Effects of Irrigation Amount on Alfalfa Yield and Quality with a Center-Pivot System

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1633-1644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maona Li ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Haijun Yan ◽  
Ruixiu Sui
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Irrigation Amount ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Center Pivot ◽  
Irrigation Levels

Abstract. Irrigation amount is one of the most important factors that need to be considered in the management of center-pivot irrigation systems for alfalfa producers. In 2014 and 2015, a field study was conducted at Saiwusu, Inner Mongolia, China. Three irrigation levels (100%, 80%, 60% ET) were used to evaluate the effects of irrigation amount on alfalfa yield and quality. For assessing the effects of water distribution variation of center-pivot systems on alfalfa yield and quality, the water application depth, alfalfa yield, and quality between the first span, second span, overhang, and end gun were also compared. The results showed no significant difference in annual yield between the 100% and 80% ET irrigation levels. Compared to irrigation at 100% and 80% ET, irrigation at 60% ET caused significant reductions in yield of 10% and 11%, respectively. As the irrigation amount decreased, total crop water use significantly declined from 617 to 405 mm, and water use efficiency (WUE) increased from 21.8 to 29.8 kg ha-1 mm-1. The water production functions of alfalfa were parabolic for each harvest. The proportions of seasonal actual water applied to each cutting were approximately 25%, 32%, and 43%, with contributions to annual yield accounting for 54%, 30%, and 16%, respectively, indicating that the third harvest of alfalfa had great potential for improving WUE and saving water. Irrigation level had a noticeable effect on the relative feed value (RFV) but no effect on crude protein (CP) concentration. The 60% ET irrigation level was conductive to increased CP concentration and RFV of alfalfa but was of no help to improve alfalfa quality grade. The spatial distributions of annual yield and quality were highly related to the spatial distribution of water for the center-pivot system. The coefficients of variation (CVs) for annual yield, RFV, and CP of the whole system were 5% to 12%, 2% to 8%, and 1% to 8%, respectively, while the CVs for actual irrigation amount ranged from 11% to 13%. Over-irrigation caused by the end gun slightly increased alfalfa annual yield, but it reduced the quality and WUE. Therefore, the end gun in a center-pivot irrigation system should be carefully selected for improving the uniformity of water application. The 80% ET irrigation level in the first and second cuttings and the 60% ET irrigation level in the third cutting are recommended for alfalfa production in semi-arid regions, such as western Inner Mongolia in China. Keywords: Alfalfa, Center-pivot irrigation, Quality, Water management, Yield.

scholarly journals Optimum Water Use in Conservation Tillage for Wheat Cultivation

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37
Author(s):  
KK Sarker ◽  
PK Sarkar ◽  
AZ Sarker ◽  
AMFT Islam ◽  
Wang Xiaoyan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Irrigation Levels ◽  
Tillage Methods

Conservation tillage system offers numerous benefits over intensive tillage  system. This experiment was conducted on conservation tillage using zero tilldrill,  power tiller operated seeder (PTOS) and bed planter along with farmer’s  practice of tillage by rotary tiller under different irrigation levels at Wheat  Research Centre (WRC), Nashipur, Dinajpur. Irrigation water was applied by 5  irrigation levels at different growth stages of the crop. The irrigation levels were  I0 (No irrigation), I1 (17-21 DAS), I2 (17-21 DAS  + 50-55 DAS). I3 (17-21 DAS+ 50-55 DAS + 75-80 DAS), and I4 (17-21 DAS + 35-40 DAS + 50-55 DAS +  75 – 80 DAS). It was observed that the sowing cost was reasonably reduced than  that of the farmer's practice. Seasonal water use was less in PTOS than other  tillage methods. Grain yield was significantly affected by tillage methods. The  higher grain yield was found from PTOS, bed planting, and zero tillage than that  of farmer's practice. There was no significant difference within the interaction  effect of tillage methods and irrigations. The effect of irrigation level was found  highly significant on grain yield. Water use efficiency increased with decrease  of irrigation water use and decreased with increase of irrigation. Average yields  in all tillage methods under I1, I2, I3, and I4 irrigation levels were found to  increase by 33, 43, 52, and 51 percent, respectively, compared to that of I0. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i1.11172 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 37(1): 27-37, March 2012

Effects of Different Irrigation Amount on Yield and Quality of Greenhouse Tomatoes

2014 ◽  
Vol 580-583 ◽  
pp. 2343-2345
Author(s):  
Zhuang Chen ◽  
Mohmed Abdallah Mohmed Abdalhi
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Irrigation Amount ◽  
Irrigation Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Titratable Acid ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

In order to determine the proper irrigation amount of summer tomatoes,taking drip irrigation in green house,5 irrigation volume including 990 m3/hm2、1485 m3/hm2、1980 m3/hm2(CK)、2475 m3/hm2、2970 m3/hm2 were set,and the effects of different irrigation amount on the yield and quality of tomato in greenhouse were studied. The results showed that with the increase of irrigation amount,the soluble solid content,titratable acid content,Vc content and irrigation water use efficiency of tomato decreased. In treatment T1, T4, T5 ,yield decreased by 26.3%, 6.5%, 15.8%. In treatment T2 , the yield decreased by 1.9%,while the irrigation water use efficiency increased by 20.8%,and the soluble solids content,titratable acid content and Vc content increased.It is concluded that the optimum irrigation amount is 1485 m3/hm2.

Numerical Simulation on Characteristics of Nitrate Nitrogen Leaching under Different Irrigation Levels

2014 ◽  
Vol 662 ◽  
pp. 153-159
Author(s):  
Shu Hua Ji ◽  
Jiang Yang Deng
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Simulation Experiment ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Nitrogen Leaching ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Irrigation Amount ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Irrigation Intensity ◽  
Irrigation Levels

The characteristics of nitrate nitrogen leaching in soil under different irrigation levels were studied by soil column simulation experiment with numerical simulation done using LEACHM model taking nitrate nitrogen leaching under different irrigation levels as the research background. In sandy soils, an irrigation amount of 300 mm would cause nitrate nitrogen to leach downward 75~150 cm, with a leaching amount of 10~30.7 kg/ha; and an irrigation amount of 700 mm would make nitrate nitrogen leach downward about 3.5 m, with a leaching amount of 98 kg/ha. Research data showed that the amount of nitrate nitrogen leaching was positively correlated with the irrigation intensity level, irrigation level directly determined the amount of nitrate nitrogen leaching, and influenced its leaching depth.

scholarly journals Effects of a Nonionic Surfactant on Growth, Photosynthesis, and Transpiration of New Guinea Impatiens in the Greenhouse1

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Jeff L. Sibley ◽  
Xiaomei Yang ◽  
Wenliang Lu ◽  
D. Joseph Eakes ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Levels ◽  
New Guinea Impatiens

Abstract Production of quality greenhouse and nursery crops is dependent on high quality and quantities of water. At present, in some regions, insufficient water supply is a growing concern. This study was conducted to evaluate growth of New Guinea impatiens (Impatiens hawkerii 'Celebrate Salmon'), when watered with a polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate (C58H114O26) solution commercially known as Tween 20, at differing irrigation levels compared with a conventional water regimen without the surfactant, and also to determine how Tween 20 would affect photosynthesis and transpiration. The treatment design was a 3 by 6 complete factorial design plus a control. The two factors were irrigation and Tween 20. Irrigation levels of 20%, 40%, or 60% of the full crop evapotranspiration (ET) requirements were used in combination with Tween 20 concentrations of either 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, or 125 mg·L−1 (0, 0.003338, 0.00668, 0.0100145, 0.01335, or 0.01669 oz per gallon). The control group was watered with tap water to container capacity with about 30% leachate. Evapotranspiration was determined as the difference of the applied water amount minus the leachate of the control. Plants irrigated with Tween 20 from 25 to 125 mg·L−1 (0.003338 to 0.01669 oz per gallon) at the 40% or 60% irrigation level had the same height and growth index as plants in the control after three months of growth. Plant fresh and dry weights were not different between the control and the treatments of Tween 20 from 50 to 125 mg·L−1 (0.00668 to 0.01669 oz per gallon) at the 60% irrigation level or the treatment of Tween 20 at 100 mg·L−1 (0.01335 oz per gallon) at the 40% irrigation level. Tween 20 had no effect on net photosynthetic rate. Tween 20 decreased the amount of transpired water of New Guinea impatiens 'Celebrate Salmon'. When the Tween 20 concentration increased from 0 to 100 mg·L−1 (0 to 0.01335 oz per gallon) at the 60% irrigation level, the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance decreased markedly by 43% and 47%, respectively, and water use efficiency was increased by 47%. Results from this study suggest that Tween 20 is able to increase plant water use efficiency through regulation of stomatal conductance or transpiration under deficit irrigation. Index words: irrigation management, chemigation, source-sink physiology, deficit irrigation, wetting agent, Tween 20, adjuvant. Species used in this study: New Guinea Impatiens (Impatiens hawkerii W. Bull. 'Celebrate Salmon'). Chemicals used in this study: Tween 20 (polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate). (aka: polysorbate 20, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate)

scholarly journals Optimizing Sensor-Based Irrigation Management in a Soilless Vertical Farm for Growing Microgreens

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahya Tavan ◽  
Benjamin Wee ◽  
Graham Brodie ◽  
Sigfredo Fuentes ◽  
Alexis Pang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Crop Water Stress Index ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Levels

With water resources constantly becoming scarcer, and 70% of freshwater used for the agriculture sector, there is a growing need for innovative methods to increase water use efficiency (WUE) of food production systems and provide nutrient-dense food to an increasing population. Sensor technology has recently been introduced to the horticulture industry to increase resource use efficiency and minimize the environmental impacts of excessive water use. Identifying the effects of irrigation levels on crop performance is crucial for the success of sensor-based water management. This research aimed to optimize WUE in a soilless microgreen production system through identification of an optimal irrigation level using a sensor that could facilitate the development of a more efficient, low-cost automated irrigation system. A dielectric moisture sensor was implemented to monitor water levels at five irrigation setpoints: 7.5, 17.5, 25, 30, and 35 percent of the effective volume of the container (EVC) during a 14-day growth cycle. To validate the sensor performance, the same irrigation levels were applied to a parallel trial, without sensor, and water levels were monitored gravimetrically. Plant water status and stress reaction were evaluated using infrared thermal imaging, and the accumulation of osmolytes (proline) was determined. Results showed that, proline concentration, canopy temperature (Tc), canopy temperature depression (CTD), and crop water stress index (CWSI) increased at 7.5% EVC in both sensor-based and gravimetric treatments, and infrared index (Ig) and fresh yield decreased. The dielectric moisture sensor was effective in increasing WUE. The irrigation level of 17.5% EVC was found to be optimal. It resulted in a WUE of 88 g/L, an improvement of 30% over the gravimetric method at the same irrigation level. Furthermore, fresh yield increased by 11.5%. The outcome of this study could contribute to the automation of precision irrigation in hydroponically grown microgreens.

scholarly journals Yield and quality of melon under silicon doses and irrigation management in a greenhouse

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-146
Author(s):  
Cláudia Salim Lozano ◽  
Roberto Rezende ◽  
Tiago Luan Hachmann ◽  
Fernando André Silva Santos ◽  
Marcelo Zolin Lorenzoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Maturation Index ◽  
Irrigation Levels

ABSTRACT The netted melon requires special growing conditions, including a protected environment, an adequate staking system and proper water and nutrient management. This study aimed to assess the effect of irrigation levels and silicon doses on the yield and quality of Sunrise hybrid melons, in a greenhouse. A randomized block design was used, with a 5 x 3 factorial scheme and four replications. The first factor consisted of five silicon doses (0 kg ha-1, 50 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1, 150 kg ha-1 and 200 kg ha-1) and the second of three irrigation levels (40 %, 70 % and 100 % of the ETc). The results demonstrated that the applied irrigation levels and silicon doses have no influence on the yield traits of melon plants. The irrigation level corresponding to 100 % of the ETc promotes higher values for soluble solids (9.86 ºBrix) and maturation index (114.9) on fruits. The increase of silicon doses up to 200 kg ha-1 also increases the maturation index in the treatment with the greatest irrigation level and reduces this index at the shallowest level applied.

Interaction of Tillage System and Irrigation Amount on Peanut Performance in the Southeastern U.S

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Faircloth ◽  
D. L. Rowland ◽  
M. C. Lamb ◽  
K. S. Balkcom
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Irrigation Amount ◽  
Narrow Strip ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Wide Strip ◽  
Strip Tillage ◽  
Irrigation Levels

Abstract A five-year study to investigate the potential interaction of conservation tillage with reduced irrigation amounts was conducted near Dawson, GA on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Conventional tillage was compared to two conservation tillage programs (wide-strip and narrow-strip tillage) under four irrigation levels (100, 66, 33, and 0% of a recommended amount). Peanut yield did not exhibit a tillage by irrigation interaction as expected, although the main effects of irrigation and tillage were each significant by year due to weather variations. Peanut yield in narrow-strip tillage or wide-strip tillage were individually superior to conventional tillage in three seasons out of five, however only in one year did both conservation tillage systems outperform the conventional system. No detrimental effects on yields could be attributed to conservation tillage. Peanut quality and digging loss were dependent on the tillage by year effect as well as the main effect of irrigation. Irrigation increased total sound mature kernels (TSMK) 2% versus non-irrigated (0% irrigation level); tillage was not significant each year of the study but increased TSMK 2% in three of five years. Digging losses were greater in plots with increased yield potential such as those receiving irrigation. Net economic returns revealed a moderate trend towards sustained profitability under reduced irrigation levels through narrow-strip tillage and to a lesser extent, wide-strip tillage. Under conventional tillage systems, returns decreased with decreasing amounts of irrigation applied.

Evaluating crop water requirements and actual crop water use with center pivot irrigation system in Inner Mongolia of China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peejush Pani ◽  
Li Jia ◽  
Massimo Menenti ◽  
Guangcheng Hu ◽  
Chaolei Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Crop Water Use ◽  
Crop Water Requirements ◽  
Center Pivot

<p>This paper proposes a new approach to estimate and map separately gross and net water requirements and actual crop water use by applying multi–spectral satellite data. Remote sensing information is witnessing a boom in the availability of high-resolution multi-spectral data with frequent revisit time, paving the path for improved assessment of precision agriculture and minimizing the wastage of irrigation water. In this study, we have tried to integrate multi-source remote sensing information with farmer’s irrigation practices to evaluate the water use and losses at farm-scale for center pivot irrigation systems (CPIS) in Inner Mongolia autonomous region of China. The region is practicing modernized irrigation methods to efficiently use groundwater. Crop gross water requirements are estimated by evaluating separately the net crop water requirements (CWR) and the water losses inherently from a CPIS, i.e. droplet evaporation to the air directly before they fell on the crop canopy during irrigation application (<em>E<sub>A</sub></em>) and canopy interception loss (<em>I<sub>c</sub></em>). The crop water requirement is estimated according to the FAO-56 method based on the Penman-Monteith equation. Actual crop water use is evaluated by estimating separately soil evaporation (<em>E<sub>S</sub></em>) and plant transpiration (<em>E<sub>T</sub></em>) by applying the ETMonitor model. High-resolution multi–spectral data acquired by Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat-8 OLI together with meteorological forcing data and soil moisture retrievals were used to construct daily estimates of crop water requirements and actual use. Finally, the performance of irrigation scenarios was assessed by applying a performance indicator (IP), as the ratio between gross water requirement and the volume of irrigation applied, where values closer to unity referring to optimum utilization and minimum loss. Measurements of actual evapotranspiration by eddy covariance system were applied to evaluate the actual evapotranspiration estimates by the ETMonitor. Field experiments were also carried out to validate the estimated irrigation losses, i.e. <em>E<sub>A</sub></em> and <em>I<sub>C</sub></em>. The estimates were in good agreement with the ground observations, i.e. an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.64 – 0.80 for actual water use and 0.66 – 0.97 for water losses. The RMSE was 0.6 – 1.2 mm/day for actual daily water use and 0.64 – 1.55 mm water losses for each irrigation, respectively. The IP was estimated as 1.6 for the performance of CPIS as per the above definition. Overall, the study shows that CPIS has under-performed in minimizing water losses in the study area with losses of 25.4% per season of the total volume of water applied for wheat, and 23.7% per season for potato. This implies that the amount of water applied was largely insufficient to meet the gross water requirements, i.e. including losses.</p>

scholarly journals Yield characteristics of cherry tomato cultivated with and without shading screen at different irrigation levels

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-381
Author(s):  
Edgo Jackson Pinto Santiago ◽  
Gertrudes Macário de Oliveira ◽  
Mário de Miranda Vilas Boas Ramos Leitão ◽  
Ruy de Carvalho Rocha ◽  
Allan Victor Araújo Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Cherry Tomato ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Irrigation Levels ◽  
Effective Water ◽  
Fruit Diameter

ABSTRACT The use of shading screen in vegetable crops sensitive to the radiation excess, associated with the effective water use via irrigation, allows for yield gains. This study aimed to evaluate the yield characteristics of cherry tomato cultivated with and without shading screen and different irrigation levels. A randomized block design was used, in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement, with four irrigation levels (140 %, 160 %, 180 % and 200 % of the reference evapotranspiration - ETo) and two cherry tomato hybrids (Wanda and Dolcetto). The irrigation level corresponding to 200 % of the ETo provided the highest values for number of flowers and clusters formed, number of fruits per plant and fruit diameter. The Wanda hybrid was more fruitful, with a higher emission of clusters, while Dolcetto was more floriferous. The use of shade screen for cultivating cherry tomato provides an increase in the yield characteristics, if compared to the cultivation in open areas.

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