THE IMPACT OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES ON THE EFFICIENCY OF RAILWAY SYSTEM MANAGEMENT

The article discusses the issues of introducing innovative technologies into the railway management system. The object of the study is the efficiency of management of railway systems. The subject of the research is innovative technologies and their impact on the effectiveness of railway systems management. The purpose of the work is to conduct a theoretical analysis of the impact of innovations on the efficiency of railway systems management and, using the example of large foreign railway systems, to determine the main factors of innovation efficiency. The scientific novelty of the presented work lies in the analysis of foreign experience in the development of effective management tools for railway systems in the context of innovation. The paper concludes that the future of the railway industry directly depends on the degree of its digitalization and technologization, the introduction of intelligent transport systems and active integration into the global space of innovative development.

FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF CIVIC IDENTITY IN THE POLYETHNIC REGION OF RUSSIA (on the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan)

The subject of the article is a comparative analysis of the state and features of the manifestation of civic identity in a multiethnic region of Russia on the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The work is based on the data of three ethnosociological surveys conducted in recent years with the direct participation of the authors of the article. The object of the study is the modern population of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The purpose of the article is to consider the level and significance for the residents of the region of various forms of group identity in time dynamics (over the past 10 years). The article shows the state of civic consciousness of the population of the region based on specific materials of mass surveys using methods adopted in political and sociological sciences, and identifies factors influencing it.

PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES OF A HIGH SCHOOL TEACHER IN THE ERA OF DIGITALIZATION

The article reflects the results of some sociological studies, the results of which indicate the need for the formation of new, digital competencies for higher school teachers. Global economic processes and digital trends are transforming the content and technologies of pedagogical work, but many teachers are not ready for such innovations. The conclusion is made that the sustainable introduction of digital learning tools can be successful only if the general vector of digital transformation of the educational process is justified and supported by both the university administration and the teachers themselves.

THE ECOLOGICAL COMPONENT OF POLITICAL COMMUNICATION OF MODERN STUDENTS

The article analyzes the process of formation in the academic environment of a higher educational institution of the desire to expand and diversify communication channels, which is significant from the standpoint of achieving the goals of sustainable development in the field of education. It is shown that one of the most accessible and open communication channels is ecological. This is due to the peculiarities of the very ecological approach to education and upbringing, which contributes to the involvement of students in the protection of nature, as well as the fact that this channel opens up opportunities for transition to other areas, including political communication.

SOCIAL MOOD AND ADAPTATION OF ETHNIC GROUPS TO THE MARKET ECONOMY (according to ethnosociological surveys in Bashkortostan)

On the basis of ethnosociological surveys, the social mood and adaptive behavior of the population of the Republic of Bashkortostan to the market economy are considered. On the basis of ethnosociological data, the self-assessment by ethnic groups of their material and financial situation is revealed. One of the negative factors affecting social mood was the economic crisis after the Crimean events and the beginning of the pandemic. The survey also showed that market relations have made certain adjustments to the social stratification and differentiation of society. Despite this, as the results of the survey showed, the majority of the population of the republic looks to the future with hope and optimism.

SOCIO-POLITICAL ACTIVISM OF OF RUSSIAN YOUTH IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY

The rapid development of digital technologies and their mass application in all areas has a significant impact on the forms of the socio-political activism of young people, as well as on the formation of young people's civic and political stances. Currently, the classical institutions of civic participation are being transformed under the influence of the digital environment, which leads to the emergence of new formations, which cover increasingly broad cohorts, have specific functioning features and tools. In the study, the author considers various approaches to work and forms of socio-political activism in the modern digital environment, identifies signs of the classification of the digital institutions of civic participation, as well as the subjects of the socio-political activism of youth in information society. The very notion of the digital institution of civic participation as a form of interaction between individuals through the digital environment is defined, which is used to implement joint goals and objectives that are relevant to all community participants. The author concludes that the interaction of traditional and digital tools, their mutual supplementation will allow to realize the socio-political needs of young people at a much more effective level, which are due to both objective age and psychophysical factors and the conditions of the external environment and current political reality.

SOCIAL NETWORKS AS A MODERN CHANNEL OF POLITICAL COMMUNICATIONS: COMPARATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS OF PUBLICATIONS IN RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN SCIENTIFIC MAGAZINES (2020–2021)

Social networking sites as a new, modern channel of political communications have been the subject of interest of researchers for the last several years. The acceleration of digitalization of all spheres of life, including political, was largely provoked by the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. The article presents a comparative content analysis of publications on this topic in Russian and foreign scientific journals. It is established that the interest in the problem among domestic and foreign scientists is approximately equal. At the same time, it was found that the angles of view of scientists differ: for example, Russian authors are more interested in considering the influence of social networks on the behavior of ordinary users than politicians and government officials, like their foreign colleagues. In addition, there are terminological and methodological differences that allow us to say that in our country the study of social networks is still in the process of formation and development.

FRENCH RESEARCHER FREDERIC LE PLAY AS THE FOUNDER OF SOCIOLOGY OF BASHKIR RACE

The subject of the article is the analysis of the state of the Bashkir patriarchal family as a representative part of Bashkir society in the middle of the 19th century, undertaken by the French sociologist Frédéric Le Play (1806–1882). The object of the research is his monographic study on this topic. The aim of the article is to determine the methods, which Le Play applied for studying the everyday life, economy and material culture of the Bashkirs, to analyze the facts, which he revealed and the conclusions he drew. The tasks proceeding from this goal are based on studying the features of the author's research methodology, empirical material, identifying original conclusions regarding the life support system of a large Bashkir family in the 19th century as a structural element of Bashkir society. The article shows the necessity of using methods of qualitative sociological analysis, applied by the author, in the domestic science. For the first time, a critical analysis of a previously unknown in the Russian historiography is given, its advantages and disadvantages are appreciated, as well as the possibilities of its use in the sociology of race and ethnic relations and anthropology of the Bashkirs.

ETHNOLANGUAGE COMPETENCE OF THE POPULATION OF BASHKORTOSTAN IN CONDITIONS OF BILINGUALISM (based on results of ethnosociological studies)

The article deals with the issues of language competence and speech activity of the population of the republic in different language situations. It was found that, despite the high level of recognition of the native language and language competence, individuals use Russian more when communicating. Such language behavior manifests itself not only in public places, in educational institutions or when communicating with close friends, but even in the family and household sphere. One of the factors of such speech activity of individuals is the ethno-linguistic environment, which contributes to the formation of linguistic competence and further generates linguistic behavior of individuals.

THE USE OF CHILD'S AND WOMEN'S LABOR AS A SOURCE OF REPLENISHMENT OF LABOR IN THE MINING PLANTS OF THE URALS AT AN EARLY STAGE OF THE GENESIS OF CAPITALISM

The article deals with the issue of the use of children and women there, their number in metallurgical plants, mines and gold mines of the Urals at an early stage of the emergence of capitalism. The methods of both economic and non-economic coercion of young children and women are investigated. The study examines working conditions, working hours, wages, food, housing conditions, and the state of medical care.