Use of Water Injection Technique to Improve the Combustion Efficiency of the Spark-Ignition Engine: A Model Study

Combustion knock is a major barrier to achieving high thermal efficiency in spark ignition engines. Water injection was recently identified as a potential way of overcoming this barrier. To evaluate its general applicability, experiments were performed on a downsized three-cylinder spark ignition engine, varying the humidity of the intake air, the water injection timing, and the engine speed. The minimum quantity of injected water required to maintain a given load (and thus level of engine performance) was determined under each set of tested conditions. The knock-suppressing effects of water injection were found to be related to changes in the fuel–air mixture’s specific heat ratio (kappa) rather than evaporative cooling, and to therefore depend on the total quantity of water in the cylinder rather than the relative humidity per se. The total quantity of water in the cylinder was also shown to be a key determinant of advancement in combustion phasing and particulate emissions under various conditions.

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Model of water injection process during closed phase of spark ignition engine

Energy ◽

10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.037 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 174 ◽

pp. 1121-1132 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jair Leopoldo Loaiza Bernal ◽

Janito Vaqueiro Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Water Injection ◽

Spark Ignition ◽

Spark Ignition Engine ◽

Injection Process

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The effects of cylinder deactivation on the thermal behaviour and fuel economy of a three-cylinder direct injection spark ignition gasoline engine

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering ◽

10.1177/0954407018806744 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 233 (11) ◽

pp. 2838-2849

Author(s):

Michael McGhee ◽

Ziman Wang ◽

Alexander Bech ◽

Paul J Shayler ◽

Dennis Witt

Keyword(s):

Fuel Economy ◽

Gasoline Engine ◽

Thermal State ◽

Direct Injection ◽

Spark Ignition ◽

Combustion Efficiency ◽

Spark Ignition Engine ◽

Engine Fuel ◽

Cylinder Deactivation ◽

Direct Injection Spark Ignition

The changes in thermal state, emissions and fuel economy of a 1.0-L, three-cylinder direct injection spark ignition engine when a cylinder is deactivated have been explored experimentally. Cylinder deactivation improved engine fuel economy by up to 15% at light engine loads by reducing pumping work, raising indicated thermal efficiency and raising combustion efficiency. Penalties included an increase in NOx emissions and small increases in rubbing friction and gas work losses of the deactivated cylinder. The cyclic pressure variation in the deactivated cylinder falls rapidly after deactivation through blow-by and heat transfer losses. After around seven cycles, the motoring loss is ~2 J/cycle. Engine structural temperatures settle within an 8- to 13-s interval after a switch between two- and three-cylinder operation. Engine heat rejection to coolant is reduced by ~13% by deactivating a cylinder, extending coolant warm-up time to thermostat-opening by 102 s.

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Experimental Investigation for NOx Emission Reduction in Hydrogen Fueled Spark Ignition Engine Using Spark Timing Retardation, Exhaust Gas Recirculation and Water Injection Techniques

Journal of Thermal Science ◽

10.1007/s11630-019-1099-3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 789-800 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ramesh Jeeragal ◽

K. A. Subramanian

Keyword(s):

Experimental Investigation ◽

Emission Reduction ◽

Water Injection ◽

Exhaust Gas Recirculation ◽

Spark Ignition ◽

Spark Ignition Engine ◽

Exhaust Gas ◽

Spark Timing ◽

Injection Techniques ◽

Gas Recirculation

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The Effects of Port Water Injection on Spark Ignition Engine Performance and Emissions Fueled by Pure Gasoline, E5 and E10

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr8101214 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 1214

Author(s):

Farhad Salek ◽

Meisam Babaie ◽

Maria Dolores Redel-Macias ◽

Ali Ghodsi ◽

Seyed Vahid Hosseini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Injection ◽

Engine Performance ◽

Spark Ignition ◽

Injection Rate ◽

Spark Ignition Engine ◽

Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽

Human Beings ◽

Performance And Emissions ◽

Engine Performance And Emissions ◽

Engine Power

It has been proven that vehicle emissions such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are negatively affecting the health of human beings as well as the environment. In addition, it was recently highlighted that air pollution may result in people being more vulnerable to the deadly COVID-19 virus. The use of biofuels such as E5 and E10 as alternatives of gasoline fuel have been recommended by different researchers. In this paper, the impacts of port injection of water to a spark ignition engine fueled by gasoline, E5 and E10 on its performance and NOx production have been investigated. The experimental work was undertaken using a KIA Cerato engine and the results were used to validate an AVL BOOST model. To develop the numerical analysis, design of experiment (DOE) method was employed. The results showed that by increasing the ethanol fraction in gasoline/ethanol blend, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) improved between 2.3% and 4.5%. However, the level of NOx increased between 22% to 48%. With port injection of water up to 8%, there was up to 1% increase in engine power whereas NOx and BSFC were reduced by 8% and 1%, respectively. The impacts of simultaneous changing of the start of combustion (SOC) and water injection rate on engine power and NOx production was also investigated. It was found that the NOx concentration is very sensitive to SOC variation.

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The Application of Artificial Neural Network in Prediction of the Performance of Spark Ignition Engine Running on Ethanol-Petrol Blends

International Journal of Engineering and Technologies ◽

10.18052/www.scipress.com/ijet.12.15 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 15-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Olisaemeka C. Nwufo ◽

Modestus Okwu ◽

Chidiebere F. Nwaiwu ◽

Johnson O. Igbokwe ◽

O. Martin I. Nwafor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Artificial Neural Network ◽

Fuel Consumption ◽

Spark Ignition ◽

Combustion Efficiency ◽

Spark Ignition Engine ◽

Specific Fuel Consumption ◽

Maximum Pressure ◽

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption ◽

Artificial Neural

The performance analysis of a single cylinder spark ignition engine fuelled with ethanol – petrol blends were carried out successfully at constant load conditions. E0 (Petrol), E10 (10% Ethanol, 90% Petrol), E20 (20% Ethanol, 80% Petrol) and E30 (30% Ethanol, 70% Petrol) were used as fuel. The Engine speed, mass flow rate, combustion efficiency, maximum pressure developed, brake specific fuel consumption and Exhaust gas temperature values were measured during the experiment. Using the experimental data, a Levenberg Marquardt Artificial Neural Network algorithm and Logistic sigmoid activation transfer function with a 4–10–2 model was developed to predict the brake specific fuel consumption, maximum pressure and combustion efficiency of G200 IMEX spark ignition engine using the recorded engine speed, mass flow rate, biofuels ratio and exhaust gas temperature as input variables. The performance of the Artificial Neural Network was validated by comparing the predicted data with the experimental results. The results showed that the training algorithm of Levenberg Marquardt was sufficient enough in predicting the brake specific fuel consumption, combustion pressure and combustion efficiency of the test engine. Correlation coefficient values of 0.974, 0.996 and 0.995 were obtained for brake specific fuel consumption, combustion efficiency and pressure respectively. These correlation coefficient obtained for the output parameters are very close to one (1) showing good correlation between the Artificial Neural Network predicted results and the experimental data while the Mean Square Errors were found to be very low (0.00018825 @ epoch 10 for brake specific fuel consumption, 1.0023 @ epoch 3 for combustion efficiency and 0.0013284@ epoch 5 for in-cylinder pressure). Therefore, Artificial Neural Network toolbox called up from MATLAB proved to be a useful tool for simulation of engine parameters. Artificial Neural Network model provided accurate analysis of these complex problems and has been found to be very useful for predicting the performance of the spark ignition engine. Thus, this has proved that Artificial Neural Network model could be used for predicting performance values in internal combustion engines, in this way it would be possible to conduct time and cost efficient studies instead of long experimental ones.

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Effect of Sisal Nanoparticles on Single Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine Combustion

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.e5646.038620 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 1027-1032

Keyword(s):

Flame Propagation ◽

Combustion Process ◽

Fuel Mixture ◽

Spark Ignition ◽

Combustion Efficiency ◽

Spark Ignition Engine ◽

Single Cylinder ◽

Engine Combustion ◽

Si Engines ◽

Propagation Velocities

Turbulence is an important parameter to be considered for effective combustion inside a cylinder. Heat transfer inside the cylinder affects the combustion process. Insufficient turbulence leads to incomplete combustion, resulting in pollution. Effective flame propagation leads to higher combustion rates in SI engines which in turn requires enough turbulence. Effective combustion efficiency can be achieved through higher flame propagation velocities. In the present work an attempt has been made to enhance the turbulence inside the cylinder of a single cylinder spark ignition engine by injecting solid nanoparticles into the air fuel mixture.

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