Social Queues (Cues): Impact of Others’ Waiting in Line on One’s Service Time

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sezer Ülkü ◽  
Chris Hydock ◽  
Shiliang Cui
Keyword(s):  
Service Time ◽  
Operations Management ◽  
Social Influences ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Concern For Others ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Series Of Experiments

The traditional queueing literature assumes that service time is largely independent of social influences. However, queues are social systems; and social considerations are therefore likely to impact customers’ service time decision to the extent they have control. Through a series of experiments, we show that when others are waiting in line, customers tend to accelerate their own service time, and in doing so, sacrifice their own consumption utility. This behavior is driven by concern for others. Notably, the effect is diminished when they themselves have waited, as it is perceived as fair to let others wait if one also had to wait. We further show that obscuring the visibility between customers in service and those waiting in line diminishes the negative effect of others queueing on one’s own service time. This paper was accepted by Jay Swaminathan, operations management.

scholarly journals Effects of Prohexadione-Ca and GA4+7 on Scarf Skin and Fruit Maturity in Apple

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1602-1605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven McArtney ◽  
Dave Ferree ◽  
John Schmid ◽  
J.D. Obermiller ◽  
A. Green
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Series Of Experiments

A series of experiments were undertaken to compare the effects of individual and combined applications of GA4+7 and prohexadione-Ca (P-Ca) on scarf skin and fruit quality parameters on red strains of `Rome Beauty' and `Gala' apples. Three applications of GA4+7 at 10-day intervals beginning at petal fall (PF) significantly reduced scarf skin severity in all experiments. A single application of P-Ca at PF had no effect on scarf skin in one experiment but reduced scarf skin severity in two further experiments. Combining P-Ca with the first of three GA4+7 sprays as a tank mix reduced the severity of scarf skin more effectively than either material alone in two of three experiments at P < 0.05 and in all three experiments at P < 0.10. Combining P-Ca with the first application of GA4+7 as a tank mix generally reduced scarf skin as effectively as applying P-Ca and the first GA4+7 spray two days apart, although in one experiment, greater scarf skin control was achieved when P-Ca was applied 2 days after the first GA4+7 spray. A single application of P-Ca at PF consistently reduced, and three applications of GA4+7 consistently increased, mean fruit weight at harvest compared with the control. The economic benefits as a result of reducing scarf skin severity with P-Ca and GA4+7 sprays will need to be balanced against the negative effect of P-Ca on mean fruit weight. There is no antagonism between early season P-Ca and GA4+7 sprays for scarf skin control, and P-Ca may increase the efficacy of GA4+7 sprays for scarf skin control in apple.

POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: POST-COMMUNIST NATIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 2050006
Author(s):  
ISMATILLA MARDANOV
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Development Economic ◽  
Economic Institutions ◽  
The World ◽  
Negative Effect

The literature has extensively investigated the relationships between country economic and political institutions and human well-being. I assume that economic institutions can be the determinants of human development and provide a more robust explanation of the latter under the influence of political institutions in the 2SLS instrumental variable estimation than in the ordinary least square (OLS) estimation. I also assume that most of the Post-Communist Nations (PCN) were transitioning their economic and social systems focusing on human development, among other critical reforms and programs. Data confirm this assumption for 22 countries out of 25. Results indicate that there were causal relationships between human development and business, monetary, and investment freedom, and freedom from corruption and government spending. Only government spending had a negative effect on human development. Economic, labor, trade, fiscal, and financial freedom were not endogenous variables with strong instruments. Therefore, these institutions did not have a stronger impact on human development. External validation of the estimates using data from the rest of the world confirms the results. All the mentioned economic institutions had a significant impact on human development in the rest of the world under the influence of the same instrumental variables: political rights, civil liberties, property rights, the median age of the population, and geographic location. Government spending again had a significant and negative effect on human development.

Recycling red mud from the production of aluminium as a red cement-based mortar

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 500-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojie Yang ◽  
Jianfeng Zhao ◽  
Haoxin Li ◽  
Piqi Zhao ◽  
Qin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Red Mud ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Current Management ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Air Content ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Hardened Properties ◽  
Performance Variations

Current management for red mud is insufficient and a new method is needed. A series of experiments have been carried out to develop a new approach for effective management of red mud. Mortars without or with 3%, 6% and 9% red mud were prepared and their fresh and hardened properties were measured to access the possibility of recycling the red mud in the production of red cement-based mortar. The mechanisms corresponding to their mechanical performance variations were explored by X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the fresh mortars with red mud present an increase of viscosity as compared with the control. However, little difference is found when the content of red mud is altered. It also can be seen that red mud increases flow time and reduces the slump flow of the mortar. Meanwhile, it is found that mortar with red mud is provided with higher air content. Red mud is eligible to adjust the decorative mortar colour. Compressive strength of mortar is improved when less than 6% red mud is added. However, overall it has a slightly negative effect on tensile bond strength. It decreases the Ca(OH)2 content and densifies the microstructure of hardened paste. The heavy metal concentrations in leachates of mortars with red mud are much lower than the values required in the standard, and it will not do harm to people’s health and the environment. These results are important to recycle and effectively manage red mud via the production of red cement-based mortar.

scholarly journals Influence of Dolichoderus thoracicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on cocoa pod damage by Conopomorpha cramerella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Malaysia

1996 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.A. See ◽  
K.C. Khoo
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Infestation Rate ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Severe Degree ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe relationship between abundance of Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith) and damage to cocoa pods caused by Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen was examined in a series of experiments. Pods were harvested from ant-abundant and ant-scarce plots and categorized into fully extractable, partially extractable and unextractable, the last category reflecting the most severe degree of C. cramerella infestation. An abundance of D. thoracicus was associated with significant reductions in the percentage unextractable pods but had little or no influence on the other two categories. Mean percentage pods infested was generally kept below 50% in ant-abundant plots and mostly exceeded the 50% level in ant-scarce plots. Other studies were: a survey of individual pods relating rate of infestation by C. cramerella to D. thoracicus abundance, an experiment which examined the effect of D. thoracicus exclusion on the rate of C. cramerella infestation, and a count of exit holes made by emerging prepupae of C. cramerella in relation to varying degrees of D. thoracicus abundance. The results showed a clear negative effect of D. thoracicus abundance on C. cramerella infestation rate. The results also indicated that the protection conferred by D. thoracicus was largely confined to the particular pod on which it was present. Rat damage, monitored as a subsidiary study, was higher in ant-scarce plots throughout the study period.

Gender Bias in Theoretical Perspectives: The Case of Female Socialization Into Sport

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Greendorfer
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Social Influences ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Appropriate Behavior ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
High Degree

Using female socialization into sport as an example, this paper empirically examines whether existing conceptual and methodological perspectives pertaining to sport may be gender-biased. A social role-social systems approach, previously applied to male sport socialization and purported to predict a high degree of sport involvement when positive social influences are exerted by significant others, was applied to female athletes and nonathletes. Results from several stepwise regressions suggest that this conceptual approach does not adequately capture the process that pertains to females, as more variance is accounted for in the case of nonathletes, who have lower levels of sport involvement. The implications of such findings suggest that existing conceptual notions pertaining to sport socialization may in reality be a more accurate portrayal of gender role-appropriate behavior in sport rather than actual sport role behaviors.

scholarly journals How social influences and work environment affect the overall experience of tefl teachers in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Gabriella Berman ◽  
Adele Potgieter
Keyword(s):  
Work Environment ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Social Influences ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

Abstract Background Expatriation has grown rapidly, and the TEFL (teaching English as a foreign language) industry relies on it heavily. As is the case with any expatriation adjustment, TEFL teachers’ overall experience of living and working in China can be influenced by external factors. For the purpose of the study described in this article, both social influences and the work environment are highlighted as influences on the overall experience of teaching TEFL in China. Research aims The research aim of the study was to investigate the efect of social influences and work environment on the overall experience of TEFL teachers who teach in China. Methodology The study made use of a positivistic research paradigm and a descriptive research design. The sampling procedure utilised in the study was non-probability sampling, and the technique used was convenience sampling. The target population comprised TEFL teachers who were teaching in China, with the final sample consisting of 379 respondents. To collect data, the method used was an online survey, and the specific measuring instrument was a web-based, self-administered questionnaire, distributed via a link on Facebook, WeChat, LinkedIn, and Reddit groups that are specifically for TEFL teachers in China. Once the data were collected, both descriptive and inferential statistics were utilised to analyse and interpret the data. Findings From the empirical data collected in the study, it was found that, in general, both social influences and the work environment of TEFL teachers in China positively affected their overall experience, while the potential influence of a language barrier proved to have no negative effect on their overall experience.

scholarly journals The Method of Carbon-Dioxide Recovery in Fish-Processing Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-389
Author(s):  
Евгений Неверов ◽  
Evgeniy Neverov ◽  
Павел Коротких ◽  
Pavel Korotkih
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Cooling Time ◽  
Cooling Process ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Cold Liquid

There is a growing demand for rapid cooling in modern food industry. Traditional methods of fish cooling involve cold air, cold liquid, and ice. These methods have a number of disadvantages. For instance, they may have a negative effect on the appearance of the product, require a longer cooling time, or make fish absorb extra moisture. As a result, the quality of the product and its shelf life decrease, which results in demand contraction. Carbon dioxide is becoming increasingly popular in closed refrigeration systems. It is one of the most promising refrigerants, since traditional refrigeration technologies for fish cooling have a number of serious drawbacks. The paper introduces a utilization method for carbon dioxide obtained at alcohol processing plants. The authors analyzed the prospects of using carbon dioxide in combination with a binary mixture for cooling trout. A series of experiments proved the technological advantages of this technology. The paper features heat transfer in roundfish during cooling with water ice, a mixture of water ice and snow-like carbon dioxide, and snow-like CO2 in pure form. The obtained results show the effect of the concentration of snow-like carbon dioxide in water ice on the intensity of the cooling process. A higher intensity of the cooling process reduced the cooling time and the amount of water ice. The study of quality indicators of trout proved that the environment of water ice and carbon dioxide increased its shelf life by several times. The paper contains temperature graphs and duration curves at different concentrations of CO2.

scholarly journals ABOUT A TECHNIQUE OF DIMINISHING NEGATIVE EFFECT OF LIMESTONE TEMPER IN POTTERY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
О.А. Лопатина
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Destructive Effect ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Archaeological Pottery ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Vessel Walls ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Статья посвящена исследованию приема закаливания глиняных сосудов, известного по этнографическим данным. Для закаливания изделия, достигшие температуры 800–850 °С, вынимались из обжигательного устройства и сразу помещались в емкость с водой. Считается, что в результате этой операции сосуды приобретали дополнительную прочность. При закаливании керамики с примесью известняка происходит частичное вымывание СаО, который образуется во время обжига. За счет этого уменьшается вредное воздействие примеси известняка, ведущее к образованию «выколов» на стенках сосуда. С помощью серии экспериментов автор исследовал возможности фиксации случаев использования приема закаливания по археологической керамике с примесью известняка. Выявлены признаки, возникающие при этом в изломах и на поверхностях керамических образцов. Подтверждено ослабление разрушающего действия карбонатов в результате использования приема закаливания сосудов, особенно при размере частиц известняка менее 2,0 мм. Тем не менее однозначно связывать выявленные признаки только с приемом закаливания пока преждевременно. Institute of Archaeology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia The article is dedicated to a technique of scalding clay vessels known from ethnographical data. To this end vessels after reaching the temperature of glowing red heat were taken out of firing device and immediately placed in a recipient with cold water. As a result of this procedure the vessels gained extra hardness. In the process of scalding pottery with limestone temper CaO which forms during the firing is partly removed. This diminishes the negative effect of limestone temper which leads to formation of “chips” on the vessel walls. The author researches through a series of experiments the possibility of detecting cases in which the technique of scalding archaeological pottery with limestone temper is used. The signs have been detected which appear in the process of scalding in fractures and on the surface of pottery samples. The diminishing destructive effect of carbonates as a result of pottery scalding especially when particles of limestone were smaller than 2mm has been confirmed. Nevertheless it’s premature to associate the detected signs only with the technique of scalding.

X-ray microanalysis of thin specimens in the transmission electron microscope at voltages up to 1000 Kv.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 540-541
Author(s):  
G. Cliff ◽  
M.J. Nasir ◽  
G.W. Lorimer ◽  
N. Ridley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Present Series ◽  
Constant Independent ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Image Position ◽  
X Ray Absorption

In a specimen which is transmission thin to 100 kV electrons - a sample in which X-ray absorption is so insignificant that it can be neglected and where fluorescence effects can generally be ignored (1,2) - a ratio of characteristic X-ray intensities, I1/I2 can be converted into a weight fraction ratio, C1/C2, using the equationwhere k12 is, at a given voltage, a constant independent of composition or thickness, k12 values can be determined experimentally from thin standards (3) or calculated (4,6). Both experimental and calculated k12 values have been obtained for K(11<Z>19),kα(Z>19) and some Lα radiation (3,6) at 100 kV. The object of the present series of experiments was to experimentally determine k12 values at voltages between 200 and 1000 kV and to compare these with calculated values.The experiments were carried out on an AEI-EM7 HVEM fitted with an energy dispersive X-ray detector.

Slip traces caused by plastic deformation during recrystallization of thin metal sheets

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 620-621
Author(s):  
H. Lin ◽  
D. P. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Sample Thickness ◽  
List Type ◽  
Metal Sheets ◽  
Second Phases ◽  
Slip Traces ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
Individual Grains

During a study of mechanical properties of recrystallized B-free Ni3Al single crystals, regularly spaced parallel traces within individual grains were discovered on the surfaces of thin recrystallized sheets, see Fig. 1. They appeared to be slip traces, but since we could not find similar observations in the literature, a series of experiments was performed to identify them. We will refer to them “traces”, because they contain some, if not all, of the properties of slip traces. A variety of techniques, including the Electron Backscattering Pattern (EBSP) method, was used to ascertain the composition, geometry, and crystallography of these traces. The effect of sample thickness on their formation was also investigated.In summary, these traces on the surface of recrystallized Ni3Al have the following properties:1.The chemistry and crystallographic orientation of the traces are the same as the bulk. No oxides or other second phases were observed.2.The traces are not grooves caused by thermal etching at previous locations of grain boundaries.3.The traces form after recrystallization (because the starting Ni3Al is a single crystal).4.For thicknesses between 50 μm and 720 μm, the density of the traces increases as the sample thickness decreases. Only one set of “protrusion-like” traces is visible in a given grain on the thicker samples, but multiple sets of “cliff-like” traces are visible on the thinner ones (See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).5.They are linear and parallel to the traces of {111} planes on the surface, see Fig. 3.6.Some of the traces terminate within the interior of the grains, and the rest of them either terminate at or are continuous across grain boundaries. The portion of latter increases with decreasing thickness.7.The grain size decreases with decreasing thickness, the decrease is more pronounced when the grain size is comparable with the thickness, Fig. 4.8.Traces also formed during the recrystallization of cold-rolled polycrystalline Cu thin sheets, Fig. 5.

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