scholarly journals Which specific urban policies should be implemented by local authorities to achieve a health objective seeking reducing air pollution-attributable mortality?

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Gabet ◽  
Hélène Bouscasse ◽  
Sandrine Mathy ◽  
Rémy Slama
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Urban Policies ◽  
Health Objective

scholarly journals Geographically distributed longitudinal nitrogen dioxide and other air pollution sensor measurements in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort catchment area

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
Leigh Johnson ◽  
Richard Thomas ◽  
Joshua Vande Hey ◽  
Anna Hansell ◽  
John Gulliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Avon Longitudinal Study

Longitudinal cohort studies provide unique opportunities to investigate the health impact of air pollution. We aimed to enhance the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort study through the systematic collection of routinely monitored air pollution data collected by local authorities and the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) using a range of sensor technologies. These sensor data are in themselves not well suited for population epidemiology, rather these data are primarily used for validating and calibrating modelled air pollution concentration data over study areas. In this data note we describe the sources of routine air pollution monitoring data and detail data of pollutants including nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, benzene and ozone collated from the local authorities that overlap the ALSPAC catchment area (Bristol, North Somerset, South Gloucestershire and part of Bath and North East Somerset).

scholarly journals Legal aspects of the resolutions determining the acceptable types and quality of fuels under Polish legislation

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Kinga Makuch
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Air Quality Improvement ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The article focuses on the selected aspects of introducing a resolution by a self-government of a province, which allows to determine the acceptable types and quality of fuels. The impact of polluted air on human health is significant. The actions carried out by the local authorities should be aimed on seeking effective air protection remedies; nonetheless, the scale of these activities seems to be still insignificant. One of the legal mechanisms is introducing resolutions determining the acceptable types and quality of fuels by a self-government of a province in order to protect the health of Polish residents and reduce the negative impact of air pollution on the environment. The question, however, is whether such resolutions could be audited with respect to the execution of such a resolution and whether they effectively lead to air quality improvement.

scholarly journals Indoor Air Pollution Exposure of Women in Adama, Ethiopia, and Assessment of Disease Burden Attributable to Risk Factor

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9859
Author(s):  
Festina Balidemaj ◽  
Christina Isaxon ◽  
Asmamaw Abera ◽  
Ebba Malmqvist
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Solid Fuel ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Household Air Pollution ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Fuel Use ◽  
Air Pollution Exposure ◽  
Pollution Exposure

Introduction and aim: Air pollution, a major environmental threat to human health, contributes to the premature deaths of millions of people worldwide. Cooking with solid fuels, such as charcoal and wood, in low- and middle-income countries generates very high emissions of particulate matter within and near the household as a result of their inefficient combustion. Women are especially exposed, as they often perform the cooking. The purpose of this study was to assess the burden of disease attributable to household air pollution exposure from cooking among women in Adama, Ethiopia. Methods: AirQ+ software (WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark) was used to assess the health impact of household air pollution by estimating the burden of disease (BoD) including Acute Lower Respiratory Infections (ALRI), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), lung cancer, and stroke, among a cohort of women in Adama. Household air pollution exposure estimated by cooking fuel type was assessed through questionnaires. Results: Three-quarters (75%) of Adama’s population used solid fuel for cooking; with this, the household air pollution attributable mortality was estimated to be 50% (95% CI: 38–58%) due to ALRI, 50% (95% CI: 35–61%) due to COPD, 50% (95% CI: 27–58%) due to lung cancer, (95% CI: 23–48%) due to IHD, and (95% CI: 23–51%) due to stroke. The corresponding disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per 100,000 women ranged between 6000 and 9000 per disease. Conclusions: This health impact assessment illustrates that household air pollution due to solid fuel use among women in Adama leads to premature death and a substantial quantity of DALYs. Therefore, decreasing or eliminating solid fuel use for cooking purposes could prevent deaths and improve quality of life.

scholarly journals Guidelines for the design, installation and operation of incinerators

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
G.P Slabber ◽  
W.A Potgieter
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Pollution Problem ◽  
Prevention Act ◽  
Dioxins And Furans ◽  
Incineration Process ◽  
Halogen Content ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Waste Destruction

Incineration of hazardous and medical (clinical) waste crepates an air pollution problem which s at the moment controlled in terms of the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act of 1965. It is exercised by officials from local authorities in accordance with part 3 of the Act and is very specialized. Consequently, officials from local authorities are not always trained to do this, especially at the smaller municipalities. Therefore, this function is dealt with in the wrong manner, or not dealt with at all. Incinirators are to be classified into three categories, namely incinirators where the refuse that is being burnt is also used as fuel or as supplementary fuel, incinerators which are not used for medical and hazardous waste destruction. If halogens like chlorine are present in teh waste, then there is a difinite possibility that dioxins and furans will be emitted during the incineration process. With a halogen content of more than 1% in the waste a minimum tempature of 1100 degree celsius for 2 senconds at the inner wall of the secondary chamber is imperative. For cytotoxic waste teh temperature must be at least 1000 degree celsius.

Population aging might mask the health benefit from China’s 2013 Clean Air Action

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifan Liu ◽  
Xiaojing He ◽  
Zixiao Zhao ◽  
Ge Zhu ◽  
Clive Sabel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Clean Air

<p>Ambient PM<sub>2.5</sub> (fine particulate matter) pollution in China has been greatly reduced in recent years, especially since the implementation of Clean Air Action in 2013. Analysis of variations in the pollution related health burden and the driving factors has important implications for the policymakers to further improve the health benefit of air pollution controls. Here we adopted an annual population distribution estimate, disaggregated by age structure, together with PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration and incidence data, to better estimate total PM<sub>2.5</sub> attributable mortality considering the effect of changing population size and age structure. We then quantified the contribution of each factor to the total variation of PM<sub>2.5</sub> attributable mortality both nationally and regionally. Our analysis showed that national PM<sub>2.5</sub> attributable mortality generally increased from 861,140 (95% confidence interval: 525,860~1,161,550) in 2004 to 932,500 (546,590~1,300,160) in 2017. In most 2<sup>nd</sup>- and higher-tier cities in China, which stand for highly developed cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, etc., the PM<sub>2.5</sub> health burden increased. Meanwhile, the decrease in city-level PM<sub>2.5</sub> health burden mainly happened in 3<sup>rd</sup>- and lower-tier cities, where local developments were relatively smaller. The effect of exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> on air pollution-related mortality has altered from aggravating to mitigating since 2012, and the abated PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure resulted in a reduction of 19.7% of PM<sub>2.5</sub> attributable mortality between 2012 and 2017. However, such benefit was almost masked by the effect of the population aging, which brought an increase of 18.4% to the health burden. Our results implied that the increasing trend in China’s PM<sub>2.5</sub> health burden since 2006 was halted after 2012 due to the pollution control policies, and population aging impeded it from declining further. For future air pollution control and public health affairs, growing cities in China should focus attention on old-age care, where the growth of attributable mortality might occur.</p>

scholarly journals Reduction in air pollution and attributable mortality due to COVID-19 lockdown — Authors' reply

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. e269
Author(s):  
Kai Chen ◽  
Meng Wang ◽  
Patrick L Kinney ◽  
Paul T Anastas
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Attributable Mortality

scholarly journals Gentrification as part of urban development

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (20) ◽  
pp. 194-202
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wrona
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Revitalization ◽  
City Management ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Urban Policies

The main purpose of the research was to present gentrification as a diverse phenomenon that cannot be explicitly qualified as negative or positive. In order to illustrate the problem, literature studies were carried out regarding urban regeneration, urban revitalization, gentrification and urban development. Then a case study was presented indicating two extremely different examples. The Walnut Hills Estate in Cincinnati in the United States, was the first to be described. The second example is Sayingmen, which used to be a settlement in Beijing. Due to the controversial decision of the authorities, it was demolished. A discovery resulting from this analysis was to show the diametrically different approach to city management, the perception of civil rights and the scope of competences of local authorities. The case study presented in the article can help institutions related to the development and participatory spatial planning to create urban policies

scholarly journals Introduction: Air Pollution in China

2017 ◽  
Vol 234 ◽  
pp. 279-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Aunan ◽  
Mette Halskov Hansen ◽  
Shuxiao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Long Time ◽  
To Come

AbstractThis introduction provides an overview and analysis of key scientific data regarding air pollution in China. It constitutes a reference for understanding how policymakers, media and population in China make sense of and deal with air pollution, as discussed in the other articles of the section. We summarize the major characteristics and trends regarding air pollution in China, including its main sources and composition, levels of population exposure across the country, attributable mortality, and mitigation efforts. We also compare current levels of air pollution in China with other parts of the world and in a historical perspective. While the situation remains dire in many regions, particularly the Northeast, we conclude that there are signs of relief, or at least a halt to the increase in ambient air pollution levels. At the same time, critical issues regarding unequal levels of exposure remain, and health damaging levels of air pollution in cities will undoubtedly remain high for a long time to come. The rural population residing in areas close to industry and polluted cities and still depending on solid household fuels will likely be the worst off when it comes to air pollution exposure.

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