv to use it. A lot of attention is paid to the greening of tourism, the balance of socio-historical and natural objects of excursions, the health component of the organization of the tourist process. Key words: socio-historical attractions; geo-heritage; geo-sites; geo-morphosites; the Kryvchytsia microdistrict in Lviv.

Pottery from the Vak-Kur cemetery of the Yudina Culture (based on materials from excavations 3–6)

Researchers associate the medieval archeological artifacts of the Middle Trans-Urals, whose pottery bears cord impressions, with the Chiyalik, Molchanvo and Yudina Cultures. Despite the large number of artifacts that have been studied, many questions remain open. These include the status, chronology, and interaction of the Molchanovo and Yudina antiquities, as well as the evolution and specifics of their pottery complexes. Publication and analysis of the ceramic collections from Vak-Kur, the largest burial ground of the Yudina Culture, contribute to addressing some problems related to «the Corded Ware cultures». The Vak-Kur burial ground is dated to the 10th–11th centuries based on the assemblage of the associated goods. It is located in the south-eastern part of the Yudina Culture areal, on the right shore of the Tobol River. For all the time of excavations in the area of the ne-cropolis, 220 burials have been studied. The dead were buried in shallow pits according to the ritual of inhuma-tion, on their backs. A specific feature of the funeral ritual is breaking of a part of the accompanying equipment and use of funerary masks. Decorative and morphological features of 143 Yudina vessels have been examined. The tableware has been categorized according to four topographic groups after excavations 3 to 6. It has been noted that, despite the similar shapes of pots, and ornamental proportions and patterns, the pottery from excava-tions 3 to 6 demonstrates a different frequency in use of such elements in the décor as the cord and figured stamps. The biggest differences were detected between the ceramic artifacts found in excavations 4 and 6. It was suggested that the differences in décor between pottery from different excavations are determined not by their asynchronous nature, but by the existence of several tribal sites in the area of the Yudina necropolis. The com-parison of ceramic collections from the Vak-Kur burial ground with those from the medieval burial and settlement sites of the Yudina Culture showed that the pottery from the necropolis is most closely related to collections from the Plamya Sibiri 6 and 7, and Antonovo 1 settlements located in the Tura River basin. These sites were dated by their investigator to the earlier period (6th to 9th centuries) and attributed to the Molchanovo Culture. Based on the significant similarity between the pottery of the named sites and the dishware of the 10th to 11th centuries from excavation 4 of the Vak-Kur burial ground, a revision of the chronology and cultural attribution of these sites has been proposed.

А COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY OF SLAVIC ETHNIC GROUPS OF THE PAGAN PERIOD: THE TRIBES OF SOUTH-EASTERN AND NORTHERN RUS

The paganism of the ancient Slavs is not in itself a unique phenomenon in the world history of cultures, it is a Slavic variant of the universal pagan massif, but the variant is unique. This is a whole worldview, that is, a holistic system of ideas about the world and man's place in it. However, in science this topic is insufficiently studied, which attracts many researchers, becoming a topical issue. In the historical literature, one of the central is the problem of the origin of the people (ethnogenesis). Clarification of the question of the ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs is the first link in the process of restoring the pedigree of the Ukrainian nation. Therefore, the article analyzes the first written references to the Slavs, which were left by ancient Roman, Byzantine authors, the compiler of the Tale of Bygone Years. On the basis of comparison of archeological and written sources the area of settlement of separate East Slavic tribes is traced. Material evidence of burial practices that existed in the Slavic environment, in particular mounds, is characterized. During the early medieval period of the history of the Eastern Slavs, the genesis of the burial rite can be traced to the northerners, Vyatichi, Radimichi, Smolensk-Polovsk and Pskov Krivichi. The archeological artifacts and features of cremation described in the article provide grounds to assert the separate development of these tribes, which was due primarily to the geographical factor. Given the above, the opinion is substantiated that the territory of residence of the Eastern Slavs was divided into four large segments: the forest zone of the Dnieper right bank, the southern, southeastern and northern zones. It was within these limits that the life of the early medieval pagan Slavic tribes took place, which was characterized by a set of original cultural features.

Kwestia pierwotności funkcji estetycznej muzyki w świetle znalezisk archeologicznych

Bony flutes dated back to around 43,000 years old are the clearest examples of musical instruments ever found. There are also other archeological artifacts related to the possible musical activity of Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis, which are the subject of numerous controversies. Bearing in mind that singing is the simplest form of musical activity that does not need any tools, the beginning of music must have been much older than the first musical instruments. Due to the fact that the sonic results of prehistorical hominins’ musical activity have not been preserved, the question of the artistic nature of hominins’ music requires the ethological knowledge as well as archeological findings. One of the widely discussed ethological hypotheses concerning human proclivity to behave artistically is the idea of artification, which has been proposed by Ellen Dissanayake. This idea suggests that the source of the human proclivity for art is the species-specific predisposition of Homo sapiens to transform the mundane non-artistic phenomena into art. However, while in the case of visual arts, the archeological discoveries of prehistorical paintings are by themselves the proof of such transformation in order to recognize the aesthetic function of our ancestors’ sound expressions the interpretation of the archeological discoveries of musical instruments in a broader context seems to be indispensable. The main aim of this article is to indicate that communication that has led to social consolidation has been the primordial function of music. Only together with the accelerating cultural evolution that occurred at the end of the middle Paleolithic period, musical activity was transformed from a simple communicative tool into an aesthetic phenomenon. It is proposed that this transformation could have been possible thanks to the appearance of the proclivityto artification.

VIRTUAL RESTORATION OF DAMAGED ARCHEOLOGICAL ARTIFACTS OBTAINED FROM EXPEDITIONS USING 3D VISUALIZATION

The paper puts forward the methodologies for the virtual restoration of the archeological artifacts that were obtained from the various missions. The proposed methodology combines the both the augmented and the virtual reality (C-ARVR) technologies enabling a virtual restoration of the artifacts that were damaged by visualizing the virtual three dimensional model with the actual one. The methodology provides an enhanced perception of the damaged substances. This enables the restoration of the historical artifacts that are more valuable.

Deterioration of the cell wall in waterlogged wooden archeological artifacts, 2400 years old

ABSTRACT The relationship between the cell wall ultrastructure of waterlogged wooden archeological artifacts and the state of water bound to cell walls and free in voids is fundamental to develop consolidating and drying technologies. Herein, a lacquer-wooden ware and a boat-coffin dating 4th century BC were selected as representative artifacts to study. Wood anatomy results indicated that they belonged to Idesia sp. and Machilus sp., respectively. They exhibited a typical spongy texture, as revealed by SEM observations, and their water contents had increased significantly. Solid state NMR, Py-GC/MS, imaging FTIR microscopy and 2D-XRD results demonstrated that the deterioration resulted from the partial cleavages of both polysaccharide backbones and cellulose hydrogen-bonding networks, almost complete elimination of acetyl side chains of hemicellulose, the partial depletion of β-O-4 interlinks, as well as oxidation and demethylation/demethoxylation of lignin. These further caused the disoriented arrangement of crystalline cellulose, and the decrease in cellulose crystallite dimensions and crystallinity. In consequence, mesopores and macropores formed, and the number of moisture-adsorbed sites and their accessibility increased. Moreover, results on free water deduced by the changes of pore structure and the maximum monolayer water capacity achieved by the GAB model indicated that water in waterlogged archeological wooden artifacts was mainly free water in mesopores.

FROM THE EDITOR

Discussing the issues of the humanities, as well as other fields of science, does not seem to be endless, as long as we are still living in this world, because it exists in every part of the world and in every generation. As is the case in our journal, every issue always contains various problems about humanities from various countries. As contained in the description of this journal that the scope of this journal are matters relating to culture from around the world with various aspects. Likewise, in this July 2019 issue, readers can enjoy various cultural discussions from various countries, such as writing from China, which discusses multiculturalism thinking from Ho Chi Minh, then which discusses about Nigeria's cultural policy and the needs of performing arts, written by author from Nigeria.Besides these two countries, as well as in previous publications, this journal was dominated by articles originating from Indonesia, because this journal was indeed published in that country. However, it does not rule out the possibility for readers who want to see cultural problems in other countries, because even though the author comes from Indonesia, but the discussion is not necessarily about the problem of Indonesian culture, but about culture in other countries, such as an article on semiotic studies about communism in the film ЧЕБУРАШКА (ČEBURAŠKA). In addition, there are also articles made by Indonesian authors in which discuss the culture of other countries that are related to culture in Indonesia, such as articles on the reasons why Indonesians must learn Arabic and about translating Indonesian fatigue expressions into Arabic.In addition to writing about culture from outside the country, Indonesian authors also write about the culture of the country, especially about regional culture. As is known that the country of Indonesia consists of various tribes, each of which has its own culture. Among the discussions about regional culture written in this issue, is an analysis of Javanese regional novels by Javanese novelist Tulus Setiadi, about functions, meanings and messages of the natural environment from the story of "Keong Emas", about denotation, connotation and mythical meaning of The Cio Tao's ritual's wedding ceremony of the Chinese-fortress community through The semio-pragmatics approach and about slipping into the shadows of Kyai’s figures: woman participation in Indonesian Pesantren’s web of powerAnother article that is also interesting to be observed by readers in this issue is articles relating to issues of religion and belief, both from Indonesian and foreign authors, for example about the reality and non-peculiarity of The Yoruba's belief in reincarnation, written by an author from Nigeria and about bird symbols in Persian mystical poetry, written by an author from Indonesia. In addition, there are articles on religion and belief, in this issue, there are also articles on other cultural fields, such as philosophy, namely, about Hannah Arendt's "Political Beings" as a representation of political existentialism for human existing in the world and in the field of archeology, namely, about archeological artifacts as expressive desire of Hindu-Buddha religions in Java in the 8th-15th centuries.Like the previous issue, this journal always presents interesting articles about humanities from various parts of the world. Hopefully the readers can benefit from reading the articles displayed in this journal and are interested in participating in submitting articles about culture in their respective countries to exchange treasures about the field of humanities, both for ourselves and others.

Ancient Musical Discoveries in Slovakia

The article is devoted to the musical artefacts discovered on the territory of Slovakia. During the remotest ancient periods of time music served chiefly as a means for ceremonies, cults and magic rituals, and accompanied the process of work. Present-day perceptions about music in prehistorical times are formed from various types of evidence: archeological artifacts, pictures, carved figures and musical instruments. The most ancient of the latter are various rattles and pipes. An inherent part of musical activities was formed by dances and singing. Although there is an absence of direct evidence of the sound of the instruments, it may be presumed that during the first stages of the development of music one of its most important aspects was rhythm. Melodies were simple and consisted of few pitches with small intervals in between them, which comprised a basic motive, subsequently repeated numerous times.