Effect of In-Row Spacing and Early Cropping on Yield and Dry Weight Partitioning of Three Highbush Blueberry Cultivars the First Two Years After Planting

Amaranth is a valuable food and feed crop that can solve the problem of vegetable protein in animal husbandry. The aim of the research was to study elements of amaranth cultivation technology: the dose of nitrogen fertilizers (without fertilizers, N15, N20, N25) and the row spacing (15, 30, 45 cm). The work was carried out on sod-podzolic medium loamy gleyic soil on the experimental field of FSBEI HE Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy in 2018. The studied parameters were determined according to generally ac-cepted methods. The use of nitrogen fertilizers contributed to a significant increase in leaf area and pho-tosynthetic potential of amaranth crops at the highest values of the background N20 – 4.7 thousand m2 / ha and 324.08 thousand m2 / ha × days, respectively. Increase in row spacing when sowing amaranth raised the leaf surface area value, accumulation of dry aboveground mass, photosynthetic potential, ger-mination and safety at maximum values in the variant with a row spacing of 45 cm. abundance of weed flea, cereal aphid and sunflower fire. Sowing amaranth with a width of 45 cm between rows caused a sta-tistically significant decrease in the number of studied pests, as well as the number and dry weight of young and perennial weeds. The use of nitrogen fertilizers in a dose of 25 kg AI / ha contributed to a sig-nificant decrease in the yield of amaranth green mass from 145.12 q / ha on the «no-fertilizer» variant to 127.93 q / ha, with maximum values for the background N20 – 156, 55 kg / ha. Thus, the greatest effi- 128 ciency was shown by the introduction of nitrogen fertilizers at a dose of 20 kg ai / ha when sown with a row spacing of 45 cm.

Download Full-text

Row Spacing and Seeding Rate Effects on Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum Ptycanthum) and Soybean

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-04-220.1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 124-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Adrienne M. Rich ◽

Karen A. Renner

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Field Studies ◽

Production Costs ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Seeding Rate ◽

Soybean Yield ◽

Eastern Black Nightshade ◽

Solanum Ptycanthum ◽

Black Nightshade ◽

Rate Effects

Reducing seeding rates in 19- or 76-cm row soybean below the optimum rate may reduce soybean competitiveness with weeds, and indirectly increase production costs to the grower. Field studies in 2001 and 2002 evaluated the effect of soybean seeding rate and row spacing on the emergence, growth, and competitiveness of eastern black nightshade (EBN) in soybean. EBN emergence ceased within 45 d after planting (DAP), and was similar across soybean seeding rates and row spacing. EBN control by glyphosate was not affected by soybean population or row spacing. Soybean planted in 19-cm rows was more competitive with EBN, regardless of seeding rate. Increasing the soybean seeding rate in 76-cm rows from 185,000 seeds/ha to 432,000 seeds/ha reduced EBN dry weight threefold at East Lansing and nearly twofold at Clarksville in 2002. There was no increase in EBN density or dry weight in 19-cm row soybean planted at 308,000 seeds/ha compared with 556,000 seeds/ha, whereas a seeding rate of 432,000 seeds/ha in 76-cm row soybean did not suppress EBN dry weight or increase soybean yield in the presence of EBN compared with a seeding rate of 308,000 seeds/ha.

Download Full-text

Suitability of Sphagnum Moss, Coir, and Douglas Fir Bark as Soilless Substrates for Container Production of Highbush Blueberry

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci12374-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (12) ◽

pp. 1692-1699 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Patrick H. Kingston ◽

Carolyn F. Scagel ◽

David R. Bryla ◽

Bernadine Strik

Keyword(s):

Cocos Nucifera ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Sphagnum Moss ◽

Highbush Blueberry ◽

Uptake Efficiency ◽

Lower Porosity ◽

The Media ◽

Total Plant ◽

Container Production

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the suitability of different soilless substrates for container production of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium sp.). Young plants of ‘Snowchaser’ blueberry were grown in 4.4-L pots filled with media containing 10% perlite and varying proportions of sphagnum moss, coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) coir, and douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. (Franco)] bark, as well as a commercially available mix of peatmoss, perlite, and other ingredients for comparison. Total plant dry weight (DW) was similar among the treatments at 72 days after transplanting, but at 128 days, total DW was nearly twice as much in the commercial mix and in media with ≥60% peat or coir than in media with ≥60% bark. Inadequate irrigation likely played a role in poor plant growth in bark. Bark had lower porosity and water holding capacity than peat, coir, or the commercial mix and, therefore, dried quickly between irrigations. Bark also reduced plant uptake efficiency of a number of nutrients, including N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Mn, B, Cu, and Zn. Uptake efficiency of P, K, and Mg also differed between plants grown in peat and coir, which in most cases was a function of the initial concentration of nutrients in the media. Before planting, peat had the highest concentration of Mg and Fe among the media, whereas coir had the highest concentration of P and K. Leachate pH was initially lowest with peat and highest with coir but was similar among each of the media treatments by the end of the study. Electrical conductivity (EC) of leachate never exceeded 0.84 dS·m−1 in any treatment. Overall, peat and coir appear to be good substrates for container production of highbush blueberry. Bark, on the other hand, was less suitable, particularly when it exceeded 30% of the total media composition.

Download Full-text

Dry weight partitioning among 36 open-pollinated red alder families

Biomass ◽

10.1016/0144-4565(90)90044-k ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 11-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Donal D. Hook ◽

Dean S. DeBell ◽

Alan Ager ◽

Daniel Johnson

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Red Alder ◽

Dry Weight Partitioning

Download Full-text

Crop Growth, Development and Yield in Semi-arid Conditions in Botswana. I. The Effects of Population Density and Row Spacing on Sorghum Bicolor

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s001447970001423x ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 153-167 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

D. J. Rees

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Water Availability ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Plant Size ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Grain Production ◽

Crop Failure ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Critical Range ◽

Dry Conditions

SUMMARYA series of population density and row spacing trials were carried out with sorghum in conditions of increasingly severe water stress from 1980 to 1984. In conditions of reasonable water availability, increasing density resulted in increased leaf area indices, dry weight production and grain yields. In conditions of severely limiting water availability, increasing density resulted in developmental delays, density-dependent mortality and reduced plant dry weights, with little increase in dry weight production per hectare. In these conditions grain yields were reduced by increasing density. The proportion of dry weight allocated to grain declined with increasing density and decreasing plant size, a consequence of the requirement for a minimum plant size to support grain production. When plant size was reduced below a critical range, disproportionately large reductions in grain yield resulted.Optimum densities for grain production varied from below 10 000 plants ha−1 in dry conditions to over 120 000 plants ha−1 in moist conditions. Medium density treatments produced the largest grain yields on a long term basis, but the low density treatment showed a reduced risk of crop failure and greater yield stability.

Download Full-text

Response of Highbush Blueberry to Nitrogen Fertilizer during Field Establishment—II. Plant Nutrient Requirements in Relation to Nitrogen Fertilizer Supply

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.47.7.917 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 47 (7) ◽

pp. 917-926 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

David R. Bryla ◽

Bernadine C. Strik ◽

M. Pilar Bañados ◽

Timothy L. Righetti

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

Highbush Blueberry ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Nutrient Analysis ◽

Zn Content ◽

Second Year ◽

Fruit Harvest

A study was done to determine the macro- and micronutrient requirements of young northern highbush blueberry plants (Vaccinium corymbosum L. ‘Bluecrop’) during the first 2 years of establishment and to examine how these requirements were affected by the amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied. The plants were spaced 1.2 × 3.0 m apart and fertilized with 0, 50, or 100 kg·ha−1 of N, 35 kg·ha−1 of phosphorus (P), and 66 kg·ha−1 of potassium (K) each spring. A light fruit crop was harvested during the second year after planting. Plants were excavated and parts sampled for complete nutrient analysis at six key stages of development, from leaf budbreak after planting to fruit harvest the next year. The concentration of several nutrients in the leaves, including N, P, calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), and manganese (Mn), increased with N fertilizer application, whereas leaf boron (B) concentration decreased. In most cases, the concentration of nutrients was within or above the range considered normal for mature blueberry plants, although leaf N was below normal in plants grown without fertilizer in Year 1, and leaf B was below normal in plants fertilized with 50 or 100 kg·ha−1 N in Year 2. Plants fertilized with 50 kg·ha−1 N were largest, producing 22% to 32% more dry weight (DW) the first season and 78% to 90% more DW the second season than unfertilized plants or plants fertilized with 100 kg·ha−1 N. Most DW accumulated in new shoots, leaves, and roots in both years as well as in fruit the second year. New shoot and leaf DW was much greater each year when plants were fertilized with 50 or 100 kg·ha−1 N, whereas root DW was only greater at fruit harvest and only when 50 kg·ha−1 N was applied. Application of 50 kg·ha−1 N also increased DW of woody stems by fruit harvest, but neither 50 nor 100 kg·ha−1 N had a significant effect on crown, flower, or fruit DW. Depending on treatment, plants lost 16% to 29% of total biomass at leaf abscission, 3% to 16% when pruned in winter, and 13% to 32% at fruit harvest. The content of most nutrients in the plant followed the same patterns of accumulation and loss as plant DW. However, unlike DW, magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) content in new shoots and leaves was similar among N treatments the first year, and N fertilizer increased N and S content in woody stems much earlier than it increased biomass of the stems. Likewise, N, P, S, and Zn content in the crown were greater at times when N fertilizer was applied, whereas K and Ca content were sometimes lower. Overall, plants fertilized with 50 kg·ha−1 N produced the most growth and, from planting to first fruit harvest, required 34.8 kg·ha−1 N, 2.3 kg·ha−1 P, 12.5 kg·ha−1 K, 8.4 kg·ha−1 Ca, 3.8 kg·ha−1 Mg, 5.9 kg·ha−1 S, 295 g·ha−1 Fe, 40 g·ha−1 B, 23 g·ha−1 copper (Cu), 1273 g·ha−1 Mn, and 65 g·ha−1 Zn. Thus, of the total amount of fertilizer applied over 2 years, only 21% of the N, 3% of the P, and 9% of the K were used by plants during establishment.

Download Full-text

Compost Feedstock and Compost Acidification Affect Growth and Mineral Nutrition in Northern Highbush Blueberry

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci13599-18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (6) ◽

pp. 1067-1076 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ryan C. Costello ◽

Dan M. Sullivan ◽

David R. Bryla ◽

Bernadine C. Strik ◽

James S. Owen

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Mineral Nutrition ◽

C:N Ratio ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽

High Rate ◽

Highbush Blueberry ◽

Total N ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Northern Highbush Blueberry

New markets for organic northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) have stimulated interest in using composts specifically tailored to the plant’s edaphic requirements. Because composts are typically neutral to alkaline in pH (pH 7 to 8), and blueberry requires acidic soil (pH 4.2 to 5.5), we investigated elemental sulfur (S0) addition as a methodology for reducing compost pH. The objectives were to 1) characterize initial compost chemistry, including the pH buffering capacity of compost (acidity required to reduce pH to 5.0), 2) measure changes in compost chemistry accompanying acidification, and 3) evaluate plant growth and mineral nutrition of blueberry in soil amended with an untreated or acidified compost. Ten composts prepared from diverse feedstocks were obtained from municipalities and farms. Addition of finely ground S0 reduced compost pH from 7.2 to 5.3, on average, after 70 d at 22 °C, and increased the solubility of nutrients, including K (from 22 to 36 mmol(+)/L), Ca (from 5 to 19 mmol(+)/L), Mg (from 5 to 20 mmol(+)/L), and Na (from 6 to 9 mmol(+)/L). Sulfate-S, a product of S0 oxidation, also increased from 5 to 45 mmol(−)/L. The composts were incorporated into soil at a high rate (30% v/v) in a greenhouse trial to evaluate their suitability for use in blueberry production. Shoot and root growth were strongly affected by compost chemical characteristics, including pH and electrical conductivity (EC). Potassium in compost was highly variable (2–32 g·kg−1). Concentration of K in the leaves increased positively in response to compost K, whereas shoot dry weight and root growth declined. Leaf Mg also declined in response to compost K, suggesting that elevated K concentrations in compost may cause Mg deficiency. Composts with the highest K were also high in total N, pH, and EC. Compost acidification to pH ≤ 6 improved growth and increased leaf Mg concentration. On the basis of these results, composts derived from animal manures or young plant tissues (e.g., green leaves) appear to be unsuitable for high-rate applications to blueberry because they usually require high amounts of S0 for acidification and are often high in EC and K, whereas those derived from woody materials, such as local yard debris, appear promising based on their C:N ratio, compost acidification requirement, and EC.

Download Full-text

Growth Promotion of Highbush Blueberry by Fungal and Bacterial Inoculants

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.7.1228 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (7) ◽

pp. 1228-1230 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Amal de Silva ◽

Keith Patterson ◽

Craig Rothrock ◽

James Moore

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Growth Promotion ◽

Growth Period ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Highbush Blueberry ◽

Bacterial Inoculants ◽

Zn And Cu In ◽

Plant Growth Promoting ◽

Number Of Leaves

The highbush blueberry cultivar Bluecrop was inoculated with potential plant growth-promoting (PGPR) candidates, including bacterial inoculants Pseudomonas fluorescens (Migula) (strains Pf 5, PRA 25, 105, or 101), Bacillus pumilus (Mayer and Gottheil) (strain T4), Pseudomonas corrugata (Roberts and Scarlett) (strain 114), and fungal isolates Gliocladium virens (Miller et al., Von Arx) (strain Gl.21) and Trichoderma harzianum (Rifai) (strain T 22). Addition of G. virens to pasteurized soil increased leaf area and the number of leaves produced in a 4-month growth period, as well as shoot content of P, Zn and Cu in 1997. Treatment with P. fluorescens Pf 5 increased leaf area and stem diameter. In nonpasteurized soil, plants inoculated with G. virens had greater leaf area, stem diameter, shoot and root dry weight, and more leaves per plant. These results demonstrate the potential of G. virens for increasing growth when used to inoculate blueberry plants in the nursery or at transplanting.

Download Full-text

Flower Bud Density Affects Vegetative and Fruit Development in Field-grown Southern Highbush Blueberry

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.4.607 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 607-610 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

B.E. Maust ◽

J.G. Williamson ◽

R.L. Darnell

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Fruit Development ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Highbush Blueberry ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Southern Highbush

Floral budbreak and fruit set in many southern highbush blueberry (SHB) cultivars (hybrids of Vaccinium corymbosum L. with other species of Vaccinium) begin prior to vegetative budbreak. Experiments were conducted with two SHB cultivars, `Misty' and `Sharpblue', to test the hypothesis that initial flower bud density (flower buds/m cane length) affects vegetative budbreak and shoot development, which in turn affect fruit development. Flower bud density of field-grown plants was adjusted in two nonconsecutive years by removing none, one-third, or two-thirds of the flower buds during dormancy. Vegetative budbreak, new shoot dry weight, leaf area, and leaf area: fruit ratios decreased with increasing flower bud density in both cultivars. Average fruit fresh weight and fruit soluble solids decreased in both cultivars, and fruit ripening was delayed in `Misty' as leaf area: fruit ratios decreased. This study indicates that because of the inverse relationship between flower bud density and canopy establishment, decreasing the density of flower buds in SHB will increase fruit size and quality and hasten ripening.

Download Full-text